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List of governors of Alabama

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Governor of Alabama
Seal of the governor
Standard of the governor
Incumbent
Kay Ivey
since April 10, 2017
Government of Alabama
Style
Status
ResidenceAlabama Governor's Mansion
Term lengthFour years, renewable once consecutively
PrecursorGovernor ofAlabama Territory
Inaugural holderWilliam Wyatt Bibb
FormationDecember 14, 1819
(205 years ago) (1819-12-14)
SuccessionLine of succession
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Alabama
Salary$127,833 (2022)[1]
Websitegovernor.alabama.gov

Thegovernor of Alabama is thehead of government of theU.S. state ofAlabama. Thegovernor is the head of theexecutive branch ofAlabama's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

There have officially been 54 governors of the state of Alabama; this official numbering skips acting and military governors.[2] The first governor,William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of theAlabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 59, spread over 63 distinct terms. Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms:Bibb Graves,Jim Folsom, andFob James each served two, andGeorge Wallace served three non-consecutive periods. Officially, these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term.William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity.

The longest-serving governor wasGeorge Wallace, who served 16 years over four terms. The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that ofHugh McVay, who served four and a half months after replacing the resigningClement Comer Clay.Lurleen Wallace, the first wife of George Wallace, was the first woman to serve as governor of Alabama, and thethird woman to serve as governor of any state. The current governor is RepublicanKay Ivey, who took office on April 10, 2017 followingRobert J. Bentley's resignation amidst a corruption scandal. She is the second female governor of Alabama.

List of governors

[edit]

Territory of Alabama

[edit]

Alabama Territory was formed on March 3, 1817, fromMississippi Territory.[3] It had only one governor appointed by thePresident of the United States before it became a state; he became the first state governor.

Governor of the Territory of Alabama
No.GovernorTerm in officeAppointed by
1William Wyatt Bibb
(1781–1820)
[4][5][6][7]		September 25, 1817[a]
–
November 9, 1819
(elected state governor)		James Monroe

State of Alabama

[edit]
Seal for use by thegovernor-elect
Governor's flag before 1939

Alabama wasadmitted to the Union on December 14, 1819.[13] It seceded from theUnion on January 11, 1861,[14] and was a founding member of theConfederate States of America on February 4, 1861.[15] Following the end of theAmerican Civil War, Alabama duringReconstruction was part of theThird Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14, 1868.[16]

The firstAlabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than 4 out of every 6 years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years. The current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. An amendment in 1968 allowed governors to succeed themselves once; a governor serving two consecutive terms can run again after waiting out the next term.[17] The constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governor's term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. However, theAlabama Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that a governor's term ends at midnight at the end of Monday, and the next governor's term begins the next day, regardless of if they were sworn in on Monday.[17][18]

The office oflieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, and recreated in 1901. According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomesacting governor, and if the office of governor becomes vacant the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship.[19] The governor and the lieutenant governor are elected at the same time but not on the same ticket.

Alabama was a stronglyDemocratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from theDemocratic-Republican and Democratic parties. It had twoRepublican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 112 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Since 2002, the state has continuously elected Republicans to the governorship.

