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List of governors of Georgia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with the state commissioners (informally referred to as "Governor"), the chief executives of theRegions of Georgia (country).

Thegovernor of Georgia is thehead of government of the U.S. state ofGeorgia and the commander-in-chief of thestate'smilitary forces.RepublicanBrian Kemp assumed office on January 14, 2019.

Part ofa series on the
History of the
State of Georgia
flagGeorgia (U.S. state) portal

There have officially been 83 governors of the State of Georgia, including 11 who served more than one distinct term (John Houstoun,George Walton,Edward Telfair,George Mathews,Jared Irwin,David Brydie Mitchell,George Rockingham Gilmer,M. Hoke Smith,Joseph Mackey Brown,John M. Slaton andEugene Talmadge, withHerman Talmadge serving twode facto distinct terms).

The longest-serving governors areGeorge Busbee,Joe Frank Harris,Zell Miller,Sonny Perdue andNathan Deal, each of whom served two full four-year terms;Joseph E. Brown, governor during the Civil War, was elected four times, serving seven and a half years. The shortest term of the post-revolutionary period is that ofMatthew Talbot, who served 13 days after succeeding his predecessor, who died in office.Eugene Talmadge died in December 1946 before taking office in his second distinct term, leading toa dispute in which three people claimed the office.

Governors

[edit]
For the period before independence, seeList of colonial governors of Georgia.

Georgia was one of the originalThirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 2, 1788.[1] Before it declared its independence,Georgia was a colony of theKingdom of Great Britain. It seceded from theUnion on January 19, 1861,[2] and was a founding member of theConfederate States of America on February 4, 1861.[3] Following the end of theAmerican Civil War, Georgia duringReconstruction was part of theThird Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Georgia was readmitted to the Union on July 25, 1868;[4] again expelled from Congress on March 3, 1869;[5] and again readmitted on July 15, 1870.[6]

The Rules and Regulations of the Colony, drafted in 1776, provided for a president to serve a term of 6 months.[7]A formal constitution was drafted in 1777, providing for a governor to serve a term of one year, but no more than one year out of every three.[8] The term was lengthened to two years in 1789, but with no term limit.[9] The 1865 constitution required governors to take four years off after serving two terms,[10] but that was quickly changed in the 1868 constitution, which allowed four-year terms with no limits.[11] The term length was returned to the two-year term and limit of the 1865 constitution in 1877.[12]

The 1945 constitution changed the length of terms to four years, with governors required to take four years off before running again, and it created the office ofLieutenant Governor of Georgia, who would exercise the powers of the governor should the office become vacant.[13] This was changed in 1983 so that the lieutenant governor fully becomes governor in that circumstance.[14] Before the creation of the office of lieutenant governor, the president of the senate (or, before 1789, the president of the executive council[15]) would exercise the powers of governor.[16] The 1983 constitution also allows governors to succeed themselves once, before having to wait four years to run again.[14] The governor and the lieutenant governor are not officially elected on the same ticket.

