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List of languages by first written account

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This is a list oflanguages arranged by age of the oldest existingtext recording a complete sentence in the language. It does not includeundeciphered writing systems, though there are various claims without wide acceptance, which, if substantiated, would push backward the first attestation of certain languages. It also does not include inscriptions consisting of isolated words or names from a language. In most cases, some form of the language had already been spoken (and even written) considerably earlier than the dates of the earliest extant samples provided here.

A written record may encode a stage of a language corresponding to an earlier time, either as a result oforal tradition, or because the earliest source is a copy of an older manuscript that was lost. An oral tradition ofepic poetry may typically bridge a few centuries, and in rare cases, over a millennium. An extreme case is theVedic Sanskrit of theRigveda: the earliest parts of this text date toc. 1500 BC,[1] while the oldest known manuscripts date toc. 1040 AD.[2]Similarly the oldestAvestan texts, theGathas, are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the 13th century AD.[3]

Before 1000 BC

Further information:Bronze Age writing

Writing first appeared in theNear East at the end of the 4th millennium BC.[4]A very limited number of languages are attested in the area from before theBronze Age collapse and the rise ofalphabetic writing:

InEast Asia towards the end of the second millennium BC, theSino-Tibetan family was represented byOld Chinese.

There are also a number ofundeciphered Bronze Age records:

Earlier symbols, such as theJiahu symbols orVinča symbols, are believed to beproto-writing, rather than representations of language.

DateLanguageAttestationNotes
c. 2690 BCEgyptianEgyptian hieroglyphs constituting the earliest complete sentence known, found in the tomb ofSeth-Peribsen (2nd Dynasty),Umm El Qa'ab. This sentence refers to the entombed king's father and translates as, "He has united the Two Lands for his son, Dual King Peribsen."[7]So-called "proto-hieroglyphic" inscriptions, such as those on theNarmer Palette, are known from 3300 BC on, although these instances of written Egyptian arerebus-like and confined to semi-grammatical captions, labels, and proper names. See also,Naqada III andAbydos, Egypt.
c.2600 BCSumerianInstructions of Shuruppak, theKesh temple hymn and othercuneiform texts fromShuruppak andAbu Salabikh (Fara period)[8][9]"Proto-literate" period from about 3500 BC (seeKish tablet); administrative records atUruk andUr fromc. 2900 BC.

Various texts from Ur during the Early Dynastic I–II period (c. 2800 BC) show syllabic elements with clear signs of the Sumerian language.[10]

c. 2600 BCAkkadianA hymn to the sun-godŠamaš found atTell Abū Ṣalābīḫ.[11]Some proper names attested inSumerian texts atTell Harmal from about 2800 BC.[12] Fragments of theLegend of Etana atTell Harmalc. 2600 BC.[13] A few dozen pre-Sargonic texts fromMari and other sites in northern Babylonia.[14]
c. 2400 BCEblaiteEbla tablets[15]
24th century BCNorthwest SemiticProtective spells inPyramid Texts 235, 236, 281, 286 from thePyramid of Unas, written in hieroglyphic script but unintelligible as Egyptian[16][17]Ugaritic is the earliest Northwest Semitic language to be unambiguously attested within its native context,c. 1300 BC.
c. 2250 BCElamiteAwan dynasty peace treaty withNaram-Sin[18][19]TheProto-Elamite script attested fromc. 3100 BC remains undeciphered; the identity of the language communicated thereby is unknown. The date ofc. 2250 BC is based off the advent ofLinear Elamite.
21st century BCHurrianTemple inscription ofTish-atal inUrkesh[20]
c. 1800 BCAmoriteBilingual Amorite-Akkadian vocabulary[21]See also tabletCUNES 50-11-020 (P411253)
c. 1700 BCHittiteAnitta text inHittite cuneiform[22]Isolated Hittite words and names occur in Assyrian texts found atKültepe, from the 19th century BC.[22]
16th century BCPalaicHittite texts CTH 751–754[23]
c. 1450 BCMycenaean GreekLinear B tablet archive fromKnossos[24][25][26]These are mostly administrative lists, with some complete sentences.[27]
c. 1400 BCLuwianHieroglyphic Luwian monumental inscriptions,Cuneiform Luwian tablets in the Hattusa archives[28]Isolated hieroglyphs appear on seals from the 18th century BC.[28]
c. 1400 BCHatticHittite texts CTH 725–745
c. 1300 BCUgariticTablets fromUgarit[29][30]
c. 1250 BCOld ChineseOracle bone andbronze inscriptions from the reign ofWu Ding[31][32][33]
  • Seal impression from the tomb of Seth-Peribsen, containing the oldest known complete sentence in Egyptian, c. 2690 BC[7]
    Seal impression from the tomb ofSeth-Peribsen, containing the oldest known complete sentence inEgyptian,c. 2690 BC[7]
  • Letter in Sumerian cuneiform sent by the high-priest Lu'enna, informing the king of Lagash of his son's death in battle, c. 2400 BC[34]
    Letter inSumerian cuneiform sent by the high-priest Lu'enna, informing the king ofLagash of his son's death in battle,c. 2400 BC[34]
  • Greek Linear B tablet from Pylos, recording the distribution of hides, c. 1200 BC
    GreekLinear B tablet fromPylos, recording the distribution of hides,c. 1200 BC
  • Ox scapula inscribed with three records of divinations in the reign of Wu Ding of the Chinese Shang dynasty, c. 1200 BC
    Ox scapula inscribed with three records of divinations in the reign ofWu Ding of the ChineseShang dynasty,c. 1200 BC

First millennium BC

TheAhiram epitaph is the earliest substantial inscription inPhoenician.