Governors of the State of Alabama
No.GovernorTerm in officePartyElectionLt. Governor[b][c][20]
1 William Wyatt Bibb
(1781–1820)
[4][5][6][7]		November 9, 1819[21]
–
July 10, 1820
(died in office)		Democratic-
Republican[22]		1819Office did not exist
2Thomas Bibb
(1783–1839)
[23][24][25]		July 10, 1820[d]
–
November 9, 1821
(did not run)[25]		Democratic-
Republican[28]		Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
3Israel Pickens
(1780–1827)
[29][30][31]		November 9, 1821[32]
–
November 25, 1825
(term-limited)[e]		Democratic-
Republican[22]		1821
1823
4John Murphy
(d. 1841)
[34][35][36]		November 25, 1825[37]
–
November 21, 1829
(term-limited)[e]		Jackson
Democrat[38]		1825
1827
5Gabriel Moore
(1785–1844)
[39][40][41]		November 21, 1829[42]
–
March 3, 1831
(resigned)[f]		Jackson
Democrat[38]		1829
6Samuel B. Moore
(1789–1846)
[43][44][45]		March 3, 1831[46]
–
November 26, 1831
(lost election)		Jackson
Democrat[28]		Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
7John Gayle
(1792–1859)
[47][48][49]		November 26, 1831[50]
–
November 21, 1835
(term-limited)[e]		Jackson
Democrat[51]		1831
Democratic[51]1833
8Clement Comer Clay
(1789–1866)
[52][53][54]		November 21, 1835[55]
–
July 17, 1837[g]
(resigned)[h]		Democratic[51]1835
9Hugh McVay
(1766–1851)
[58][59][60]		July 17, 1837[g]
–
November 21, 1837
(successor took office)		Democratic[28]Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
10Arthur P. Bagby
(1794–1858)
[61][62][63]		November 21, 1837[64]
–
November 22, 1841
(term-limited)[e]		Democratic[65]1837
1839
11Benjamin Fitzpatrick
(1802–1869)
[66][67][68]		November 22, 1841[69]
–
December 9, 1845
(term-limited)[e]		Democratic[70]1841
1843
12Joshua L. Martin
(1799–1856)
[71][72][73]		December 9, 1845[74]
–
December 16, 1847
(did not run)[i]		Independent[j]1845
13Reuben Chapman
(1799–1882)
[77][78][79]		December 16, 1847[80]
–
December 17, 1849
(lost nomination)[81]		Democratic[76]1847
14Henry W. Collier
(1801–1855)
[82][83][84]		December 17, 1849[85]
–
December 20, 1853
(term-limited)[e]		Democratic[86]1849
1851
15John A. Winston
(1812–1871)
[87][88][89]		December 20, 1853[90]
–
December 1, 1857
(term-limited)[e]		Democratic[91]1853
1855
16Andrew B. Moore
(1807–1873)
[92][93][94]		December 1, 1857[95]
–
December 2, 1861
(term-limited)[e]		Democratic[96]1857
1859
17John Gill Shorter
(1818–1872)
[97][98][99]		December 2, 1861[100]
–
December 1, 1863
(lost election)[99]		Democratic[28]1861
18Thomas H. Watts
(1819–1892)
[101][102][103]		December 1, 1863[104]
–
May 3, 1865[k]
(arrested and removed)[l]		Whig[28]1863
—VacantMay 3, 1865[k]
–
June 21, 1865		Office vacated
aftercivil war
19Lewis E. Parsons
(1817–1895)
[107][108][109]		June 21, 1865[110]
–
December 13, 1865
(successor took office)		Provisional governor
appointed by President[28]
20Robert M. Patton
(1809–1885)
[111][112][113]		December 13, 1865[114]
–
July 13, 1868[m]
(did not run)		Nonpartisan[n]1865
—Wager Swayne
(1834–1902)
[122]		March 2, 1867[o]
–
January 11, 1868
(removed)[p]		Military occupation[q]
21William Hugh Smith
(1826–1899)
[118][123][124]		July 13, 1868[m]
–
November 26, 1870[r]
(lost election)		Republican[28]1868 Andrew J. Applegate
(died August 21, 1870)
Vacant
22Robert B. Lindsay
(1824–1902)
[126][127][128]		November 26, 1870[129]
–
November 25, 1872
(did not run)[128]		Democratic[28]1870[r]Edward H. Moren
23David P. Lewis
(1820–1884)
[130][131][132]		November 25, 1872[133][134]
–
November 24, 1874
(lost election)		Republican[28]1872Alexander McKinstry
24George S. Houston
(1811–1879)
[135][136][137]		November 24, 1874[138]
–
November 27, 1878
(did not run)[s]		Democratic[28]1874Robert F. Ligon
1876Office did not exist
25Rufus W. Cobb
(1829–1913)
[139][140][141]		November 27, 1878[142]
–
December 1, 1882
(did not run)		Democratic[28]1878
1880
26Edward A. O'Neal
(1818–1890)
[143][144][145]		December 1, 1882[146]
–
December 1, 1886
(did not run)		Democratic[28]1882
1884
27Thomas Seay
(1846–1896)
[147][148][149]		December 1, 1886[150]
–
December 1, 1890
(did not run)[t]		Democratic[28]1886
1888
28Thomas G. Jones
(1844–1914)
[151][152][153]		December 1, 1890[154]
–
December 1, 1894
(did not run)[153]		Democratic[28]1890
1892
29William C. Oates
(1835–1910)
[155][156][157]		December 1, 1894[158]
–
December 1, 1896
(did not run)[157]		Democratic[28]1894
30Joseph F. Johnston
(1843–1913)
[159][160][161]		December 1, 1896[162]
–
December 1, 1900
(did not run)[u]		Democratic[28]1896
1898
—William D. Jelks
(1855–1931)
[163][164][165]		December 1, 1900
–
December 26, 1900
(acting)[v]		Democratic[28]President of
the Senate
acting
31William J. Samford
(1844–1901)
[167][169][170]		December 1, 1900[v]
–
June 11, 1901
(died in office)		Democratic[28]1900