Governors of the State of Georgia
No.[a]GovernorTerm in officePartyElectionLt. Governor[b][c]
7 Archibald Bulloch
(1730–1777)
[18][19]		January 22, 1776[20]
–
February 22, 1777
(died in office)		None—[d]Office did not exist
8Button Gwinnett
(1735–1777)
[21][22]		March 4, 1777[20]
–
May 8, 1777
(left office)[e]		None—[f]
9John A. Treutlen
(1734–1782)
[23][24]		May 8, 1777[20]
–
January 10, 1778
(left office)[e]		None—
10John Houstoun
(1744–1796)
[25][26]		January 10, 1778[20]
–
December 29, 1778
(fled from capture)[g]		None—
—Competing governmentsDecember 29, 1778
–
August 6, 1779		Government in chaos
after fall of Savannah[h]
11John Wereat
(d. 1799)
[29][30]		August 6, 1779[20]
–
November 1779
(left office)[e]		None—
12George Walton
(d. 1804)
[31][32][33]		November 1779[20]
–
January 4, 1780
(left office)[e]		None—
13Richard Howly
(1740–1784)
[34]		January 4, 1780[20]
–
February 5, 1780
(left office)[i]		None—
—George Wells
(d. 1780)		February 5, 1780
–
February 16, 1780
(died in office)[j]		None—
14Stephen Heard[k]
(1740–1815)
[37][36]		February 18, 1780[l]
–
August 18, 1781
(left office)[e]		None—
15Nathan Brownson
(1742–1796)
[39][40]		August 18, 1781[20]
–
January 3, 1782
(term-limited)[m]		None1781
16John Martin
(d. 1786)
[42][43]		January 3, 1782[20]
–
January 8, 1783
(term-limited)[m]		None1782
17Lyman Hall
(1724–1790)
[44][45]		January 8, 1783[20]
–
January 9, 1784
(term-limited)[m]		None1783
10John Houstoun
(1744–1796)
[25][26]		January 9, 1784[20]
–
January 6, 1785
(term-limited)[m]		None1784
18Samuel Elbert
(1740–1788)
[46][47]		January 6, 1785[20]
–
January 9, 1786
(term-limited)[m]		None1785
19Edward Telfair
(1735–1807)
[48][49][50]		January 9, 1786[20]
–
January 9, 1787
(term-limited)[m]		None1786
20George Mathews
(1739–1812)
[51][52][53]		January 9, 1787[20]
–
January 26, 1788
(term-limited)[m]		None1787
21George Handley
(1752–1793)
[54][55]		January 26, 1788[20]
–
January 7, 1789
(term-limited)[m]		None1788[n]
12George Walton
(d. 1804)
[31][32][33]		January 7, 1789[20]
–
November 9, 1789
(did not run)[o]		Democratic-
Republican[31]		Jan. 1789
19Edward Telfair
(1735–1807)
[48][49][50]		November 9, 1789[20]
–
November 7, 1793
(lost election)		Democratic-
Republican[48]		Nov. 1789[p]
1791
20George Mathews
(1739–1812)
[51][52][53]		November 7, 1793[20]
–
January 15, 1796
(did not run)		Democratic-
Republican[51]		1793
22Jared Irwin
(1750–1818)
[58][59][60]		January 15, 1796[20]
–
January 12, 1798
(did not run)		Democratic-
Republican[61]		1795
23James Jackson
(1757–1806)
[56][62][63]		January 12, 1798[20]
–
March 3, 1801
(resigned)[q]		Democratic-
Republican[61]		1797
1799
24David Emanuel
(1744–1808)
[64][65][66]		March 3, 1801[20]
–
November 7, 1801
(did not run)		Democratic-
Republican[61]		Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
25Josiah Tattnall
(d. 1803)
[67][68][69]		November 7, 1801[20]
–
November 4, 1802
(resigned)[r]		Democratic-
Republican[61]		1801
26John Milledge
(1757–1818)
[70][71][72]		November 4, 1802[20]
–
September 23, 1806
(resigned)[s]		Democratic-
Republican[61]		1802
(special)[t]
1803
1805
22Jared Irwin
(1750–1818)
[58][59][60]		September 23, 1806[20]
–
November 10, 1809
(lost election)		Democratic-
Republican[61]		Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
1807
27David Brydie Mitchell
(1766–1837)
[74][75][76]		November 10, 1809[20]
–
November 5, 1813
(did not run)[74]		Democratic-
Republican[61]		1809
1811
28Peter Early
(1773–1817)
[77][78][79]		November 5, 1813[20]
–
November 10, 1815
(lost election)		Democratic-
Republican[61]		1813
27David Brydie Mitchell
(1766–1837)
[74][75][76]		November 10, 1815[20]
–
March 4, 1817
(resigned)[u]		Democratic-
Republican[61]		1815
29William Rabun
(1771–1819)
[80][81][82]		March 4, 1817[20]
–
October 24, 1819
(died in office)		Democratic-
Republican[61]		Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
1817
30Matthew Talbot
(1767–1827)
[83]		October 24, 1819[20]
–
November 5, 1819
(successor took office)		Democratic-
Republican[61]		Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
31John Clark
(1766–1832)
[84][85][86]		November 5, 1819[20]