The earliest known alphabetic inscriptions, atSerabit el-Khadim (c. 1500 BC), appear to record aNorthwest Semitic language, though only one or two words have been deciphered. In theEarly Iron Age, alphabetic writing spread across the Near East and southern Europe. With the emergence of theBrahmic family of scripts,languages of India are attested from after about 300 BC.

There is only fragmentary evidence for languages such asIberian,Tartessian,Galatian andMessapian.[35] TheNorth Picene language of the Novilara Stele fromc. 600 BC has not been deciphered.[36] The few brief inscriptions inThracian dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC have not been conclusively deciphered.[37] The earliest examples of the Central AmericanIsthmian script date fromc. 500 BC, but a proposed decipherment remains controversial.[38]

DateLanguageAttestationNotes
c. 1000 BCPhoenicianAhiram epitaph[39]
10th century BCAramaicRoyal inscriptions fromAramean city-states[40]
10th century BCHebrew orPhoenicianGezer calendar[41]Paleo-Hebrew employed a slightly modified Phoenician alphabet, hence the uncertainty between which language is attested here.
c. 850 BCAmmoniteAmman Citadel Inscription[42]
c. 840 BCMoabiteMesha Stele
c. 820 BCUrartianInscriptions in Assyrian cuneiform script[43]
c. 800 BCPhrygianPaleo-Phrygian inscriptions atGordion[44]
8th century BCSabaean (Old South Arabian)Mainlyboustrophedon inscriptions from Yemen[45]
8th century BCOld ArabicPrayer inscription atBayir, Jordan[46]It is a bi-lingual inscription written in Old Arabic which was written in the undifferentiated North Arabian script (known asThamudic B) and Canaanite which remains undeciphered.
c. 700 BCEtruscanProto-Corinthian vase found atTarquinia[47]
7th century BCLatinVetusia Inscription andFibula Praenestina[48]
c. 600 BCLydianInscriptions fromSardis[28]
c. 600 BCCarianInscriptions fromCaria and Egypt[28]
c. 600 BCFaliscanCeres inscription found atFalerii[49]
early 6th century BCUmbrianText painted on the handle of akrater found nearTolfa[50]
c. 550 BCTaymaniticEsk 168 and 177[51]The Taymanitic script is mentioned in an 8th-century BC document fromCarchemish.[52]
c. 550 BCSouth PiceneWarrior of Capestrano[53]
mid-6th century BCVeneticFunerary inscriptions atEste[54]
late 6th century BCLemnianLemnos Stele[55]
c. 500 BCOld PersianBehistun Inscription
c. 500 BCLeponticInscriptions CO-48 from Pristino (Como) and VA-6 fromVergiate (Varese)[56][57]Inscriptions from the early 6th century consist of isolated names.
c. 300 BCOscanLovilae fromCapua[58]Coin legends date from the late 5th century BC.[59]
3rd century BCGaulishTransalpine Gaulish inscriptions in Massiliote Greek script[60]
3rd century BCVolscianTabula Veliterna[61]
c. 260 BCAshokan PrakritEdicts of Ashoka[62][63]Potsherds inscribed with Brahmi letters fromAnuradhapura have been datedc. 400 BC, and range from isolated letters to names in the genitive case.[64][65]
c. 200 BCElu (Sri LankanPrakrit)Brahmi inscription atMihintale[66]
early 2nd century BCOld TamilRock inscription ARE 465/1906 atMangulam caves,Tamil Nadu[67] (Other authors give dates from late 3rd century BC to 1st century AD.[68][69])Pottery inscribed with personal names has been found atKeeladi, a site that was occupied between the 6th century BC and 1st century AD.[70]

5th century BC inscriptions on potsherds found inKodumanal, Porunthal andPalani have been claimed asTamil-Brahmi,[71][72] but this is disputed.[73]

An inscription of 7 symbols fromAdichanallur, tentatively dated 5th century BC, has been claimed as rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi.[74]

2nd century BCMeroiticGraffiti on the temple ofAmun at Dukki Gel, nearKerma[75]
c. 146 BCNumidianPunic-Libyan Inscription atDougga[76]
c. 100 BCCeltiberianBotorrita plaques
1st century BCParthianOstraca atNisa andQumis[77]
1st century BCSanskritAyodhya Inscription of Dhana, andHathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions (both nearChittorgarh)[78]TheJunagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (shortly after 150 AD) is the oldest long text.[79]

First millennium AD

FromLate Antiquity, we have for the first time languages with earliest records inmanuscript tradition (as opposed toepigraphy). Thus,Classical Armenian is first attested in theArmenian Bible translation.

TheVimose inscriptions (2nd and 3rd centuries) in theElder Futhark runic alphabet appear to recordProto-Norse names. Some scholars interpret theNegau helmet inscription (c. 100 BC) as a Germanic fragment.