32William D. Jelks
(1855–1931)
[163][164][165]		June 11, 1901[171]
–
January 14, 1907
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
1902Russell McWhortor Cunningham
(acted as governor
April 25, 1904–March 5, 1905)[x]
33B. B. Comer
(1848–1927)
[176][177][178]		January 14, 1907[179]
–
January 16, 1911
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1906Henry B. Gray
34Emmet O'Neal
(1853–1922)
[180][181][182]		January 17, 1911[y]
–
January 18, 1915
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1910Walter D. Seed Sr.
35Charles Henderson
(1860–1937)
[185][186][187]		January 19, 1915[188][y]
–
January 20, 1919
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1914Thomas Kilby
36Thomas Kilby
(1865–1943)
[189][190][191]		January 21, 1919[192][y]
–
January 15, 1923
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1918Nathan Lee Miller
37William W. Brandon
(1868–1934)
[193][194][195]		January 16, 1923[196][y]
–
January 17, 1927
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1922Charles S. McDowell
(acted as governor
July 10, 1924–July 11, 1924)[z]
38Bibb Graves
(1873–1942)
[197][198][199]		January 18, 1927[200][y]
–
January 19, 1931
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1926William C. Davis
39Benjamin M. Miller
(1864–1944)
[201][202][203]		January 20, 1931[204][y]
–
January 14, 1935
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1930Hugh Davis Merrill
38Bibb Graves
(1873–1942)
[197][198][199]		January 15, 1935[205][y]
–
January 16, 1939
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1934Thomas E. Knight
(died May 17, 1937)
Vacant
40Frank M. Dixon
(1892–1965)
[206][207][208]		January 17, 1939[209][y]
–
January 18, 1943
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1938Albert A. Carmichael
41Chauncey Sparks
(1884–1968)
[210][211][212]		January 19, 1943[213][y]
–
January 20, 1947
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1942Leven H. Ellis
42Jim Folsom
(1908–1987)
[214][215][216]		January 21, 1947[217][y]
–
January 15, 1951
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1946James C. Inzer
43Gordon Persons
(1902–1965)
[218][219][220]		January 16, 1951[221][y]
–
January 17, 1955
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1950James Allen
42Jim Folsom
(1908–1987)
[214][215][216]		January 18, 1955[222][y]
–
January 19, 1959
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1954William G. Hardwick
44John M. Patterson
(1921–2021)
[223][224][225]		January 20, 1959[226][y]
–
January 14, 1963
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1958Albert Boutwell
45George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[227][228][229]		January 15, 1963[230][y]
–
January 16, 1967
(term-limited)[w]		Democratic[28]1962James Allen
46Lurleen Wallace
(1926–1968)
[227][231][232]		January 17, 1967[233][y]
–
May 7, 1968
(died in office)		Democratic[28]1966Albert Brewer
(acted as governor
July 25, 1967)[aa]
47Albert Brewer
(1928–2017)
[235][236][237]		May 7, 1968[238]
–
January 18, 1971
(lost nomination)[235]		Democratic[28]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		Vacant
45George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[227][228][229]		January 19, 1971[239][y]
–
January 15, 1979
(term-limited)[ab]		Democratic[28]1970Jere Beasley
(acted as governor
June 5, 1972–July 7, 1972)[ac]
1974
48Fob James
(b. 1934)
[243][244]		January 16, 1979[245][y]
–
January 17, 1983
(did not run)[244]		Democratic[244]1978George McMillan
45George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[227][228][229]		January 18, 1983[246][y]
–
January 19, 1987
(did not run)[229]		Democratic[229]1982Bill Baxley
49H. Guy Hunt
(1933–2009)
[247][248]		January 20, 1987[249][y]
–
April 22, 1993
(removed from office)[ad]		Republican[248]1986Jim Folsom Jr.[ae]
1990
50Jim Folsom Jr.
(b. 1949)
[252][253]		April 22, 1993[250]
–
January 16, 1995
(lost election)		Democratic[253]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		Vacant
48Fob James
(b. 1934)
[243][244]		January 17, 1995[254][y]
–
January 18, 1999
(lost election)		Republican[244]1994Don Siegelman[ae]
51Don Siegelman
(b. 1946)
[255][256]		January 19, 1999[257][y]
–
January 20, 2003
(lost election)		Democratic[256]1998Steve Windom[af]
52Bob Riley
(b. 1944)
[258][259]		January 21, 2003[260][y]
–
January 17, 2011
(term-limited)[ab]		Republican[259]2002Lucy Baxley[ae]
2006Jim Folsom Jr.[ae]
53Robert J. Bentley
(b. 1943)
[261][262]		January 18, 2011[263][y]
–
April 10, 2017
(resigned)[ag]		Republican[262]2010Kay Ivey
2014
54Kay Ivey
(b. 1944)
[265][266]		April 10, 2017[267]
–
Incumbent[ah]		Republican[266]Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		Vacant
2018Will Ainsworth
2022