–
November 7, 1823
(did not run)		Democratic-
Republican[61]		1819
1821
32George Troup
(1780–1856)
[87][88][89]		November 7, 1823[20]
–
November 7, 1827
(did not run)		TroupDemocratic-
Republican[90]		1823
1825
33John Forsyth
(1780–1841)
[91][92][93]		November 7, 1827[20]
–
November 4, 1829
(did not run)[v]		TroupDemocratic-
Republican[90]		1827
34George Rockingham Gilmer
(1790–1859)
[94][95][96]		November 4, 1829[20]
–
November 9, 1831
(lost election)		TroupDemocratic-
Republican[97]		1829
35Wilson Lumpkin
(1783–1870)
[98][99][100]		November 9, 1831[20]
–
November 4, 1835
(did not run)		Union
(Democratic)[101]		1831
1833
36William Schley
(1786–1858)
[102][103][104]		November 4, 1835[20]
–
November 8, 1837
(lost election)		Union
(Democratic)[105]		1835
34George Rockingham Gilmer
(1790–1859)
[94][95][96]		November 8, 1837[20]
–
November 6, 1839
(did not run)		State Rights
(Whig)[105]		1837
37Charles James McDonald
(1793–1860)
[106][107][108]		November 6, 1839[20]
–
November 8, 1843
(did not run)		Union
(Democratic)[109]		1839
1841
38George W. Crawford
(1798–1872)
[110][111][112]		November 8, 1843[20]
–
November 3, 1847
(did not run)[112]		Whig[113]1843
1845
39George W. Towns
(1801–1854)
[114][115][116]		November 3, 1847[20]
–
November 5, 1851
(did not run)		Democratic[117]1847
1849
40Howell Cobb
(1815–1868)
[118][119][120]		November 5, 1851[20]
–
November 9, 1853
(did not run)		Constitutional
Union[w]		1851
41Herschel V. Johnson
(1812–1880)
[122][123][124]		November 9, 1853[20]
–
November 6, 1857
(did not run)		Democratic[125]1853
1855
42Joseph E. Brown
(1821–1894)
[126][127][128]		November 6, 1857[20]
–
June 17, 1865
(resigned)[x]		Democratic[130]1857
1859
1861
1863
43James Johnson
(1811–1891)
[131][132][133]		June 17, 1865[20]
–
December 19, 1865
(provisional term ended)[y]		Provisional governor
appointed by President[z]
44Charles J. Jenkins
(1805–1883)
[134][135][136]		December 14, 1865[20]
–
January 13, 1868
(removed from office)[aa]		Democratic[90]1865
45Thomas H. Ruger
(1833–1907)
[137][138][139]		January 13, 1868[20]
–
July 4, 1868
(state readmitted)		Military occupation[ab]
46Rufus Bullock
(1834–1907)
[140][141][142]		July 4, 1868[ac]
–
October 30, 1871
(resigned)[ad]		Republican[129]1868[ae]
47Benjamin F. Conley
(1815–1886)
[145][146]		October 30, 1871[20]
–
January 12, 1872
(successor took office)		Republican[147]President of
the Senate
acting
48James Milton Smith
(1823–1890)
[148][149][150]		January 12, 1872[20]
–
January 12, 1877
(did not run)		Democratic[147]1871
(special)[af]
1872
49Alfred H. Colquitt
(1824–1894)
[151][152][153]		January 12, 1877[154]
–
November 4, 1882
(did not run)		Democratic[147]1876
1880[ag]
50Alexander H. Stephens
(1812–1883)
[156][157][158]		November 4, 1882[159]
–
March 4, 1883
(died in office)		Democratic[147]1882
51James S. Boynton
(1833–1902)
[160][161]		March 4, 1883[ah]
–
May 10, 1883
(successor took office)		Democratic[147]President of
the Senate
acting
52Henry Dickerson McDaniel
(1836–1926)
[163][164][165]		May 10, 1883[166]
–
November 9, 1886
(did not run)[ai]		Democratic[147]1883
(special)[aj]
1884
53John B. Gordon
(1832–1904)
[167][168][169]		November 9, 1886[170]
–
November 8, 1890
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1886
1888
54William J. Northen
(1835–1913)
[172][173][174]		November 8, 1890[175]
–
October 27, 1894
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1890
1892
55William Yates Atkinson
(1854–1899)
[176][177][178]		October 27, 1894[179]
–
October 29, 1898
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1894
1896
56Allen D. Candler
(1834–1910)
[180][181][182]		October 29, 1898[183]
–
October 25, 1902
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1898
1900
57Joseph M. Terrell
(1861–1912)
[184][185][186]		October 25, 1902[187]
–
June 29, 1907
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1902
1904[al]
58M. Hoke Smith
(1855–1931)
[188][189][190]		June 29, 1907[191]
–
June 26, 1909
(lost nomination)[188]		Democratic[147]1906
59Joseph Mackey Brown
(1851–1932)
[192][193][194]		June 26, 1909[195]
–
July 1, 1911
(lost election)[am]		Democratic[147]1908
