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| Part of a series of lists about |
| Human anatomy |
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| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | Produced by | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | TRH | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | Stimulatethyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release fromanterior pituitary (primarily) |
| Dopamine (Prolactin-inhibiting hormone) | DA or PIH | Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus | plays important roles inexecutive functions,motor control,motivation,arousal,reinforcement, andreward, as well as lower-level functions includinglactation,sexual gratification, andnausea. |
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone | GHRH | Neuroendocrine neurons of theArcuate nucleus | StimulateGrowth hormone (GH) release from anterior pituitary |
| Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) | SS, GHIH, or SRIF | Neuroendocrine cells of thePeriventricular nucleus | Inhibit Growth hormone release from anterior pituitary Inhibitthyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from anterior pituitary |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH or LHRH | Neuroendocrine cells of thePreoptic area | Stimulatefollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from anterior pituitary Stimulateluteinizing hormone (LH) release from anterior pituitary |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone | CRH or CRF | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of theParaventricular nucleus | Stimulateadrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from anterior pituitary |
| Oxytocin | OX or OXT | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | plays roles in behavior that includesocial bonding,love,reproduction,childbirth, and theperiod after childbirth. |
| Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) | ADH or AVP or VP | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons,Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons of theParaventricular nucleus andSupraoptic nucleus | Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct ofnephrons, thus promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume |
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Melatonin | Pinealocytes | Antioxidant Monitors thecircadian rhythm including induction ofdrowsiness and lowering of thecore body temperature |
Thepituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of thehypothalamus at the base of thebrain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by adural fold (diaphragma sellae). The pituitary is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by themedian eminence via a small tube called the infundibular stem orpituitary stalk.[1] The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamo–hypophyseal portal vessels, which allows for quicker and more efficient communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary.[2]
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Growth hormone (somatotropin) | GH | Somatotrophs | Stimulatesgrowth andcell reproduction StimulatesInsulin-like growth factor 1 release fromliver |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) | TSH | Thyrotropes | Stimulatesthyroxine (T4) andtriiodothyronine (T3) synthesis and release fromthyroid gland Stimulates iodine absorption by thyroid gland |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) | ACTH | Corticotrophs | Stimulatescorticosteroid (glucocorticoid andmineralcorticoid) andandrogen synthesis and release fromadrenocortical cells |
| Beta-endorphin | – | Corticotrophs | Inhibits perception of pain |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | FSH | Gonadotrophs | In females: Stimulates maturation ofovarian follicles inovary In males: Stimulates maturation ofseminiferous tubules In males: Stimulatesspermatogenesis In males: Stimulates production ofandrogen-binding protein fromSertoli cells of thetestes |
| Luteinizing hormone | LH | Gonadotrophs | In females: Stimulatesovulation In females: Stimulates formation ofcorpus luteum In males: Stimulatestestosterone synthesis fromLeydig cells (interstitial cells) |
| Prolactin | PRL | Lactotrophs | Stimulates milk synthesis and release frommammary glands Mediatessexual gratification |
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone | MSH | Melanotropes in thePars intermedia of the Anterior Pituitary | Stimulatesmelanin synthesis and release from skin/hairmelanocytes |
| Stored hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oxytocin | OX or OXT | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | In females:uterine contraction during birthing,lactation (letdown reflex) when nursing |
| Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) | ADH or AVP | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct ofnephrons, thus promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume |
Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe, merely stored.
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Triiodothyronine | T3 | Thyroid epithelial cell | (More potent form ofthyroid hormone) Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing thebasal metabolic rate StimulatesRNA polymerase I and II, thereby promotingprotein synthesis |
| Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) | T4 | Thyroid epithelial cell's | (Less active form ofthyroid hormone) (Acts as aprohormone totriiodothyronine) Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing thebasal metabolic rate StimulatesRNA polymerase I and II, thereby promotingprotein synthesis |
| Calcitonin | Parafollicular cell's | Stimulatesosteoblasts and thus bone construction InhibitsCa2+ release from bone, thereby reducing blood Ca2+ |
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrin (Primarily) | G cells | Secretion ofgastric acid byparietal cells | |
| Ghrelin | P/D1 cells | Stimulateappetite. | |
| Neuropeptide Y | NPY | Increased food intake and decreased physical activity. It can be associated withobesity. | |
| Somatostatin | D cells | Suppress release ofgastrin,cholecystokinin (CCK),secretin,motilin,vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP),gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP),enteroglucagon Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reducessmooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine.[3] | |
| Histamine | ECL cells | stimulategastric acid secretion | |
| Endothelin | X cells | Smooth muscle contraction of stomach[4] |