DateLanguageAttestationNotes
c. 150BactrianRabatak inscription
c. 200Proto-NorseinscriptionNITHIJO TAWIDE on shield grip from theIllerup Ådalweapon depositSingle Proto-Norse words are found on theØvre Stabu spearhead (second half of the 2nd century) and theVimose Comb (c. 160).
292MayanStela 29 fromTikal[80]A brief undeciphered inscription atSan Bartolo is dated to the 3rd century BC.[81]
312–313SogdianAncient Letters, found nearDunhuang[82]
328ArabicNamara inscription
c. 350Ge'ezinscriptions ofEzana of Aksum[83]
c. 350ChamĐông Yên Châu inscription found nearTra Kiêu[84]Oldest attestedAustronesian language
4th centuryGothicGothic Bible, translated byWulfila[85]A few problematicGothic runic inscriptions may date to the early 4th century.
c. 400Tocharian BTHT 274 and similar manuscripts[86]Some Tocharian names and words have been found in Prakrit documents fromKrorän datedc. 300.[87]
c. 430Old GeorgianBir el Qutt inscription #1[88]Inscription #2, made around the same time, is currently missing.
c. 450Old KannadaHalmidi inscription[89]A date of 350 has been claimed for the Tagarthi inscription found inShivamogga district, but this is disputed.[90]Kavirajamarga (c. 850) is the oldest literary work.[89]
c. 478-490[91]Classical Armenianinscription at theTekor Basilica[92]Mesrop Mashtots is traditionally held to have translated anArmenian Bible in 434.
5th centuryFrankish/Old DutchBergakker inscription[93]There is no consensus on the interpretation of the text, leading to the language uncertainty.
c. 510Old Dutchformula for freeing a serf in theMalbergse Glossen on the Salic law[94]Some scholars consider the formula to be inFrankish instead.[95]
6th centuryVandalicA sentence in theCollatio beati Augustini cum Pascentio ariano (Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, MS G.V. 26)[96]Copy of a text originally written in the first half of the 5th century.
second half of 6th centuryOld High GermanPforzen buckle[97]
mid-6th centuryOld KoreanMokgan No. 221[98]
c. 575TeluguErragudipadu inscription[89]Telugu place names are found in Prakrit inscriptions from the 2nd century AD.[89]
c. 584Old MongolianInscription of Hüis Tolgoi andBugut InscriptionThe Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi (HT) andBugut inscription are monolingual inscriptions in anOld Mongolian language, dated to 584 to 620 AD, with aBrahmiMongolic text.

[99]

611Old KhmerAngkor Borei inscription K. 557/600[100]
c. 650Old Japanesemokkan wooden tablets[101]Poems in theKojiki (711–712) andNihon Shoki (720) have been transmitted in copied manuscripts.
c. 650–700Old UdiSinai palimpsest M13
c. 683Old MalayKedukan Bukit Inscription[102]
7th centuryBailangcommentary on theBook of the Later Han byLi Xian citing the mostly lostDongguan Hanji[103]
7th centuryTumshuqese and Khotanese Sakamanuscripts mainly fromDunhuang[104]Some fragments of Khotanese Saka have been dated to the 5th and 6th centuries
7th centuryBejaostracon fromSaqqara[105][106]
late 7th centuryPyuHpayahtaung funeral urn inscription of kings ofSri Ksetra
c. 700Old EnglishFranks CasketTheUndley bracteate (5th century) and West Heslerton brooch (c. 650) have fragmentary runic inscriptions.
c. 716Old TurkicTonyukuk inscriptions
c. 750Old IrishWürzburg glosses[107]Primitive IrishOgham inscriptions from the 4th century consist of personal names, patronymics and/or clan names.[108][109]
c. 765Old TibetanLhasa Zhol Pillar[110]Dated entries in theTibetan Annals begin at 650, but extant manuscripts postdate the Tibetan occupation ofDunhuang in 786.[111]
late 8th centuryBretonPraecepta medica (Leyden,Codex Vossianus Lat. F. 96 A)[112]A botanical manuscript in Latin and Breton
c. 750–900Old FrisianWesteremden yew-stick
c. 800Old Norserunic inscriptions
804Old Javaneseinitial part of theSukabumi inscription(id), found nearKediri[113]
early 9th centuryOld SaxonHeiland andOld Saxon Genesis, found in Palatinus Latinus 1447[114]The 9th centuryOld Saxon Baptismal Vow appears to be a copy from the 8th century; however, scholars dispute whether it is in Old Saxon or another Germanic language[115][116][117][118]
9th centuryOld MalayalamVazhappally copper plate[119]The status of theEdakkal-5 inscriptions dating back to 3rd or late 4th century is contested.[120][121]Ramacaritam (12th century) is the oldest literary work.[119]
9th centuryOld WelshCadfan Stone (Tywyn 2)[122]
late 9th centuryOld FrenchSequence of Saint Eulalia[123]The earliest surviving manuscript with the text for theOaths of Strasbourg (842), traditionally considered the first Old French text, dates from the 11th century.[124]
882Balinesedated royal inscription[125]
c. 900Old OccitanTomida femina
c. 959–974Old LeoneseNodicia de Kesos
c. 960–963ItalianPlaciti Cassinesi[126]TheVeronese Riddle (c. 800) is considered a mixture of Italian and Latin.[127]
986KhitanMemorial for Yelü Yanning
late 10th centuryOld Church SlavonicKiev Missal[128]Cyril andMethodius translated religious literature fromc. 862, but only later manuscripts survive.
late 10th centuryKonkani/Marathiinscription on theGommateshwara statue[129]The inscription is inDevanagari script, but the language has been disputed between Marathi and Konkani scholars.[130][131]
10th centuryRomansha sentence in the Würzburg manuscript[132]