58M. Hoke Smith
(1855–1931)
[188][189][190]		July 1, 1911[196]
–
November 15, 1911
(resigned)[an]		Democratic[147]1910
60John M. Slaton
(1866–1955)
[197][198][199]		November 15, 1911[ao]
–
January 25, 1912
(successor took office)		Democratic[147]President of
the Senate
acting
59Joseph Mackey Brown
(1851–1932)
[192][193][194]		January 25, 1912[201]
–
June 28, 1913
(did not run)		Democratic[147]1912
(special)[ap]
60John M. Slaton
(1866–1955)
[197][198][199]		June 28, 1913[202]
–
June 26, 1915
(did not run)		Democratic[147]1912
61Nathaniel Edwin Harris
(1846–1929)
[203][204][205]		June 26, 1915[206]
–
June 30, 1917
(lost nomination)[203]		Democratic[147]1914
62Hugh Dorsey
(1871–1948)
[207][208][209]		June 30, 1917[210]
–
June 25, 1921
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1916
1918
63Thomas W. Hardwick
(1872–1944)
[211][212][213]		June 25, 1921[214]
–
June 30, 1923
(lost nomination)[211]		Democratic[147]1920
64Clifford Walker
(1877–1954)
[215][216][217]		June 30, 1923[218]
–
June 25, 1927
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1922
1924
65Lamartine Griffin Hardman
(1856–1937)
[219][220][221]		June 25, 1927[222]
–
June 27, 1931
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1926
1928
66Richard Russell Jr.
(1897–1971)
[223][224][225]		June 27, 1931[226]
–
January 10, 1933
(did not run)[aq]		Democratic[147]1930[ar]
67Eugene Talmadge
(1884–1946)
[227][228][229]		January 10, 1933[230]
–
January 12, 1937
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1932
1934
68Eurith D. Rivers
(1895–1967)
[231][232][233]		January 12, 1937[234]
–
January 14, 1941
(term-limited)[ak]		Democratic[147]1936
1938
67Eugene Talmadge
(1884–1946)
[227][228][229]		January 14, 1941[235]
–
January 12, 1943
(lost nomination)[227]		Democratic[147]1940
69Ellis Arnall
(1907–1992)
[236][237][238]		January 12, 1943[239]
–
January 14, 1947
(term-limited)[as]		Democratic[147]1942[at]
—Eugene Talmadge
(1884–1946)
[227][228][229]		Died before
taking office		Democratic[147]1946[au] Melvin E. Thompson
—Herman Talmadge
(1913–2002)
[242][243][244]		January 14, 1947[245]
–
March 19, 1947
(removed from office)[au]		Democratic[147]
70Melvin E. Thompson
(1903–1980)
[246][247][248]		March 19, 1947[249]
–
November 17, 1948
(lost nomination)[248]		Democratic[147]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		Vacant
71Herman Talmadge
(1913–2002)
[242][243][244]		November 17, 1948[250]
–
January 11, 1955
(term-limited)[as]		Democratic[147]1948
(special)[au]		Marvin Griffin
1950
72Marvin Griffin
(1907–1982)
[251][252][253]		January 11, 1955[254]
–
January 13, 1959
(term-limited)[as]		Democratic[147]1954Ernest Vandiver
73Ernest Vandiver
(1918–2005)
[255][256][257]		January 13, 1959[258]
–
January 15, 1963
(term-limited)[as]		Democratic[147]1958Garland T. Byrd
74Carl Sanders
(1925–2014)
[259][260][261]		January 15, 1963[262]
–
January 11, 1967
(term-limited)[as]		Democratic[147]1962Peter Zack Geer
75Lester Maddox
(1915–2003)
[263][264][265]		January 11, 1967[266]
–
January 12, 1971
(term-limited)[as]		Democratic[147]1966George T. Smith
76Jimmy Carter
(1924–2024)
[267][268][269]		January 12, 1971[270]
–
January 14, 1975
(term-limited)[as]		Democratic[147]1970Lester Maddox
77George Busbee
(1927–2004)
[271][272][273]		January 14, 1975[274]
–
January 11, 1983
(term-limited)[av]		Democratic[147]1974Zell Miller
1978
78Joe Frank Harris
(b. 1936)
[276][277]		January 11, 1983[278]
–
January 14, 1991
(term-limited)[aw]		Democratic[277]1982
1986
79Zell Miller
(1932–2018)
[280][281]		January 14, 1991[282]
–
January 11, 1999
(term-limited)[aw]		Democratic[281]1990Pierre Howard
1994
80Roy Barnes
(b. 1948)
[283][284]		January 11, 1999[285]
–
January 13, 2003
(lost election)		Democratic[284]1998Mark Taylor[ax]
81Sonny Perdue
(b. 1946)
[286][287]		January 13, 2003[288]
–
January 10, 2011
(term-limited)[aw]		Republican[287]2002
2006Casey Cagle
82Nathan Deal
(b. 1942)
[289][290]		January 10, 2011[291]
–
January 14, 2019
(term-limited)[aw]		Republican[290]2010
2014
83Brian Kemp
(b. 1963)
[292]		January 14, 2019[293]
–
Incumbent[ay]		Republican[292]2018Geoff Duncan
2022Burt Jones