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Secretin | S cells | Secretion ofbicarbonate fromliver,pancreas and duodenalBrunner's glands Enhances effects ofcholecystokinin,stops production of gastric juice |
| Cholecystokinin | I cells | Release of digestiveenzymes frompancreas Release ofbile fromgallbladder,hunger suppressant |
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) (Primarily) | IGF | Hepatocytes | insulin-like effects regulatecell growth and development |
| Angiotensinogen andangiotensin | Hepatocytes | vasoconstriction release ofaldosterone fromadrenal cortexdipsogen. | |
| Thrombopoietin | THPO | Hepatocytes | stimulatesmegakaryocytes to produceplatelets[5] |
| Hepcidin | Hepatocytes | inhibits intestinaliron absorption and iron release bymacrophages |
The pancreas is aheterocrine gland as it functions both as an endocrine and as an exocrine gland.[6]
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin (Primarily) | β Islet cells | Intake ofglucose,glycogenesis andglycolysis inliver andmuscle from blood. Intake oflipids and synthesis oftriglycerides inadipocytes.Otheranabolic effects |
| Glucagon (Also Primarily) | α Islet cells | Glycogenolysis andgluconeogenesis inliver. Increases blood glucose level. |
| Somatostatin | δ Islet cells | Inhibit release ofinsulin[7] Inhibit release ofglucagon[7]Suppress the exocrine secretory action ofpancreas. |
| Pancreatic polypeptide | PP cells | Self regulate the pancreas secretion activities and effect the hepatic glycogen levels. |
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Renin (Primarily) | Juxtaglomerular cells | Activates therenin–angiotensin system by producingangiotensin I ofangiotensinogen |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | Extraglomerular mesangial cells | Stimulateerythrocyte production |
| Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) | Proximal tubule cells | Active form ofvitamin D3 Increase absorption ofcalcium andphosphate fromgastrointestinal tract andkidneysinhibit release ofPTH |
| Thrombopoietin | stimulatesmegakaryocytes to produceplatelets[5] |
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Glucocorticoids (chieflycortisol) | zona fasciculata andzona reticularis cells | Stimulatesgluconeogenesis Stimulatesfat breakdown in adipose tissue Inhibits protein synthesis Inhibits glucose uptake in muscle andadipose tissue Inhibits immunological responses (immunosuppressive) Inhibits inflammatory responses (anti-inflammatory) |
| Mineralocorticoids (chieflyaldosterone) | Zona glomerulosa cells | Stimulates activesodium reabsorption inkidneys Stimulates passive water reabsorption in kidneys, thus increasingblood volume andblood pressure Stimulatespotassium andH+ secretion intonephron of kidney and subsequent excretion |
| Androgens (includingDHEA andtestosterone) | Zona fasciculata andZona reticularis cells | In males: Relatively small effect compared to androgens from testes In females: masculinizing effects |
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Adrenaline (epinephrine) (Primarily) | Chromaffin cells | Fight-or-flight response:
|
| Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) | Chromaffin cells | Fight-or-flight response:
|
| Dopamine | Chromaffin cells | Increaseheart rate andblood pressure |
| Enkephalin | Chromaffin cells | Regulate pain |
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Androgens (chieflytestosterone) | Leydig cells | Anabolic: growth ofmuscle mass and strength, increasedbone density, growth and strength, Virilizing:maturation ofsex organs, formation ofscrotum, deepening of voice, growth ofbeard andaxillary hair. |
| Estradiol | Sertoli cells | Preventapoptosis of germ cells[8] |
| Inhibin | Sertoli cells | Inhibit production ofFSH |
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Progesterone | Granulosa cells,theca cells | Supportpregnancy:[9]
Other:
|
| Androstenedione | Theca cells | Substrate forestrogen |
| Estrogens (mainlyestradiol) | Granulosa cells | Structural:
Protein synthesis:
Fluid balance:
Gastrointestinal tract:
Melanin:
Cancer:
Lung function: |
| Inhibin | Granulosa cells | Inhibit production ofFSH fromanterior pituitary |
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Progesterone (Primarily) | Supportpregnancy:[9]
Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-progesterone | ||
| Estrogens (mainlyEstriol) (Also Primarily) | Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen | ||
| Human chorionic gonadotropin | HCG | Syncytiotrophoblast | Promote maintenance ofcorpus luteum during beginning ofpregnancy Inhibitimmune response, towards thehuman embryo. |
| Human placental lactogen | HPL | Syncytiotrophoblast | Increase production ofinsulin andIGF-1 Increaseinsulin resistance andcarbohydrate intolerance |
| Inhibin | FetalTrophoblasts | SuppressFSH |
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prolactin | PRL | Decidual cells | milk production inmammary glands |
| Relaxin | Decidual cells | Unclear in humans and animals |
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parathyroid hormone | PTH | Parathyroid chief cell | Calcium:
|
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) | Keratinocytes | Cholecalciferol is an inactive form ofvitamin D3
|
| Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | ANP | Cardiac myocytes | Reduceblood pressure by: reducingsystemicvascular resistance,reducing blood water, sodium andfats |
| Brain natriuretic peptide | BNP | Cardiac myocytes | (To a lesser degree than ANP) reduceblood pressure by: reducingsystemicvascular resistance,reducing blood water, sodium andfats |
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Osteocalcin | osteoblasts | stimulatesbeta cells to produceinsulin |
In 1998, skeletal muscle was identified as anendocrine organ[14] due to its now well-established role in the secretion ofmyokines.[14][15] The use of the termmyokine to describe cytokines and other peptides produced by muscle as signalling molecules was proposed in 2003.[16]
Signalling molecules released by adipose tissue are referred to asadipokines.
| Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Leptin (Primarily) | Adipocytes | decrease ofappetite and increase ofmetabolism. |
| Adiponectin | Adipocytes | Reduces insulin resistance[17] |
| Estrogens[18] (mainlyEstrone) | Adipocytes |
This article incorporatestext available under theCC BY 4.0 license.Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (July 27, 2023).Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions.ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.