1000–1500 AD

This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(July 2009)
DateLanguageAttestationNotes
972–1093SloveneFreising manuscripts
late 10th–early 11th centurySerbianCodex Marianus,Temnić inscription[133]
c. 1000Old East SlavicNovgorod Codex[134]
c. 1000Navarro-Aragonese (Aragonese) andBasqueGlosas EmilianensesThe first word on theHand of Irulegi (1st century BC) has been claimed as Basque.[135][136]
c. 1028CatalanJurament Feudal[137]
1058Burmeseinscription fromLetthe-shé pagoda, Pagan, now atPahtodawgyi[138][139]A brief Burmese inscription on a copper-gilded umbrella found near theMahabodhi Temple is so damaged that only a name can be made out with certainty; the Pali version gives a date corresponding to 1035.[140][141] There are also 18th century copies (of uncertain authenticity) of inscriptions dating back as far as 984.[138][139][141]
1072–1074Oghuz Turkic (includingTurkmen,Azerbaijani andOttoman Turkish)Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk byMahmud al-KashgariThe first comprehensive dictionary ofTurkic languages, written inArabic, contains many Oghuz words and phrases.
11th centuryMozarabickharjas appended to Arabic and Hebrew poems[142]Isolated words are found in glossaries from the 8th century.[143]
c. 11th centuryCroatianHumac tablet (variously dated to between the 10th and 12th century),Inscription of Krk,Inscription of Župa Dubrovačka,Plomin tablet,Valun tablet
c. 1100OssetianZelančuk inscription[144]
1114Newarpalm-leaf manuscript from Uku Baha,Patan[145]
1127Jurcheninscription found on the bank of theArkhara River[146]
c. 1175Galician-PortugueseNotícia de Fiadores[147]TheNotícia de Torto and the will ofAfonso II of Portugal, dated 1214, are often cited as the first documents written in Galician-Portuguese.[148] A date prior to 1175 has been proposed for thePacto dos Irmãos Pais.[149]
1192Old HungarianFuneral Sermon and PrayerThere are isolated fragments in earlier charters such as the charter ofVeszprém (c. 1000) and thecharter of Tihany (1055). Some scholars believe that the language of theSzarvas inscription (8th century) is Old Hungarian.
mid-12th centuryIcelandicAM 237 a fol. manuscript[150]
late 12th centuryOld NorwegianAM 655 IX 4to manuscript[151]
late 12th centuryBosniancopies A,B, and C of theCharter of Ban Kulin[152]Originally created in 1189
c. 1200SpanishCantar de mio CidPreviously theGlosas Emilianenses and theNodicia de kesos were considered the oldest texts in Spanish; however, later analyses concluded them to be Aragonese and Leonese, respectively.[153]
c. 1200FinnicBirch bark letter no. 292
c. 1200–1230Czechfounding charter of theLitoměřice chapter
1224–1225MongolianStele of Genghis Khan
early 13th centuryPunjabipoetry ofFariduddin Ganjshakar
early 13th centuryCornishprophesy in thecartulary ofGlasney College[154]A 9th century gloss inDe Consolatione Philosophiae byBoethius:ud rocashaas is controversially interpreted.[155][156]
c. 1250Old Swedishfragments of the elderWestrogothic law in Codex Holm. B 193[157]
c. 1250KashmiriMahanayakaprakash ("Light of the supreme lord") by Shitikantha[158]
c. 1270Old Polisha sentence in theBook of Henryków
1272Yiddishblessing in the Wormsmahzor
c. 1274Western LombardLiber di Tre Scricciur, byBonvesin de la Riva
c. 1292ThaiRamkhamhaeng steleSome scholars argue that the stele is a forgery. The next oldest inscription is theWat Sri Chum inscription from the early 14th century.[159]
late 13th centuryOld Danishmanuscripts AM 37 4to, AM 24 4to, SKB C 37, SKB B 74[160]
13th centuryTigrinyaa text of laws found inLogosarda
c. 1350Oghuz Turkic (includingAzerbaijani andOttoman Turkish)works ofImadaddin Nasimi
c. 1350Old GutnishGutasaga andGutalagen, found in Codex Holm. B 64[161]
c. 1350Old SundaneseAstana Gede inscriptions
c. 1369Old PrussianBasel Epigram[162]
1372KomiAbur inscriptions
1386SlovakRhymed sentence in Latin codex[163]Toponyms, personal names and glosses are found from 11th century.[164]
c. 1407FaroeseLetters about Húsavík (AM 100, 1a)[165]Earlier inscriptions on the islands (fromc. 1000 AD atKirkjubøur) are inOld Norse, with no particular Faroese content/[165]
early 15th centuryBengali,Assamese and otherBengali-Assamese languagespoems ofChandidas[166]The 10th-centuryCharyapada are written in a language ancestral to Bengali,Assamese andOriya.[166]
c. 1440VietnameseQuốc âm thi tập[167]List of names inChữ nôm date from the early 13th century.[168]
1462AlbanianFormula e pagëzimit, a baptismal formula in a letter of ArchbishopPal EngjëllSome scholars interpret a few lines in theBellifortis text (1405) as Albanian.[169]
c. 1470Finnishsingle sentence in a German travel journal[170]The first printed book in Finnish isAbckiria (1543) byMikael Agricola.
c. 1470MalteseIl Cantilena
1485Yibronze bell inscription inDafang County,Guizhou[171]
15th centuryTuluinscriptions in an adaptation of Malayalam script[172]

