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List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller

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Coat of arms of the Order of Saint John. The personal coat of arms of the grand master would be shown alongside the order's coat of arms in 14th to 15th centuries. Beginning in the mid-15th century, the grand master wouldquarter the order's coat of arms with his own.

This is a list of grand masters of theKnights Hospitaller, including its continuation as theSovereign Military Order of Malta after 1798. It also includes unrecognized "anti-grand masters" and lieutenants or stewards during vacancies.

In lists of the heads of the Order, the title "grand master" is often applied retrospectively to the early heads of the Order. The medieval heads of the Order used the title ofcustos (guardian) of thehospital. The titlemagister (master) is used on coins minted in Rhodes, beginning withFoulques de Villaret. The first to use the titlegrandis magister (grand master) wasJean de Lastic (reigned 1437–1454).[1] Later grand masters in Rhodes usedmagnus magister (grand master).

In 1607Holy Roman EmperorRudolf II created the grand master aprince of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsfürst).[2] This grant was renewed byEmperor Ferdinand II on July 16, 1620.[2][3] On March 20, 1607,Pope Paul V granted the grand master the style ofHis Eminence and precedence at the Court of Rome immediately after thecardinals.[2]

In 1880 the title ofFürst (prince) was recognised inAustria by theEmperorFranz Joseph I.[4]

On February 2, 1929, the title ofprincipe (prince) and the style ofAltezza Eminentissima (Most Eminent Highness) were recognised inItaly byKingVictor Emmanuel III.[5]

The style currently used by the grand master is:

English:Most Eminent Highness,[6]
Italian:Altezza Eminentissima,[7]
French:Altesse Eminentissime,[8]
German:Hoheit und Eminenz,[9]
Spanish:Alteza Eminentísima.[10]

Numbered lists of the heads of the Order were published beginning in the early 17th century, with updated editions appearing throughout the 18th century.[11] The numbering of masters and grand masters published in the 1719 Statutes of the Order listsBlessed Gerard as founder without number,Raymond du Puy as 1st Master, andRamón Perellós (the incumbent as of 1719) as 63rd grand master.[12] The numbering currently used by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta lists Blessed Gerard as 1st master, Raymond du Puy as 2nd master, Ramón Perellós y Rocafull as 64th grand master, and Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto as 80th grand master.[13]

Knights Hospitaller (1099–1310)

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Further information:History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant
No.TitleNameTenureNotes
1[14]Founder and Rector of the HospitalBlessed Gerard1099/1113–1118/20Order establishedin 1099 and given papal recognition byPaschal II in hisbullPie postulatio voluntatis in 1113
2[14]GuardianRaymond du Puy1118/20–1158/60Succeeded Gerard after Pierre de Barcelona and Boyant Roger served inad interim capacity. Began the use of the Hospitallers as a military force in the Holy Land and codified rules of conduct for the Order. Introduced the Order's Great Seal.[15]
3[14]GuardianAuger de Balben1158/60–1162/63
4[14]GuardianArnaud de Compsc. 1162–1163Historicity uncertain. Arnaud de Comps is today considered by some as a master who never existed, his name having appeared in the chronological lists placed at the top of the statutes, but his rank is still maintained in the lists of the grand masters.
5[14]GuardianGilbert of Assailly1163–1169SupportedAmalric of Jerusalem in theCrusader invasions of Egypt
6[14]GuardianGastone de Murolsc. 1170–1172
7[14]GuardianJobert of Syriac. 1172–1177Acted as regent for kingAmalric of Jerusalem in 1172. In 1174, opposedMiles of Plancy in favour ofRaymond III of Tripoli.
8[14]GuardianRoger de Moulins1177–1187Killed at theBattle of Cresson. CommanderWilliam Borrel was appointed grand masterad interim, and he was killed at theBattle of Hattin, 3 months later.
9[14]ProvisorArmengol de Aspa1187–1190Grand masterad interim during theloss of Jerusalem in 1187, headquarters moved to Acre. Included in the canonical list of grand masters compiled in the early modern period. After the capture of Acre and the consolidation of the order, Armengol abdicated, and Garnier de Nablus elected as grand master.
10[14]GuardianGarnier de Nablus1190–1192SupportedRichard I of England in theThird Crusade.
11[14]GuardianGeoffroy de Donjon1193–1202After his death, succeeded byPierre de Mirmande as grand masterad interim.
12[14]GuardianAfonso de Portugal1202–1206Resigned in 1206
13[14]GuardianGeoffroy le Rat1206–1207First structured the Order by nationality, orLangues.
14[14]GuardianGuérin de Montaigu1207–1228Fifth Crusade.
15[14]GuardianBertrand de Thessy1228–1231Sixth Crusade.
16[14]GuardianGuérin Lebrun1231–1236Conflict withBohemond IV of Antioch.
17[14]GuardianBertrand de Comps1236–1240Barons' Crusade, Headquarters moved to Jerusalem.
18[14]GuardianPierre de Vieille-Brioude1240–1242Battle of Gaza, conflict with the Templars.
19[14]GuardianGuillaume de Chateauneuf1242–1258Fall of Jerusalem in 1244, headquarters at Acre,Krak des Chevaliers andMargat. Captured atLa Forbie in 1244.Jean de Ronay served as grand masterad interim, dying in 1250 atMansurah. De Chateauneuf was released by theAyyubids on 17 October 1250.
20[14]GuardianHugues de Revel1258–1277Loss ofKrak des Chevaliers in 1271
21[14]GuardianNicolas Lorgne1277–1285Loss ofMargat in 1285. Upon his death, Grand CommanderJacques de Taxi served as grand masterad interim until his successor Jean de Villiers arrived in the Holy Land.
22[14]GuardianJean de Villiers1285–1294Siege of Acre.
23[14]GuardianOdon de Pins1294–1296Headquarters moved toLimisso, Cyprus.
24[14]GuardianGuillaume de Villaret1296–1305
25[14]GuardianFoulques de Villaret1305–1310Nephew of Guillaume de Villaret. Headquarters moved to Rhodes in 1310.