Timeline

[edit]
Timeline of Alabama governors

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Records are scarce as to when Bibb was actually appointed. The territory was formed on March 3, 1817, but he was appointed by President James Monroe, who did not take office until the next day. Other resources indicate that other major appointments for the territory were made on March 6.[8] However, the earliest contemporary news report on his nomination so far found was on May 23,[9] and other major sources say he first received his commission on September 25.[10] He was formally nominated on December 12,[11] and confirmed by the Senate on December 15.[12]
  2. ^The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, and recreated in 1901.[19]
  3. ^Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  4. ^William Wyatt Bibb died on July 10, 1820.[26] Multiple sources state that Thomas Bibb did not succeed him until either July 15[27] or July 25.[2] It is unknown if this was the formal inauguration, or if a vacancy existed in the office; it is assumed that succession was automatic, as per the constitution, and that Thomas Bibb's term began on July 10.
  5. ^abcdefghUnder the 1819 constitution, governors were limited to no more than four years out of every term of six years.[33]
  6. ^Moore resigned, having beenelected to theUnited States Senate.[40]
  7. ^abSources disagree on the exact date McVay succeeded Clay, with theAlabama Department of Archives and History andNational Governors Association mentioning both July 16, 1837, and July 17, though July 17 is used more prominently. However, the earliest contemporary news report of Clay's resignation is August 6.[56] Clay did not take office in the Senate until September 4.[57]
  8. ^Clay resigned, having beenelected to theUnited States Senate.[53]
  9. ^One contemporary source states Martin withdrew in the final days of the election,[75] but the major sources state he simply did not run.
  10. ^Sources sometimes label Martin as an "Independent Democrat".[28][76]
  11. ^abModern sources disagree on when Watts was removed and arrested, but contemporary news sources report he was arrested on May 3, 1865.[105][106]
  12. ^Watts was arrested byUnion forces soon after theAmerican Civil War ended; he was released a few weeks later.[102][103]
  13. ^abSources, even contemporary reporting, disagree on when Smith succeeded Patton. Modern sources tend to say Patton left office on July 24, 1868,[112][113] but older sources place it on July 12,[115] July 13,[116][117] or July 14.[118][119] As news tended to link Smith taking office with the passage of the 14th amendment, which occurred on July 13,[120] that date is used.
  14. ^The 1865 election was non-partisan;[111][121] politically, Patton was a Whig.[28]
  15. ^The date given for Swayne is the date of the firstReconstruction Act, which placed Alabama into theThird Military District; all references only say "March 1867"[112] and when the Reconstruction Acts were passed.[113]
  16. ^In December 1867, PresidentAndrew Johnson ordered the removal of Major General Swayne. He was replaced on January 11, 1868, by Major General Julius Hayden.[122]
  17. ^TheUnited States Congress stripped Patton of most of his authority in March 1867, after which time the state was effectively under the control of Major General Swayne.[112]
  18. ^abLindsay was sworn into office on November 26, 1870, but Smith refused to leave his seat for two weeks, claiming Lindsay was fraudulently elected; he finally left office on December 8, when a court so ordered.[125]
  19. ^Houston was insteadelected to theUnited States Senate.[137]
  20. ^Seay insteadran unsuccessfully for theUnited States Senate.[149]
  21. ^Johnston insteadran unsuccessfully for theUnited States Senate.[161]
  22. ^abSamford was ill at the start of his term on December 1,[166] and was unable to perform his duties until December 26.[167] President of the Senate Jelks acted as governor until he could take office,[163] with the formal request for him to act as governor made on December 3.[168]
  23. ^abcdefghijklmnopUnder the 1901 constitution, governors were not eligible to succeed themselves.[172]
  24. ^Jelks was out of state for medical treatment for nearly a year; Lieutenant Governor Cunningham acted as governor in his absence.[173][174][175]
  25. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwThe constitutional start date for 1911 was January 16, and that is whenEmmet O'Neal was sworn in.[183] However, theAlabama Supreme Court ruled in the case of Oberhaus v. Stateex rel. McNamara that, regardless of when the swearing in took place,B. B. Comer's term did not end until the end of Monday, and O'Neal's term did not begin until the first minute of the next day.[18] This precedent appears to have quietly continued, as coverage ofRobert J. Bentley's inauguration in 2011 noted he would not officially take office until midnight.[184] Therefore, governors since 1911 that served to the end of their term are noted as leaving office on Monday, and their successor taking office on Tuesday.
  26. ^Brandon was out of state for 21 days as a delegate to the1924 Democratic National Convention; Lieutenant Governor McDowell acted as governor for two days.[2]
  27. ^Wallace was out of state for 20 days for medical treatment. Lieutenant Governor Brewer became acting governor on July 25, 1967, and Wallace returned to the state later that day.[2][234]
  28. ^abUnder a 1968 amendment to the constitution, governors are eligible to succeed themselves once.[240]
  29. ^Wallace was out of state for 52 days for medical treatment following an assassination attempt while campaigning forPresident of the United States; Lieutenant Governor Beasley acted as governor for 32 days.[2][241][242]
  30. ^Hunt was convicted of illegally using campaign and inaugural funds to pay personal debts, a felony; as felons cannot serve as governor, he was removed from office, and Folsom became governor.[250] He was later pardoned by the state parole board.[251]
  31. ^abcdRepresented theDemocratic Party[20]
  32. ^Represented theRepublican Party[20]
  33. ^Bentley resigned from office as part of a plea deal involving campaign violations.[264]
  34. ^Ivey's second full term began on January 16, 2023,[268] andwill expire on January 18, 2027; she will be term-limited.