After 1500

This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(July 2009)
DateLanguageAttestationNotes
c. 1503Lithuanianhand-written Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary and Creed[173]Katekizmas (1547) byMartynas Mažvydas was the first printed book in Lithuanian.
1517BelarusianPsalter ofFrancysk Skaryna
1521RomanianNeacșu's letterCyrillic orthographic manual ofConstantine of Kostenets from 1420 documents earlier written usage.[174] Four 16th century documents, namelyCodicele Voronețean,Psaltirea Scheiană, theHurmuzaki Psalter andPsaltirea Voronețeană, are arguably copies of 15th century originals.[175]
1530LatvianNicholas Ramm's translation of a hymn
1535EstonianWanradt-Koell catechism
1536ModernPortugueseGrammatica da lingoagem portuguesa byFernão de Oliveira.by convention.[176]
1540sOld TupiJehan Lamy'sLe langaige du Bresil
1549SylhetiTalib Husan by Ghulam Husanearliest extant manuscript found using theSylheti Nagri script.[177]
1550Classical NahuatlDoctrina cristiana en lengua española y mexicana[178]TheBreve y mas compendiosa doctrina cristiana en lengua mexicana y castellana (1539) was possibly the first printed book in theNew World. No copies are known to exist today.[178]
1554Extremaduran (mixed withSayaguese Leonese)works ofDiego Sánchez de Badajoz, published as edited by his nephew asRecopilación en metro
1554Wastekgrammar byAndrés de Olmos
1557Kikongoa catechism[179]
1561UkrainianPeresopnytsia Gospel
1589Crimean Gothic1562 letter fromOgier Ghiselin de Busbecq that was published later[180]9th centuryGothic graffiti in Crimea show some Crimean Gothic influence in spelling.[181]
1593TagalogDoctrina Cristiana
c. 1600Classical QuechuaHuarochirí Manuscript by a writer identified only as "Thomás"[182]Paraphrased and annotated byFrancisco de Ávila in 1608.
1600Buginese
c. 1610ManxBook of Common Prayer[183]
1619Pite Samiprimer and missal by Nicolaus Andreaus[184]Early literary works were mainly based on dialects underlying modernUme Sami andPite Sami. First grammar and dictionary in 1738.
1638Ternatetreaty with Dutch governor[185]
1639GuaraniTesoro de la lengua guaraní byAntonio Ruíz de Montoya
1639modernAsturianCuando examen les abeyes byAntón de Marirreguera[186]
c. 1650Ubykh,Abkhaz,Adyghe andMingrelianTravel Book ofEvliya Çelebi[187]
1651Pashtocopy ofXayru 'l-bayān in the library of theUniversity of Tübingen[188]ThePata Khazana, purporting to date from the 8th century, is considered by most scholars to be a forgery.[188]
1663MassachusettMamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum GodAlso known as theEliot Indian Bible or theAlgonquian Bible
1693Tunisian Arabiccopy of a Tunisian poem written bySheykh Hassan el-Karray[189]Before 1700, lyrics of songs were not written in Tunisian Arabic but inClassical Arabic.[189]
c. 1695Serigrammar and vocabulary compiled byAdamo GilgNo longer known to exist.[190]
17th centuryHausaRiwayar Annabi Musa by Abdallah Suka[191]
late 17th centuryBasque–Icelandic pidginVocabula Gallica[192]
early 18th centuryKarelianvarious handwritten Karelian–Russian glossariesA catechism from 1804 is the oldest known published text. Translated Christian works by a local scholar are first reported already by the 1560s, none of which have however survived or are known in any detail.[193]
18th centuryLíngua Geral of São PauloVocabulário da Língua Geral dos Índios das Américas (anonymous)[194]Another source is thedictionary byCarl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1867) and thevocabulary (1936) byJosé Joaquim Machado de Oliveira. The language is now extinct.
1711Swahililetters written inKilwa[195]
1718Sranan TongoHerlein fragment[196]
1728Northern SamiCatechismAn early wordlist was published in 1589 byRichard Hakluyt. First grammar in 1743
1736GreenlandicGrönländische Grammatica byPaul Egede[197]A poor-quality wordlist was recorded byJohn Davis in 1586.[198]
1743Chinese Pidgin Englishsentence recorded inMacau byGeorge Anson[199]
1747BorgarmåletBeskrifning öfwer Sweriges Lapmarker by Pehr Högström[200]
1757Haitian Creole Lisette quitté la plaine by Duvivier de la Mahautière[201][202]
1788Sydney languagenotebooks ofWilliam Dawes[203][204]
1795Afrikaansdoggerel verses[205]
1800Inuktitut"Eskimo Grammar" by Moravian missionaries[197]A list of 17 words was recorded in 1576 by Christopher Hall, an assistant toMartin Frobisher.[197][198]
1806TswanaHeinrich Lictenstein –Upon the Language of the BeetjuanaThe first completeBible translation was published in 1857 byRobert Moffat.
1819CherokeeSequoyah'sCherokee syllabary
1820Maorigrammar byThomas Kendall andSamuel LeeKendal began compiling wordlists in 1814.
1820Aleutdescription byRasmus RaskA short word list was collected byJames King in 1778.
1823XhosaJohn Bennie'sXhosa reading sheetCompleteBible translation 1859
c. 1833VaiVai syllabary created byMomolu Duwalu Bukele.
1833Sothoreduced to writing by French missionariesCasalis andArboussetFirst grammar book 1841 and completeBible translation 1881
1837ZuluIncwadi Yokuqala YabafundayoFirst grammar book 1859 and completeBible translation 1883
1839Lule Samipamphlet byLars Levi LaestadiusDictionary and grammar byKarl Bernhard Wiklund in 1890–1891
1845SantaliA Santali Primer byJeremiah Phillips[206]
1849Solombala EnglishOcerki Arxangel'skoj Gubernii by Vasilij Vereščagin[207]
1851Sakha (Yakut)Über die Sprache der Jakuten, a grammar byOtto von BöhtlingkWordlists were included inNoord en Oost Tartarije (1692) byNicolaas Witsen andDas Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia (1730) byPhilip Johan von Strahlenberg.
1854Inari Samigrammar byElias LönnrotPrimer and catechism published in 1859.
1856Gamilaraayarticles byWilliam Ridley[208]Basic vocabulary collected byThomas Mitchell in 1832.
1864Français Tirailleurletter by P. Durpatz[209]
1872Vendareduced to writing by the Berlin MissionariesFirst completeBible translation 1936
1878Kildin SamiGospel of Matthew
1882MirandeseO dialecto mirandez byJosé Leite de Vasconcelos[210]Thesame author also published the first book written inMirandese:Flores mirandezas (1884)[211]
1884Skolt SamiGospel of Matthew in Cyrillic
1885CarrierBarkerville Jail Text, written in pencil on a board in the then recently createdCarrier syllabicsAlthough the first known text by native speakers dates to 1885, the first record of the language is a list of words recorded in 1793 byAlexander MacKenzie.
1885Motugrammar byW.G. Lawes
1886Guugu Yimidhirrnotes byJohann Flierl,Wilhelm Poland andGeorg Schwarz, culminating inWalter Roth'sThe Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language in 1901.[212][213]A list of 61 words recorded in 1770 byJames Cook andJoseph Banks was the first written record of an Australian language.[214]
1891Galelagrammatical sketch by M.J. van Baarda[215]
1893Oromotranslation of theNew Testament byOnesimos Nesib, assisted byAster Ganno
1900Qaqetgrammar by Matthäus Rascher[216]
1903Lingalagrammar by Egide de Boeck
1905Istro-RomanianCalindaru lu rumeri din Istrie byAndrei Glavina andConstantin Diculescu[217]Compilation of Istro-Romanian popular words, proverbs and stories.[217]
c. 1940Kamoromaterials byPeter Drabbe[215]A Kamoro wordlist recorded in 1828 by Modera and Müller, passengers on a Dutch ship, is the oldest record of any of thenon-Austronesian languages ofNew Guinea.[215][218]
1968Southern Ndebelesmall booklet published with praises of their kings and a little historyA translation of theNew Testament of theBible was completed in 1986; translation of theOld Testament is ongoing.
1984Gooniyandisurvey byWilliam B. McGregor[219]

