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List of historical states of Italy

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Early
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Ostrogothic 493–553
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Italy, up untilits unification in 1861, was a conglomeration ofcity-states, republics, and other independent entities. The following is a list of the various Italian states during that period. Following the fall of theWestern Roman Empire and the arrival of the Middle Ages (in particular from the11th century), the Italian Peninsula was divided into numerous states. Many of these states consolidated into major political units that balanced the power on the Italian Peninsula: thePapal States, theVenetian Republic, theRepublic of Florence, theDuchy of Milan, theKingdom of Naples and theKingdom of Sicily. Unlike all the other Italian states of the medieval and early modern period, the republics of Venice andGenoa, thanks to their maritime power, went beyond territorial conquests within the Italian Peninsula, conquering various regions across theMediterranean andBlack Seas.[1][2]

Ancient Italy

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Main article:List of ancient peoples of Italy
Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in theIron Age, before theRoman expansion in Italy
  TheRoman Empire at its greatest extent, 117 AD

The ancient peoples of Italy are broadly referred to in historiography asItalic peoples, although in modern linguistics this term is used to define only the speakers of theItalic languages, namely the Latino-Faliscans and the Osco-Umbrians. They include:

Early Middle Ages

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High Middle Ages

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Political map of Italy in the year 1000
Political map of Southern Italy in the year 1112

States in Central and Northern Italy

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States in Southern Italy

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States of theHoly Roman Empire

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Map of city-states or communes participating in the first and second Lombard League, during the 12th and 13th centuries

Sardinian Judicates

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Late Middle Ages

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Italy in 1454, right after thePeace of Lodi
The Italian Peninsula in 1499

Major states

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Minor states

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After the Italian Wars

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Map of Italy in 1559 after theTreaties of Cateau-Cambrésis. Possessions andViceroyalties of the Spanish Habsburgs in yellow.Imperial fiefs in Italy of the Austrian Habsburgs in red borders.

ThePeace of Cateau Cambrésis ended theItalian Wars in 1559. The kingdoms ofSicily,Sardinia,Naples (inclusive of theState of Presidi) and theDuchy of Milan were left under the control of Spanish Habsburgs. France was in control of several fortresses and in particular of theMarquisate of Saluzzo. All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being theVenetian Republic, the Medici'sDuchy of Tuscany, theSavoyard state, theRepublic of Genoa, and thePapal States. TheGonzaga in Mantua, theEste in Modena and Ferrara and theFarnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of theHoly Roman Empire.[4][5][6]

Major states

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Minor states

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After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century

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Political map of Italy in the year 1789

During theWar of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), Savoy acquired Sicily, while the remaining Spanish dominions in Italy (Naples, Sardinia, and Milan) were taken over by the Austrian Habsburgs. In 1720, Savoy exchanged Sicily for Sardinia. Following the extinction of theHouse of Medici, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was ruled by theHabsburg-Lorraine. Later on, Southern Italy passed to a cadet branch of theHouse of Bourbon, known asHouse of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Other states such as Genoa, Venice, Modena, the Papal States and Lucca remained with their governments unchanged.

Major states

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Minor states

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Their populations and other vital statistics stood as follows in the late 18th century:[7]

  • Kingdom of Naples (including Sicily): 6,000,000 (400,000 in Naples), army of 60,000 to 80,000, 2 ships of the lines and some frigates
  • Republic of Venice: 3,500,000 (140,000 in the city of Venice itself), standing army and navy of 30,000, 12-15 ships of at least 54 guns plus frigates and brigs
  • Kingdom of Sardinia: 2,900,000 (2,400,000 on the mainland and 500,000 on the island), 12-15 fortified cities and towns (largest being Turin at 80,000), standing army of 25,000, which could be raised to 50,000 in a time of war and 100,000 with militia
  • Papal States: 2,400,000 (140,000 in the city of Rome), standing army of 6,000 to 7,000
  • Austrian Lombardy (Duchy of Milan,Duchy of Mantua, and minor territories): 1,100,000 (40,000 in the city of Milan itself)
  • Grand Duchy of Tuscany: 1,000,000 (80,000 in Florence), standing army of 6,000, navy of 3 frigates
  • Republic of Genoa: 500,000 (100,000 in the city of Genoa itself)
  • Duchy of Parma: 500,000 (40,000 in the city of Parma itself), standing army of 2,500 to 3,000
  • Duchy of Modena: 350,000 (20,000 in the city of Modena itself), standing army of 5,000 to 6,000
  • Republic of Lucca: 100,000

Total: 18.3 million

During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)

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Political map of Italy in the year 1810

Sister republics of Revolutionary France

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Client states of the First French Empire

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Other states

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From the restoration to the unification

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Political map of Italy in the year 1843

Following the defeat of Napoleon's France, theCongress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by the then Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire.

At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against theHabsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing in its domains on the Italian Peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains.

Post-unification states

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Kingdom of Italy in 1871, after theCapture of Rome
Kingdom of Italy in 1924, afterWorld War I

Post-World War I microstates

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Post-1922 states

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States during World War II

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Post-1946 states

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See also

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References

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  1. ^"End of Europe's Middle Ages - Italy's City-States".www.faculty.umb.edu. Retrieved2021-09-10.
  2. ^Bragadin, Marc'Antonio (2010).Storia delle repubbliche marinare (in Italian). Odoya.ISBN 978-8862880824.
  3. ^Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator,Variae, Lib. II., XLI. Luduin regi Francorum Theodericus rex.
  4. ^Burman, Edward (1989).Italian Dynasties: Great Families of Italy from the Renaissance to the Present Day. Equation; First Edition.ISBN 1853360058.
  5. ^Christine Shaw, Michael Mallett.The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe. Routledge.
  6. ^"Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis | European history".Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved2020-09-08.
  7. ^Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor, Vol. 3. Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonne comte de Las Cases. 1816.
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