Knights of Rhodes (1310–1530)

[edit]
Further information:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes andHospitaller Rhodes
No.TitlePictureNameTenureNotes
25[14]MasterFoulques de Villaret1310–1319Headquarters moved from Cyprus. Resigned at request ofPope John XXII in 1319. Died 1327.
Anti-MasterMaurice de Pagnac1317–1319
26[14]MasterHélion de Villeneuve1319–1346
27[14]MasterDieudonné de Gozon1346–1353
28[14]MasterPierre de Corneillan1353–1355
29[14]MasterRoger de Pins1355–1365
30[14]MasterRaymond Berengar1365–1374
31[14]MasterRobert de Juilly (de Juliac)1374–1376
32[14]MasterJuan Fernández de Heredia1376–1396Appointed byPope Gregory XI. Later supportedAntipope Clement VII. Deposed byPope Urban VI in 1382. Continued as Anti-Master at Rhodes until his death.
33[14]MasterRiccardo Caracciolo1383–1395Appointed by Pope Urban VI in 1382.
34[14]MasterPhilibert de Naillac1396–1421
35[14]MasterAnton Flavian de Ripa1421–1437
36[14]Grand MasterJean de Lastic1437–1454Siege of Rhodes (1444); first use of the title "Grand Master" (Grandis Magister).
37[14]Grand MasterJacques de Milly1454–1461
38[14]Grand MasterPiero Raimondo Zacosta1461–1467
39[14]Grand MasterGiovanni Battista Orsini1467–1476
40[14]Grand MasterPierre d'Aubusson1476–1503Siege of Rhodes (1480)
41[14]Grand MasterEmery d'Amboise1503–1512
42[14]Grand MasterGuy de Blanchefort1512–1513
43[14]Grand MasterFabrizio del Carretto1513–1521
44[14]Grand MasterPhilippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam1521–1530Siege of Rhodes (1522); headquarters moved to Malta in 1530.