By family

Attestation by majorlanguage family:

Constructed languages

Further information:Constructed language
DateLanguageAttestationNotes
1879VolapükCreated byJohann Martin Schleyer
1887EsperantoUnua LibroCreated byL. L. Zamenhof
1907IdoCreated based on Esperanto
1917QuenyaCreated byJ. R. R. Tolkien
1921Interlingue (Occidental)Transcendent AlgebraCreated byEdgar de Wahl
1928NovialCreated byOtto Jespersen
1935SonaSona, an auxiliary neutral languageCreated byKenneth Searight
1943InterglossaCreated byLancelot Hogben
1951InterlinguaInterlingua–English DictionaryCreated by theInternational Auxiliary Language Association
1955LoglanCreated byJames Cooke Brown
1984KlingonStar Trek III: The Search for SpockCreated byMarc Okrand
1987Lojbanbased onLoglan, created by the Logical Language Group
1999SlovioCreated by Mark Hučko
2001AtlanteanAtlantis: The Lost EmpireCreated byMarc Okrand
2001Toki PonaCreated bySonja Lang
2004IthkuilCreated by John Quijada
2005Na'viAvatarCreated by Dr.Paul Frommer andJames Cameron
2009DothrakiCreated byGeorge R. R. Martin andDavid J. Peterson forGame of Thrones
2013KilikiBaahubali: The Beginning,Baahubali 2: The ConclusionCreated byMadhan Karky forBaahubali: The Beginning