References

[edit]
General
Specific
  1. ^"Governor of Alabama". Ballotpedia. RetrievedApril 2, 2022.
  2. ^abcde"Alabama Governors".Alabama Department of Archives and History. RetrievedSeptember 22, 2023.
  3. ^3 Stat. 371
  4. ^abSobel 1978, p. 5.
  5. ^abMcMullin 1984, pp. 1–2.
  6. ^ab"William Wyatt Bibb".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  7. ^abDupre, Daniel S. (September 30, 2014)."William Wyatt Bibb (1819-20)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  8. ^Shearer, Benjamin (2004).The Uniting States – The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States, Volume 1: Alabama to Kentucky. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 41.ISBN 9780313331053. RetrievedAugust 2, 2010.
  9. ^"none".Weekly Raleigh Register. May 23, 1817. p. 3. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.The Georgia Journal says that Dr. Bibb has been appointed Governor of the Alabama Territory.
  10. ^The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume I: General.United States Government Publishing Office. 1934. p. 4.
  11. ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal. 15th Cong., 1st sess.,95–96, accessed September 25, 2023.
  12. ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal. 15th Cong., 1st sess.,98, accessed September 25, 2023.
  13. ^3 Stat. 489, 3 Stat. 608
  14. ^"Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States".University of Houston.Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. RetrievedMay 24, 2015.
  15. ^Constitution for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of AmericaArchived August 20, 2016, at theWayback Machine, accessed July 8, 2015
  16. ^Act authorizing readmission on ratification of 14th amendment: 15 Stat. 73. Proclamation of Alabama's ratification: 15 Stat. 704.
  17. ^abKallenbach 1977, p. 28.
  18. ^abOberhaus v. Stateex rel. McNamara,pp. 483–499
  19. ^abKallenbach 1977, pp. 29–30.
  20. ^abc"Alabama Lieutenant Governors".Alabama Department of Archives and History. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2023.
  21. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1st sess.,59, accessed September 25, 2023
  22. ^abDubin 2003, p. 1.
  23. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 5–6.
  24. ^"Thomas Bibb".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  25. ^abDupre, Daniel S. (May 27, 2021)."Thomas Bibb (1820-21)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  26. ^"Died".Hillsborough Recorder.Hillsborough, North Carolina. August 16, 1820. RetrievedJuly 11, 2019 – viaNewspapers.com.
  27. ^Glashan 1979, p. 2.
  28. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamKallenbach 1977, pp. 30–31.
  29. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 6–7.
  30. ^"Israel Pickens".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  31. ^Dupre, Daniel S. (June 9, 2021)."Israel Pickens (1821-25)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  32. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 3rd sess.,29, accessed July 27, 2023
  33. ^"1819 Ala. Const. art. IV, § 4".www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. RetrievedDecember 13, 2023.
  34. ^Sobel 1978, p. 7.
  35. ^"John Murphy".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  36. ^Bailey, Hugh C. (June 7, 2021)."John Murphy (1825-29)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  37. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 7th sess.,24, accessed July 27, 2023
  38. ^abDubin 2003, p. 2.
  39. ^Sobel 1978, p. 8.
  40. ^ab"Gabriel Moore".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  41. ^Amos Doss, Harriet E. (June 7, 2021)."Gabriel Moore (1829-31)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  42. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 11th sess.,33, accessed July 27, 2023
  43. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 8–9.
  44. ^"Samuel B. Moore".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  45. ^McDaniel, Mary Jane (June 7, 2021)."Samuel B. Moore (1831)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  46. ^"none".The North-Carolina Star. March 31, 1831. p. 3. RetrievedJuly 27, 2023.On the 3d instant, Gabriel Moore, Governor of the State of Alabama and United States' Senator elect, resigned his office as Governor into the hands of Samuel B. Moore, of Jackson County, President of the Senate...
  47. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 9–10.
  48. ^"John Gayle".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  49. ^Wiggins, Sarah Woolfoolk (June 1, 2021)."John Gayle (1831-35)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  50. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 13th sess.,38, accessed July 27, 2023
  51. ^abcDubin 2003, p. 3.
  52. ^Sobel 1978, p. 10.
  53. ^ab"Clement Comer Clay".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  54. ^Thornton, J. Mills (May 28, 2021)."Clement Comer Clay (1835-37)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  55. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 17th sess.,30, accessed July 27, 2023