Knights of Malta (1530–1799)

[edit]
Further information:Hospitaller Malta
No.TitlePictureNameTenureNotes
44[14]Grand MasterPhilippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam1530–1534Headquarters moved from Rhodes in 1530.
45[14]Grand MasterPiero de Ponte1534–1535
46[14]Grand MasterDidier de Saint-Jaille1535–1536
47[14]Grand MasterJuan de Homedes1536–1553Malta was attacked by an Ottoman fleet in 1551. The attack was repelled, but the Ottomans captured the island ofGozo, and later also the order's stronghold inTripoli. De Homedes began a program to improve the fortifications at Malta.
48[14]Grand MasterClaude de la Sengle1553–1557Continued the improvement of fortifications, expanding Fort Saint Michael into a major bastion and completing Fort Saint Elmo.
49[14]Grand MasterJean Parisot de Valette1557–1568Valette became the Order's most illustrious leader, commanding the resistance against the Ottomans at theGreat Siege of Malta in 1565.
50[14]Grand MasterPierre de Monte1568–1572Continued the construction of the new capitalValletta. Strengthened the order's fleet, and participated in theBattle of Lepanto of 7 October 1571.
51[14]Grand MasterJean de la Cassière1572–1581Crisis in the wake of theProtestant Reformation. Expulsion of theOrder of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg) in 1581.
LieutenantMathurin Romegas1577–1581
Anti-Grand MasterMathurin Romegas1581
52[14]Grand MasterHugues Loubenx de Verdalle1581–1595
53[14]Grand MasterMartín Garzés1595–1601
54[14]Prince and Grand MasterAlof de Wignacourt1601–1622Constructed theWignacourt towers and theWignacourt Aqueduct. Repelled thelast serious Ottoman attempt at capturing Malta in 1614.
55[14]Prince and Grand MasterLuís Mendes de Vasconcellos1622–1623
56[14]Prince and Grand MasterAntoine de Paule1623–1636
57[14]Prince and Grand MasterGiovanni Paolo Lascaris1636–1657Hospitaller colonization of the Americas.
58[14]Prince and Grand MasterMartin de Redin1657–1660
59[14]Prince and Grand MasterAnnet de Clermont-Gessant1660Died on 2 June 1660, less than four months after his election.
60[14]Prince and Grand MasterRafael Cotoner1660–1663Commissioned the Italian Baroque artistMattia Preti to start paintingSaint John's Co-Cathedral inValletta.
61[14]Prince and Grand MasterNicolás Cotoner1663–1680Siege of Candia. Mattia Preti's work at St John's Co-Cathedral completed.
62[14]Prince and Grand MasterGregorio Carafa1680–1690Renovation ofAuberge d'Italie in the Baroque style; improvement ofFort Saint Angelo andFort Saint Elmo. Ottoman attacks were still expected, but there were no longer any notable engagements.
63[14]Prince and Grand MasterAdrien de Wignacourt1690–1697Instituted a widows pension for the widows of those fallen in the Ottoman wars.
64[14]Prince and Grand MasterRamon Perellós1697–1720Organised the Consulato del Mare (Consulate of the Sea). Established relations with imperial Russia. Fought corruption within the Order. Engagement againstOttoman pirates.
65[14]Prince and Grand MasterMarc'Antonio Zondadari1720–1722
66[14]Prince and Grand MasterAntónio Manoel de Vilhena1722–1736Restored the cityMdina, constructedFort Manoel and significantly improved thefortifications of Malta in general. BuiltCasa Leoni andPalazzo Parisio, and renovatedVerdala Palace.Manoel Theatre (1731). Conducted peace negotiations with the Ottomans, without result. Declared neutrality in theWar of the Polish Succession.
67[14]Prince and Grand MasterRamón Despuig1736–1741Improved thefortifications of Mdina, modernised legislation, renovated the Co-Cathedral of St. John. Naval engagements withOttoman Algeria.
68[14]Prince and Grand MasterManuel Pinto da Fonseca1741–1773Expelled the Jesuits from Malta. Proclaimed the sovereignty of the Order on Malta in 1753 and a dispute started with theKingdom of Sicily under KingCharles V. Normal relations were resumed the next year, with the Order retainingde facto control over Malta as a sovereign state.[16]
69[14]Prince and Grand MasterFrancisco Ximénez de Tejada1773–1775Rising of the Priests (1775); bankruptcy of the order.
70[14]Prince and Grand MasterEmmanuel de Rohan-Polduc1775–1797Instituted the Anglo-Bavarianlangue and the Russian Grand Priory.
71[14]Prince and Grand MasterFerdinand von Hompesch
zu Bolheim		1797–1799First German elected to the office. Abdicated on 6 July 1799 following theFrench invasion of Malta.