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^Jamison, Stephanie W. (2008). "Sanskrit". In Woodward, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–32.ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1. pp. 6–7.
  2. ^Witzel, Michael (1997)."The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu"(PDF). In Witzel, Michael (ed.).Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. pp. 257–348.ISBN 978-1-888789-03-4.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved2018-10-04. p. 259.
  3. ^Hale, Mark (2008). "Avestan". In Woodward, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–122.ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1.
  4. ^Houston, Stephen D. (2004). "Overture toThe First Writing". In Houston, Stephen D. (ed.).The First Writing. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–15.ISBN 0-521-83861-4. p. 3.
  5. ^Woodard (2008), p. 2.
  6. ^Woodard (2008), p. 3.
  7. ^abAllen, James P. (2003).The Ancient Egyptian Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.ISBN 978-1-107-66467-8.
  8. ^Hayes, John (1990).A Manual of Sumerian: Grammar and Texts. Malibu, CA.: UNDENA. pp. 268–269.ISBN 978-0-89003-197-1.
  9. ^Woods (2010), p. 87.
  10. ^Walker, C. B. F. (1987).Reading The Past Cuneiform. British Museum. pp. 11–12.ISBN 0-7141-8059-9.
  11. ^Vita, Juan-Pablo, ed. (2021). "Akkadian and Cuneiform".History of the Akkadian Language (Volume 1: Linguistic Background and Early Periods). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden:Brill Publishers. pp. 66–74.doi:10.1163/9789004445215_004.ISBN 978-90-04-44520-8.S2CID 240743074.The oldest known Akk text is a hymn to the sungod Šamaš⁵ found in Ereš (Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ, ca. 2600).⁶
  12. ^Andrew George, "Babylonian and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian", In: Postgate, J. N., (ed.),Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp. 31–71.
  13. ^Clay, Albert T. (2003).Atrahasis: An Ancient Hebrew Deluge Story. Book Tree. p. 34.ISBN 978-1-58509-228-4.Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved2020-11-30.
  14. ^Hasselbach, Rebecca (2005).Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 8.ISBN 978-3-447-05172-9.
  15. ^Huehnergard, John; Woods, Christopher (2008). "Akkadian and Eblaite". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–145.ISBN 978-0-521-68497-2.
  16. ^"Earliest Semitic Text Revealed In Egyptian Pyramid Inscription".ScienceDaily.Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved2019-01-06.
  17. ^"לחשים בקדם־כנענית בכתבי הפירמידות: סקירה ראשונה של תולדות העברית באלף השלישי לפסה"נ | האקדמיה ללשון העברית".hebrew-academy.org.il (in Hebrew). 2013-05-21.Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved2019-01-06.
  18. ^Stolper, Matthew W. (2008). "Elamite". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–82.ISBN 978-0-521-68497-2.
  19. ^Potts, D.T. (1999).The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 111.ISBN 978-0-521-56496-0.
  20. ^van Soldt, Wilfred H. (2010). "The adaptation of Cuneiform script to foreign languages". In De Voogt, Alexander J.; Finkel, Irving L. (eds.).The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity. BRILL. pp. 117–128.ISBN 978-90-04-17446-7.
  21. ^George, Andrew; Krebernik, Manfred (2022)."Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!".Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale.116 (1). cairn.info:113–166.doi:10.3917/assy.116.0113.
  22. ^abWatkins, Calvert (2008). "Hittite". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–30.ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5.
  23. ^Melchert, H. Craig (2008). "Palaic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–45.ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5.
  24. ^Shelmerdine, Cynthia."Where Do We Go From Here? And How Can the Linear B Tablets Help Us Get There?"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2011-10-03. Retrieved2008-03-27.
  25. ^Olivier (1986), pp. 377f.
  26. ^"Clay tablets inscribed with records in Linear B script". British Museum. Archived fromthe original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved7 May 2015.
  27. ^Bennett, Emmett L. (1996). "Aegean scripts". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.).The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–133.ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
  28. ^abcdBaldi (2002), p. 30.
  29. ^Pardee, Dennis (2008). "Ugaritic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–35.ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9.
  30. ^Tropper, Josef; Vita, Juan-Pablo (2019). "Ugaritic". In Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.).The Semitic Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 482–508.ISBN 978-0-429-65538-8. p. 482.
  31. ^Bagley (1999), pp. 181–182.
  32. ^Keightley (1999), pp. 235–237.
  33. ^DeFrancis, John (1989)."Chinese".Visible Speech. The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 89–121.ISBN 978-0-8248-1207-2.Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved2010-02-12.
  34. ^"Lettre du grand-prêtre Lu'enna". Louvre.Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved16 September 2018.
  35. ^Woodard (2008), pp. 4, 9, 11.
  36. ^Woodard (2008), p. 4.
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  38. ^Robinson, Andrew (2008).Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts. Thames & Hudson. p. 263.ISBN 978-0-500-51453-5.
  39. ^Cook, Edward M. (1994). "On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1)".Journal of Near Eastern Studies.53 (1):33–36.doi:10.1086/373654.JSTOR 545356.S2CID 162039939.
  40. ^Creason, Stuart (2008). "Aramaic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–144.ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9.
  41. ^Silvan, Daniel (1998). "The Gezer Calendar and Northwest Semitic Linguistics".Israel Exploration Journal.48 (1/2):101–105.JSTOR 27926502.
  42. ^Fulco, William J. (1978). "The Ammn Citadel Inscription: A New Collation".Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.230 (230):39–43.doi:10.2307/1356612.JSTOR 1356612.S2CID 163239060.
  43. ^Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Urartian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–123.ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5.