  56. ^"By the Southern Express".New York Daily Herald. August 15, 1837. p. 2. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^U.S. Congress.Senate Exec. Journal. 25th Cong., 1st sess.,5, accessed September 25, 2023.
  58. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 10–11.
  59. ^"Hugh McVay".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  60. ^McDaniel, Mary Jane (June 4, 2021)."Hugh McVay (1837)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  61. ^Sobel 1978, p. 11.
  62. ^"Athur Pendleton Bagby".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  63. ^McDaniel, Mary Jane (August 20, 2018)."Arthur P. Bagby (1837-41)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.
  64. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the Senate. 1837 sess.,36, accessed July 28, 2023
  65. ^Dubin 2003, p. 4.
  66. ^Sobel 1978, p. 12.
  67. ^"Benjamin Fitzpatrick".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  68. ^Thornton, J. Mills (June 1, 2021)."Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1841-45)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  69. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1841 sess.,101, accessed July 28, 2023
  70. ^Dubin 2003, pp. 4–5.
  71. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 12–13.
  72. ^"Joshua Lanier Martin".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  73. ^Bailey, Hugh C. (June 4, 2021)."Joshua L. Martin (1845-47)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  74. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1845 sess.,57, accessed July 28, 2023
  75. ^"none".Washington Telegraph.Washington, Arkansas. August 4, 1847. RetrievedJuly 12, 2019 – viaNewspapers.com.Gov. Martin, the Independent Democratic candidate for Governor of Alabama, has retired from the contest...
  76. ^abDubin 2003, p. 5.
  77. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 13–14.
  78. ^"Reuben Chapman".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  79. ^Mayfield, John (May 27, 2021)."Reuben Chapman (1847-49)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  80. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1847–1848 sess.,69, accessed July 28, 2023
  81. ^"Nomination for Governor".Daily State Guard. June 22, 1849. p. 2. RetrievedDecember 13, 2023.
  82. ^Sobel 1978, p. 14.
  83. ^"Henry Watkins Collier".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  84. ^Atkins, Leah Rawls (December 13, 2017)."Henry W. Collier (1849-53)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  85. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1849–1850 sess.,196, accessed July 28, 2023
  86. ^Dubin 2003, p. 6.
  87. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 14–15.
  88. ^"John Anthony Winston".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  89. ^Barney, William L. (June 10, 2021)."John A. Winston (1853-57)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  90. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1853–1854 sess.,220, accessed July 28, 2023
  91. ^Dubin 2003, pp. 7–8.
  92. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 15–16.
  93. ^"Andrew Barry Moore".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  94. ^Atkins, Leah Rawls (September 30, 2014)."Andrew B. Moore (1857-61)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  95. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1857–1858 sess.,153, accessed July 28, 2023
  96. ^Dubin 2003, p. 8.
  97. ^Sobel 1978, p. 16.
  98. ^"John Gill Shorter".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  99. ^abMcKiven, Henry M. Jr. (May 14, 2021)."John Gill Shorter (1861-63)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  100. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1861 sess.,207, accessed July 28, 2023
  101. ^Sobel 1978, p. 17.
  102. ^ab"Thomas Hill Watts".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  103. ^abMcKiven, Henry M. Jr. (June 10, 2021)."Thomas Hill Watts (1863-65)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  104. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1863 sess.,199, accessed July 28, 2023
  105. ^"The Latest by Telegraph".Leavenworth Times.Leavenworth, Kansas. May 25, 1865. RetrievedJuly 11, 2019 – viaNewspapers.com.
  106. ^"Gov. Watts Arrested".The Daily Progress.Raleigh, North Carolina. May 30, 1865. RetrievedJuly 11, 2019 – viaNewspapers.com.
  107. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 17–18.
  108. ^"Lewis Eliphalet Parsons".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  109. ^Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk (June 8, 2021)."Lewis Eliphalet Parsons (1865)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  110. ^"President Johnson appoints Lewis E. Parsons, Sr. as provisional governor of Alabama," House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, accessed July 28, 2023
  111. ^abSobel 1978, pp. 18–19.