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The state says Brian Kemp is the 83rd governor; this number is derived from the Official and Statistical Register of Georgia, last published by the Office of Secretary of State in 1978. It continues the numbering from the colonial governors and omits repeat governors, thus marking Archibald Bulloch as 7th and George Busbee as 77th.[17]
  2. ^The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1945, first being filled in 1947.
  3. ^Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  4. ^The revolutionary government did not necessarily follow any schedule or term lengths, so the election year is omitted until 1781, when it becomes easier to determine.
  5. ^abcdeNo sources specify if the governor stood for election to the following term.
  6. ^As speaker of the provincial Congress, Gwinnett was elected by the Council of Safety to succeed Bulloch.[21]
  7. ^The date given is thecapture of Savannah, where the New Georgia Encyclopedia says his last official act as governor was to flee.[26]
  8. ^Thecapture of Savannah threw the government into disarray and exile, and records are scarce as to dates and leadership.William Glascock (elected January 21, 1779)[27] andSeth John Cuthbert (elected July 24, 1779), while often included in lists of governors, are omitted from the official state register. A school pamphlet from 1977 notes, "This confusing situation resulted in a number of radical Whigs, mainly from Wilkes County, organizing a second government with George Walton as governor and Glascock as speaker of the assembly. ... As a result of this makeshift election, there were two Whig governments plus the restored loyalist government."[28]
  9. ^Howly had also been elected as a delegate to theContinental Congress, and the Council voted on February 5 that he must take that seat.[35]
  10. ^George Wells succeeded Howly, but was killed in a duel on February 16, 1780; he is omitted from nearly every list of governors, including the official register.[35]
  11. ^Some sources sayMyrick Davies served as governor in August 1780,[36] but he is omitted from the official state register and it is unknown if this was in an acting fashion.
  12. ^The official register says Heard took office on February 18, 1870;[20] an article from 1967 saysHumphrey Wells was elected governor on February 16, but declined two days later.[38] Other sources, including the New Georgia Encyclopedia, say Heard did not take office until May 24.[36][37]
  13. ^abcdefghUnder the 1777 constitution, governors were ineligible for office for more than one year out of three.[41]
  14. ^James Jackson was elected in 1788, but declined the position, citing inexperience.[56]
  15. ^Sobel notes that Walton was term-limited under the 1777 constitution;[31] it is unclear if the provisions of that, or the 1789 constitution, would have applied to Walton.
  16. ^First term under the 1789 constitution, which lengthened terms to two years.[57]
  17. ^Jackson resigned, having beenelected to theUnited States Senate.[62]
  18. ^Tattnall resigned due to declining health.[68]
  19. ^Milledge resigned, having beenelected to theUnited States Senate.[71]
  20. ^Special election for the remainder of Josiah Tattnall's term[73]
  21. ^Mitchell resigned to be appointed agent to theCreek Indians.[75]
  22. ^Forsyth was insteadelected to theUnited States Senate.
  23. ^Not to be confused with the 1860sConstitutional Union Party, the Georgia Constitutional Union Party was a brief merger ofSouthern Unionist Democrats and Whigs during the early 1850s.[121]
  24. ^Brown was arrested by Union forces on May 9, 1865, and resigned after he was released.[129]
  25. ^Johnson left office on December 19, five days after his successor was sworn in.[131][132][133]
  26. ^Johnson was appointed provisional governor by theUnion occupation.[132]
  27. ^Jenkins was removed from office by the military because he refused to allow state funds to be used for a racially integrated state constitutional convention; the state was still under military occupation duringReconstruction.[136]
  28. ^Provisional governor appointed by GeneralGeorge Meade[139]
  29. ^Bullock was appointed governor on July 4 by GeneralGeorge Meade to replace Ruger, who was being removed;[143] however, Bullock had already won the election, and would be formally inaugurated into the post on July 21.[140][141]
  30. ^Bullock resigned and fled the state to avoid impeachment; he was arrested in 1876 and found not guilty of embezzlement.[141] Some sources state Bullock resigned on October 23, but that is when he secretly submitted his resignation; it did not take effect until October 30.[144]
  31. ^First term under the 1868 constitution, which lengthened terms to four years.[11]
  32. ^Special election for the remainder of Rufus Bullock's term[149]
  33. ^First term under the 1877 constitution, which shortened terms to two years.[155]
  34. ^Stephens died on March 4, and Boynton was sworn in on March 5.[162]
  35. ^McDaniel's first term was shortened, so it is not known if he can be considered term-limited.
  36. ^Special election for the remainder of Alexander Stephens' term[164]
  37. ^abcdefghijUnder the 1877 constitution, governors were ineligible for re-election until four years after the expiration of their second term.[171]
  38. ^The start of a gubernatorial term has always been set by the legislature, rather than the constitution; it appears the start of this term changed from the last Saturday in October to the last Saturday in June, lengthening it by eight months.
  39. ^Brown lost the Democratic nomination toM. Hoke Smith, and ran as an independent.[194]
  40. ^Smith resigned, having beenelected to theUnited States Senate.[189]
  41. ^Smith resigned on November 15, and Slaton was sworn in on November 16; at least one contemporary news source regarded this as a vacancy rather than an automatic succession.[200]
  42. ^Special election for the remainder of Hoke Smith's term[193]
  43. ^Russell was insteadelected to theUnited States Senate.
  44. ^The start of the term changed from the last Saturday in June to the second Tuesday in January, shortening this term by five months.[224]
  45. ^abcdefgUnder the 1945 constitution, governors were ineligible for re-election until the expiration of four years from the end of their term.[240]
  46. ^First term under a 1941 amendment to the constitution which lengthened terms to four years.[20]
  47. ^abcEugene Talmadge was elected to a third term in 1946, but died before taking office. Ellis Arnall, governor at the time, claimed the office, as did Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson. The state legislature chose Eugene Talmadge's son, Herman Talmadge, to be governor, but during what came to be called thethree governors controversy, the state supreme court declared this unconstitutional and declared Thompson rightful governor, and Talmadge stepped down after 67 days. Talmadge later defeated Thompson in a special election.[241]
  48. ^Under the 1976 constitution, governors were ineligible to succeed themselves, or to hold the office until the expiration of four years from the end of their term.[275]
  49. ^abcdUnder the 1982 constitution, those governors who have succeeded themselves were ineligible to be elected to the office four years after the end of their term.[279]
  50. ^Represented theDemocratic Party
  51. ^Kemp's second term began on January 12, 2023,[294] andwill expire on January 11, 2027; he will be term-limited