  44. ^Brixhe, Claude (2008). "Phrygian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–80.ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5.
  45. ^Nebes, Norbert; Stein, Peter (2008). "Ancient South Arabian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–178.ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9.
  46. ^"A manual of the historical grammar of Arabic"(PDF). Ahmad Al Jallad. Retrieved13 October 2022.
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  50. ^Wallace, Rex E. (1998). "Recent Research on Sabellian Inscriptions".Indo-European Studies Bulletin.8 (1):1–9. p. 4.
  51. ^Macdonald, M.C.A (2008). "Ancient North Arabian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–224.ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9. p. 181.
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  55. ^Eichner, Heiner (2012)."Neues zur Sprache der Stele von Lemnos (Erster Teil)" [New Research on the Language on the Stele of Lemnos].Journal of Language Relationship (in German).7 (1). Gorgias Press:9–32.doi:10.31826/jlr-2012-070106.
  56. ^Lexicon LeponticumArchived 2014-04-21 at theWayback Machine, by David Stifter, Martin Braun and Michela Vignoli,University of Vienna.
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  67. ^Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003).Early Tamil Epigraphy. Harvard University Press. pp. 7, 97.ISBN 978-0-674-01227-1.
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  85. ^Jasanoff, Jay H. (2008)."Gothic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).The Ancient Languages of Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–214.ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8.
  86. ^Pan, Tao (2017)."A Glimpse into the Tocharian Vinaya Texts". In Andrews, Susan; Chen, Jinhua; Liu, Cuilan (eds.).Rules of Engagement: Medieval Traditions of Buddhist Monastic Regulation. Numata Center for Buddhist Studies. pp. 67–92.ISBN 978-3-89733428-1.Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved2019-09-13.
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  89. ^abcdKrishnamurti (2003), p. 23.
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  91. ^Ghafadarian, Karo (1962)."Տեկորի տաճարի V դարի հայերեն արձանագրությունը և Մեսրոպյան այբուբենի առաջին տառաձևերը [The Armenian Inscription on the Cathedral of Tekor and the Initial Forms of the Mesropian Alphabet]".Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian) (2):39–54.Archived from the original on 2018-10-15. Retrieved2021-04-09.
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  93. ^"Runeninscriptie met het oudste Nederlands(?)" [Runic inscription with the oldest Dutch(?)]. Museum piece information (in Dutch).Valkhof Museum. Archived fromthe original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved10 November 2017.All experts agree on the meaning of the second word: "I (he) grant(s)", and many consider the first word to be the name of the owner of the sword that the scabbard belonged to. Opinions vary on how this name should be read, just as the latter two words have been interpreted very differently. Keeping in mind the function of the piece, some academics read the last word as "sword(s)".
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  102. ^Mahdi, Waruno (2005). "Old Malay". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (eds.).The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. pp. 182–201.ISBN 978-0-7007-1286-1.
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  108. ^Edwards, Nancy (2006).The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland. Routledge. p. 103.ISBN 978-0-415-22000-2.
  109. ^McManus, Damien (1991).A Guide to Ogam. Maynooth, Co. Kildare: An Sagart. p. 51.ISBN 978-1-870684-17-0.
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  111. ^Schaeffer, Kurtis R.; Kapstein, Matthew; Tuttle, Gray, eds. (2013).Sources of Tibetan Tradition. Columbia University Press. p. 47.ISBN 978-0-231-13599-3.
  112. ^Kerlouégan, François (1987).Le De Excidio Britanniae de Gildas. Les destinées de la culture latine dans l'île de Bretagne au VIe siècle (in French). Publications de la Sorbonne. pp. 171–172.ISBN 978-2-85944-064-0.
  113. ^de Casparis, J. G. (1975).Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to C. A.D. 1500, Volume 4, Issue 1. BRILL. p. 31.ISBN 978-90-04-04172-1.
  114. ^Alger N. Doane,The Saxon Genesis: An Edition of the West Saxon 'Genesis B' and the Old Saxon Vatican 'Genesis', Madison, Wisconsin / London: University of Wisconsin, 1991,ISBN 9780299128005, pp. 11–12.
  115. ^D. H. Green,Language and history in the early Germanic world (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 344–45.
  116. ^N. van der Sijs,Calendarium van de Nederlandse Taal (2006).
  117. ^Marco Mostert, 'Utrecht zwischen York und Fulda: Anfänge niederländischer Schriftlichkeit im FrühmittelalterArchived 20 September 2012 at theWayback Machine', in»Wider den Müßiggang ...« Niederländisches Mittelalterim Spiegel von Kunst, Kult und Politik, ed. by Ulrike Zellmann, Angelika Lehmann-Benz and Urban Küsters (Düsseldorf: Grupello, 2004), pp. 21–37ISBN 3-89978-018-3
  118. ^Marco Mostert, 'Communicating the Faith: The Circle of Boniface, Germanic Vernaculars, Frisian and Saxon Converts',Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, 70 (2013), 87–130.
  119. ^abKrishnamurti (2003), p. 22.
  120. ^Mahadevan, Iravatham (7 June 2012)."The earliest inscription in Malayalam".The Hindu. Retrieved17 November 2021.
  121. ^Gayathri, Sasibhooshan (10 July 2012)."Historians contest antiquity of Edakkal inscriptions".The Times of India. Retrieved10 July 2012.
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  124. ^Humphrey Illo, « Quelques observations sur les Serments de Strasbourg et sur le manuscrit qui les contient (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, latin 9768 Xe s., f. 13 recto :2e col., 13 verso :1re col.) : commentaire, transcription critique, étude codicologique, fac-similé », inBulletin de la Société des Fouilles Archéologiques et des Monuments Historiques de l'Yonne,no. 16, June 1999,pp. 83-92 ; G. de Poerck, « Le manuscrit B.N. lat. 9768 et les Serments de Strasbourg », inVox Romanica, t. 15, 1956,pp. 188-214.
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