  112. ^abcd"Robert Miller Patton".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  113. ^abcRogers, William Warren (June 8, 2021)."Robert M. Patton (1865-67)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  114. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1865–1866 sess.,151, accessed July 28, 2023
  115. ^"General News".Iowa County Democrat. July 15, 1868. p. 3. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.Gen. Meade has issued orders appointing ... Wm. H. Smith to be Governor of Alabama, vice Patton removed, and A.J. Poplegate[sic] Lieutenant Governor, to take effect July 12th.
  116. ^"Governor of Alabama Inaugurated".The Daily Standard. July 14, 1868. p. 3. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.July 13 — Gov. Smith and Lieut. Gov. Applegate were sworn in to-day.
  117. ^"Alabama".New York Daily Herald. July 14, 1868. p. 5. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.Governor Smith and Lieutenant Governor Applegate were sworn in to-day as provisional officers.
  118. ^abSobel 1978, p. 19.
  119. ^"Alabama".The New York Times. July 22, 1868. p. 2. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your order of 14th inst., removing me from the office of Secretary of State...
  120. ^15 Stat. 705
  121. ^Glashan 1979, p. 6.
  122. ^abFitzgerald, Michael W. (June 28, 2013)."Wager T. Swayne".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  123. ^"William Hugh Smith".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  124. ^Fitzgerald, Michael W. (June 10, 2021)."William Hugh Smith (1868-1870)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  125. ^White, James Terry (1900).The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. James T. White & Company. p. 435. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2008.
  126. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 19–20.
  127. ^"Robert Burns Lindsay".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  128. ^abFitzgerald, Michael W. (June 3, 2021)."Robert Burns Lindsay (1870-72)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  129. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1870–1871 sess.,31, accessed July 28, 2023
  130. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 20–21.
  131. ^"David Peter Lewis".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  132. ^Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk (June 3, 2021)."David P. Lewis (1872-74)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  133. ^"Politics in Alabama".The Baltimore Sun.Baltimore. November 26, 1872. RetrievedJuly 28, 2023 – viaNewspapers.com.
  134. ^"none".The Tuskaloosa Gazette. November 28, 1872. p. 2. RetrievedDecember 13, 2023.D. P. Lewis qualified for Governor of Alabama on the 25th inst., by taking the oath of office in the Executive Chamber
  135. ^Sobel 1978, p. 21.
  136. ^"George Smith Houston".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  137. ^abRogers, William Warren (June 2, 2021)."George S. Houston (1874-78)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  138. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1874–1875 sess.,56, accessed July 28, 2023
  139. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 21–22.
  140. ^"Rufus Willis Cobb".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  141. ^Ward, Robert David (November 13, 2016)."Rufus W. Cobb (1878-82)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  142. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1878–1879 sess.,151, accessed July 28, 2023
  143. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 22–23.
  144. ^"Edward Asbury O'Neal".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  145. ^McDaniel, Mary Jane (June 7, 2021)."Edward A. O'Neal (1882-86)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  146. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the Senate. 1882–1883 sess.,155, accessed July 28, 2023
  147. ^Sobel 1978, p. 23.
  148. ^"Thomas Seay".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  149. ^abWard, Robert David (March 4, 2020)."Thomas Seay (1886-90)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  150. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the Senate. 1886–1887 sess.,194, accessed July 28, 2023
  151. ^Sobel 1978, p. 24.
  152. ^"Thomas Goode Jones".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  153. ^abPruitt, Paul McWhorter Jr. (June 3, 2021)."Thomas Goode Jones (1890-94)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  154. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the Senate. 1890–1891 sess.,186, accessed July 28, 2023
  155. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 24–25.
  156. ^"William Calvin Oates".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  157. ^abPruitt, Paul McWhorter Jr. (June 8, 2021)."William Calvin Oates (1894-96)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  158. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1894–1895 sess.,254, accessed July 28, 2023
  159. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 25–26.