References

[edit]

General

[edit]

Constitutions

[edit]

Specific

[edit]
  1. ^"Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Georgia; January 2, 1788". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School.Archived from the original on December 20, 2015. RetrievedOctober 31, 2015.
  2. ^"Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States".University of Houston.Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. RetrievedMay 24, 2015.
  3. ^Constitution for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of AmericaArchived August 20, 2016, at theWayback Machine, accessed July 8, 2015
  4. ^Meyers, Christopher C. (2008).The Empire State of the South. Mercer University Press.ISBN 978-0-88146-111-4.Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. RetrievedMay 19, 2015.
  5. ^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Georgia (United States)" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 751–758 [757].
  6. ^16 Stat. 363
  7. ^1776 Const. art. I
  8. ^1777 Const. art. XXIII
  9. ^1789 Const. art. II, § 1
  10. ^1865 Const. art III, § 1
  11. ^ab1868 Const. art. IV, § 1
  12. ^1877 Const. art V, § 1
  13. ^1945 Const. art. V, § 1
  14. ^abGA Const. art. V, § 1
  15. ^1777 Const. art. XXIX
  16. ^1789 Const. art. II, § 4
  17. ^"Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1977-78". Georgia Department of Archives and History. 1978. pp. 1145–1149. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  18. ^"Archibald Bulloch".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  19. ^Schmidt, Jim (January 23, 2019)."Archibald Bulloch".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  20. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavaw"Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1989–90". Georgia Department of Archives and History. 1990. pp. 199–207. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  21. ^ab"Button Gwinnett".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  22. ^Deaton, Stan (August 1, 2019)."Button Gwinnett".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  23. ^"John Adam Treutlen".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  24. ^Schmidt, Jim (February 21, 2018)."John Adam Treutlen".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  25. ^ab"John Houstoun".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  26. ^abcSchmidt, Jim (December 10, 2019)."John Houstoun".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  27. ^Autobiography of a Colony: The First Half-Century of Augusta, Georgia.University of Georgia Press. 2009. p. 127.ISBN 9780820334424. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2019.
  28. ^"Political Changes in Georgia 1775–1787"(PDF).Georgia Department of Education. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2019.
  29. ^"John Wereat".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  30. ^Lamplugh, George R. (September 15, 2014)."John Wereat".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  31. ^abcdSobel 1978, pp. 279–280.
  32. ^ab"George Walton".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  33. ^abDeaton, Stan (February 21, 2018)."George Walton".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  34. ^"Richard Howly".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  35. ^abCashin, Edward J. (1974). "'The Famous Colonel Wells': Factionalism in Revolutionary Georgia".The Georgia Historical Quarterly.58 (Supplement): 151.JSTOR 40579633.
  36. ^abcOuzts, Clay (October 28, 2016)."Stephen Heard".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  37. ^ab"Stephen Heard".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  38. ^Woodall, W. C. (January 16, 1967)."In Sixty Days, Four Governors!".The Columbus Ledger. p. 13. RetrievedSeptember 26, 2023.
  39. ^"Nathan Brownson".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  40. ^Schmidt, Jim (September 16, 2014)."Nathan Brownson".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  41. ^"1777 Ga. Const. art. XXIII".www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu.
  42. ^"John Martin".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  43. ^Schmidt, Jim (September 15, 2014)."John Martin".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  44. ^"Lyman Hall".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  45. ^Deaton, Stan (February 21, 2018)."Lyman Hall".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  46. ^"Samuel Elbert".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  47. ^Diamond, Beryl I. (September 17, 2014)."Samuel Elbert".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  48. ^abcSobel 1978, p. 280.
  49. ^ab"Edward Telfair".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  50. ^abJohnson, Charles J. (May 16, 2015)."Edward Telfair".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  51. ^abcSobel 1978, p. 281.
  52. ^ab"George Mathews".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  53. ^abEbel, Carol (September 11, 2014)."George Mathews".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  54. ^"George Handley".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  55. ^Hulett, Keith (September 9, 2014)."George Handley".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  56. ^abSobel 1978, pp. 282–283.