Timeline

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Sovereign Military Order of Malta (since 1798)

[edit]
Prince andGrand Master of Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Flag of the Grand Master
Incumbent
John T. Dunlap
Prince and Grand Master
since 13 June 2022 (2022-06-13)
StyleHis Most Eminent Highness
Member ofSovereign Council of the Order of Malta
AppointerCouncil Complete of State
Term lengthTen years
Constituting instrumentConstitutional Charter and Code
Formation1099
First holderBlessed Gerard
Part ofa series on the
Hierarchy of the
Catholic Church
Saint Peter
Ecclesiastical titles (order of precedence)
No.TitlePictureNameTenureNotes
72[14]Grand Masterde factoPaul I of Russia1798–1801Elected by the Priory of St. Petersburg in September 1798 (before the abdication of von Hompesch). Election not confirmed byPope Pius VII.
Lieutenantde factoNikolai Saltykov1801–1803De facto Lieutenant inSaint Petersburg.
73[14]Prince and Grand MasterGiovanni Battista Tommasi1803–1805Appointed byPope Pius VII. Residence inMessina andCatania.
LieutenantInnico Maria Guevara-Suardo1805–1814Headquarters inCatania.
LieutenantAndrea Di Giovanni y Centellés1814–1821Headquarters inCatania.
LieutenantAntoine Busca1821–1834Headquarters inFerrara.
LieutenantCarlo Candida1834–1845Headquarters moved toPalazzo Malta,Rome.
LieutenantFilippo di Colloredo-Mels1845–1864
LieutenantAlessandro Borgia1865–1871
LieutenantGiovanni Battista Ceschi a Santa Croce1871–1879
74[14]Prince and Grand MasterGiovanni Battista Ceschi a Santa Croce1879–1905Restoration of the office of Grand Master after a 75-year interregnum, confirmed byPope Leo XIII.
75[14]Prince and Grand MasterGaleas von Thun und Hohenstein1905–1931
76[14]Prince and Grand MasterLudovico Chigi Albani della Rovere1931–1951
LieutenantAntonio Hercolani Fava Simonetti1951–1955
LieutenantErnesto Paternò Castello di Carcaci1955–1962Constitutional Charter approved by Apostolic Letter ofPope John XXIII, June 24, 1961.
77[14]Prince and Grand MasterAngelo de Mojana di Cologna1962–1988
Lieutenantad interimJean Charles Pallavicini1988
78[14]Prince and Grand MasterAndrew Bertie1988–2008Constitutional Charter and Code revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28-30 April 1997.[17]
Lieutenantad interimGiacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto2008
79[14]Prince and Grand MasterMatthew Festing2008–2017First Grand Master elected under the new constitution of 1997. Resigned in 2017.[18]
Lieutenantad interimLudwig Hoffmann-Rumerstein2017
Lieutenant of the Grand MasterGiacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto2017–2018
80[14]Prince and Grand MasterGiacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto2018–2020
Lieutenantad interimRuy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas Boas2020
Lieutenant of the Grand MasterMarco Luzzago2020–2022
Lieutenantad interimRuy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de Villas Boas2022
Lieutenant of the Grand MasterJohn T. Dunlap2022–2023
81[14]Prince and Grand MasterJohn T. Dunlap2023–presentFirst Grand Master following the 2022 revision of the Order's constitution.[19][20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Morris (1884), 17–19.
  2. ^abcGothaisches Genealogisches Handbuch des Fürstlichen Häuser, Fürstliche Häuser Band 2 (Marburg: Verlag des Deutschen Adelsarchivs, 2018), 175.
  3. ^"Del titolo di 'Altezza' del Gran Maestro dell'Ordine Gerosolimitano",Rivista del Collegio araldico anno I (1903): 271.
  4. ^Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstlicher Häuser Band I (Glücksburg: C. A. Starke, 1951), 178.
  5. ^"Regio Decreto 21 gennaio 1929, n. 61", articolo 51Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia, Anno 70, Numero 28 (2 febbraio 1929), 526.
  6. ^Constitutional Charter and Code, Title III, Article 12, Sovereign Order of Malta.
  7. ^Carta Costituzionale e Codice, Titolo III, Articolo 12, Sovrano Ordine di Malta.
  8. ^Charte constitutionelle et Code, Titre III, Art. 12, Ordre Souverain de Malte.
  9. ^Verfassung und Codex, Kapitel III, Artikel 12, Souveräner Malteserorden.