  57. ^1789 Const. art. 2, § 1
  58. ^abSobel 1978, pp. 281–282.
  59. ^ab"Jared Irwin".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  60. ^abRohrer, Katherine E. (September 15, 2014)."Jared Irwin".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  61. ^abcdefghijklDubin 2003, p. 30.
  62. ^ab"James Jackson".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  63. ^Lamplugh, George R. (September 15, 2014)."James Jackson".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  64. ^Sobel 1978, p. 283.
  65. ^"David Emanuel".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  66. ^Brown, Russell K. (September 2, 2016)."David Emanuel".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  67. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 283–284.
  68. ^ab"Josiah Tattnall".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  69. ^Brown, Russell K. (September 15, 2014)."Josiah Tattnall".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  70. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 284–285.
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  72. ^Myers, Barton (September 15, 2014)."John Milledge".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
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  76. ^abRohrer, Katherine E. (February 16, 2018)."David B. Mitchell".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  77. ^Sobel 1978, p. 286.
  78. ^"Peter Early".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  79. ^Hulett, Keith (May 14, 2013)."Peter Early".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  80. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 286–287.
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  83. ^"Matthew Talbot".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
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  87. ^Sobel 1978, p. 288.
  88. ^"George Michael Troup".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  89. ^Saba, Natalie D. (September 11, 2014)."George Troup".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
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  91. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 288–289.
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  93. ^Luckett, Robert E. (September 15, 2014)."John Forsyth".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  94. ^abSobel 1978, pp. 289–290.
  95. ^ab"George Rockingham Gilmer".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  96. ^abRohrer, Katherine E. (May 13, 2013)."George R. Gilmer".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  97. ^Dubin 2003, p. 32.
  98. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 290–291.
  99. ^"Wilson Lumpkin".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  100. ^Tate, Benjamin B. (September 25, 2014)."Wilson Lumpkin".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  101. ^Dubin 2003, pp. 32–33.
  102. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 291–292.
  103. ^"William Schley".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  104. ^Brown, Russell K. (August 6, 2013)."William Schley".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  105. ^abDubin 2003, p. 34.
  106. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 292–293.
  107. ^"Charles James McDonald".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  108. ^Luckett, Robert E. (September 5, 2014)."Charles McDonald".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  109. ^Dubin 2003, pp. 35–36.
  110. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 293–294.
  111. ^"George Walker Crawford".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  112. ^abSummerlin, Donnie (December 9, 2013)."George W. Crawford".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  113. ^Dubin 2003, p. 37.
  114. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 294–295.
  115. ^"George Washington Towns".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  116. ^Hulett, Keith (August 20, 2013)."George W. Towns".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  117. ^Dubin 2003, pp. 47–48.
  118. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 295–296.
  119. ^"Howell Cobb".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  120. ^Reid, R. L. (September 20, 2018)."Howell Cobb".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  121. ^Murray, Paul (1945)."Party Organization in Georgia Politics 1825-1853".The Georgia Historical Quarterly.29 (4):206–207.JSTOR 40576991.
  122. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 296–297.
  123. ^"Herschel Vespasian Johnson".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  124. ^Morgan, Chad (June 8, 2017)."Herschel Johnson".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  125. ^Dubin 2003, pp. 40–41.
  126. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 297–298.