  10. ^Carta Constitucional y Código, Títolo III, Art. 12, Soberano Orden de Malta.
  11. ^Bibliography: Friedrich von Hellwald,Bibliographie méthodique de l'Ordre souv de St. Jean de Jérusalem (1885),137f.Examples:Abcontrafeiung aller Großmeister des ritterlichen Johanniter-Ordens, Frankfurt 1611.Chevillard, Jacques-Louis,Les noms, qualités, armes et blasons de leurs Eminences Messieurs les Grands-Maistres de l'Ordre de Saint Jean de Jérusalem, dits de Malte, depuis leur origine jusqu'à présent, — Paris (1697, updated 1741).François Clément,Chronologie historique des grands-maîtres de l'Ordre de St. Jean de Jérusalem in:L'art de vérifier les dates, Paris (1770).Cronologia de i Gran-Maestri dello Spedale del Santo Sepolcro, ec. detti di Malta, dedicated to the then-ruling grand master,Ramon Perellos y Roccaful, printed by Domenico de' Rossi in Rome (1709). An updated version of this work was re-published with English translation in 1962.Cronologia De I Gran Maestri Dello Spedale Della Sacra Religione Militare Di S Gio Gerosolimitano E Dell’Ordine Del Santo Sepolcro Oggi Detti Di Malta. (1099 -1962) —Chronology of the Grand Masters of the Hospital of the Sacred Military Religion of St John of Jerusalem and the Order of the Holy Sepulchre now known as the Order of Malta. (1099-1962), translated by Fra John Edward Critien, photography and design by Daniel Cilia, published in collaboration with Heritage Malta (1962), reprinted in 2005,ISBN 9789993270676.Horquet, Karl,Chronologie der Grossmeister des Hospitalordens während der Kreuzzüge, Berlin (1880)The etched portraits used in the list below fictional (with attributed coats of arms) are from a FrenchHistoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers published in 1726: Monsignor l'Abbe de Vertot,Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jerusalem - appellez depuis les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui les Chevaliers de Malthe (1726).
  12. ^Volume che contiene gli statuti della Sacra Religione Gerosolimitana, Orden de Malta, per Antonio Scionico, 1719,1–9 (manual continuation of the chronology toEmmanuel de Rohan-Polduc as 69th).
  13. ^"The Grand Masters".orderofmalta.int. Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Retrieved14 June 2022.
  14. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdceNumbering according to the SMOM (websiteorderofmalta.intas of 2017) implies the recognition ofRiccardo Caracciolo as 33rd Grand Master, and ofPaul I of Russia as 72nd Grand Master (r. 1798–1801).
  15. ^The Order's Great Seal, orleaden bulla, remained in use, with some modifications, from the 12th century until 1798. Until 1278, when Nicholas de Lorgne introduced a separate conventual bulla, there was no distinction between the seal of the Grand Master and that of the order. The general design of the seal featured, on the obverse, the Grand Master kneeling in prayer before the patriarchal cross. This image was usually accompanied with the sacred letters alpha and omega, which referenced the Second Coming of Christ. The central image was surrounded by a legend with the Master's name followed by the official designation CVSTOS. Barbara Packard,Seals of the Grand Masters, Museum of the Order of St John, 14 October 2015.
  16. ^Zammit, Vincent (1992).Il-Gran Mastri - Ġabra ta' Tagħrif dwar l-Istorja ta' Malta fi Żmienhom - It-Tieni Volum 1680-1798.Valletta,Malta: Valletta Publishing & Promotion Co. Ltd. pp. 405–406.
  17. ^Constitutional Charter and Code of the SMOM (1997).
  18. ^Pullella, Philip (23 June 2016)."Knights of Malta head resigns after dispute with Vatican". Reuters. Retrieved25 January 2017.
  19. ^Dunlap's election was made possible by the 2022 revisions to the Order's constitution ordered byPope Francis, which removed the traditional requirement that the Grand Master be able to prove noble ancestry.
  20. ^"The Order of Malta's new Constitution".orderofmalta.int. Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 2022-09-03. Retrieved2023-05-03.

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