  127. ^"Joseph Emerson Brown".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  128. ^Boney, F. N. (September 30, 2020)."Joseph E. Brown".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2023.
  129. ^abKallenbach 1977, p. 138.
  130. ^Dubin 2003, pp. 43–44.
  131. ^abSobel 1978, pp. 298–299.
  132. ^abc"James Johnson".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  133. ^abDavis, Matthew (November 12, 2019)."James Johnson".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  134. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 299–300.
  135. ^"Charles Jones Jenkins".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  136. ^abBrown, Russell K. (July 15, 2020)."Charles Jones Jenkins".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  137. ^Sobel 1978, p. 300.
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  139. ^abDavis, Matthew (June 8, 2017)."Thomas Ruger".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  140. ^abSobel 1978, p. 301.
  141. ^abc"Rufus Brown Bullock".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  142. ^Duncan, Russell (June 8, 2017)."Rufus Bullock".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  143. ^"Georgia: Removals and Appointments".The Portland Daily Press. July 4, 1868. p. 3. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  144. ^"Gov. Bullock Resigns".Leavenworth Daily Commercial. October 31, 1871. p. 1. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  145. ^Sobel 1978, p. 302.
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  151. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 303–304.
  152. ^"Alfred Holt Colquitt".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  153. ^Myers, Barton (April 14, 2016)."Alfred H. Colquitt".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  154. ^Georgia General Assembly.Journal of the Senate. 1877 sess.,45, accessed August 11, 2023
  155. ^1877 Const. art. 5, § 1 par. 2
  156. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 304–305.
  157. ^"Alexander Hamilton Stephens".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  158. ^Morgan, Chad (June 6, 2017)."Alexander Stephens".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  159. ^Georgia General Assembly.Journal of the Senate. 1882 sess.,48, accessed August 11, 2023
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  163. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 305–306.
  164. ^ab"Henry Dickerson McDaniel".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
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  170. ^Georgia General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1886 sess.,101, accessed August 12, 2023
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  175. ^Georgia General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1890 sess.,95, accessed August 12, 2023
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  187. ^Georgia General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1902 sess.,117, accessed August 13, 2023
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  197. ^abSobel 1978, p. 312.
  198. ^ab"John Marshall Slaton".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
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  200. ^"Slaton Becomes Governor Today".The Atlanta Constitution. November 16, 1911. p. 1. RetrievedAugust 14, 2023.
  201. ^"Brown Inducted As Governor by Simple Service".The Atlanta Constitution. January 26, 1912. p. 1. RetrievedAugust 14, 2023.
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  203. ^abSobel 1978, p. 313.
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  278. ^Palmer, Prentice (January 12, 1983)."Harris Vows To Run Tight Ship".The Atlanta Constitution. p. 1A. RetrievedAugust 14, 2023.
  279. ^"Ga. Const. art. V, § 1".
  280. ^"Zell Miller".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  281. ^abGrant, Chris (June 4, 2018)."Zell Miller".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  282. ^Cummings, Jeanne (January 15, 1991)."Cannons, Country Music for Miller".The Atlanta Constitution. p. F1. RetrievedAugust 14, 2023.
  283. ^"Roy E. Barnes".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  284. ^abBrooks, F. Erik (May 14, 2013)."Roy Barnes".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  285. ^Pruitt, Kathey (January 12, 1999)."Barnes Bows To Target Sprawl, Education, Health Care, Taxes".The Atlanta Constitution. p. A1. RetrievedAugust 14, 2023.
  286. ^"Sonny Perdue".National Governors Association. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  287. ^abHulbert, Matthew C. (June 14, 2022)."Sonny Perdue".New Georgia Encyclopedia. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2023.
  288. ^Galloway, Jim (January 14, 2003)."'A New Day for Georgia': Republican Governor Takes Control As Parties Split House, Senate".The Atlanta Constitution. p. A1. RetrievedAugust 14, 2023.
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  291. ^Sheinin, Aaron Gould (January 11, 2011)."Deal Vows Era of Frugality".The Atlanta Constitution. p. A1. RetrievedAugust 14, 2023.
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