  160. ^"Joseph Forney Johnston".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  161. ^abPerman, Michael (June 2, 2021)."Joseph F. Johnston (1896-1900)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  162. ^Ala. General Assembly.Journal of the House of Representatives. 1896–1897 sess.,368, accessed July 28, 2023
  163. ^abcSobel 1978, pp. 26–27.
  164. ^ab"William Dorsey Jelks".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  165. ^abAlsobrook, David E. (June 2, 2021)."William D. Jelks (1901-07)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  166. ^"Samford Is Now Governor".The Selma Times. December 2, 1900. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  167. ^abSobel 1978, p. 27.
  168. ^"Jelks In Charge".The Birmingham News. December 3, 1900. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  169. ^"William James Samford".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  170. ^Rickard, Marlene Hunt (June 9, 2021)."William J. Samford (1900-01)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  171. ^"Jelks Hurrying Back to Alabama".The Birmingham News. June 12, 1901. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  172. ^"1901 Ala. Const. art. V, § 116".www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. RetrievedDecember 13, 2023.
  173. ^Sobel 1978, p. 28.
  174. ^Rikard, Marlene Hunt (June 1, 2021)."Russell M. Cunningham (1904-05)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  175. ^"Russell McWorther Cunningham".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  176. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 28–29.
  177. ^"Braxton Bragg Comer".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  178. ^Harris, David Alan (October 12, 2022)."Braxton Bragg Comer (1907-11)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  179. ^"Comer Takes Oath of Office As Governor of Alabama".The Birmingham News. January 14, 1907. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  180. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 29–30.
  181. ^"Emmet O'Neal".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  182. ^Rosenburg, R. B. (June 7, 2021)."Emmet O'Neal (1911-15)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  183. ^Betty, Berryman G. (January 17, 1911)."Notable Speeches As New Governor Takes Oath at Montgomery".Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  184. ^White, David (January 17, 2011)."Robert Bentley Ready To Take Office As Next Alabama Governor".The Birmingham News. RetrievedDecember 10, 2018.Bentley under state law won't officially be governor until just after the stroke of midnight Tuesday morning.
  185. ^Sobel 1978, p. 30.
  186. ^"Charles Henderson".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  187. ^Allen, Lee N. (June 1, 2021)."Charles Henderson (1915-19)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  188. ^"Henderson Takes Oath of Office As Next Governor".The Montgomery Advertiser. January 19, 1915. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  189. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 30–31.
  190. ^"Thomas Erby Kilby".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  191. ^Breedlove, Michael A. (June 3, 2021)."Thomas E. Kilby (1919-23)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  192. ^"New Chief Executive Takes Oath".The Montgomery Advertiser. January 21, 1919. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  193. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 31–32.
  194. ^"William Woodward Brandon".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  195. ^Allen, Lee N. (December 5, 2017)."William W. Brandon (1923-27)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  196. ^"Immense Crowd Cheers As William W. Brandon Takes Oath As State's Governor".The Montgomery Advertiser. January 16, 1923. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  197. ^abSobel 1978, pp. 32–33.
  198. ^ab"David Bibb Graves".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  199. ^abFlynt, J. Wayne (June 1, 2021)."David Bibb Graves (1927-31, 1935-39)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  200. ^"Thousands Hear New Governor Declare for Law Enforcement After Oath Is Administered".The Montgomery Advertiser. January 18, 1927. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  201. ^Sobel 1978, p. 33.
  202. ^"Benjamin Meek Miller".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  203. ^Feldman, Glenn (June 4, 2021)."Benjamin Meek Miller (1931-35)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  204. ^McCoy, Joseph R. (January 20, 1931)."10,000 Watch Inauguration of 39th Governor".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  205. ^Davis, George L. (January 15, 1935)."Col. Bibb Graves Again Assumes Alabama's Helm".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  206. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 33–34.
  207. ^"Frank Murray Dixon".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  208. ^Feldman, Glenn (June 1, 2021)."Frank M. Dixon (1939-43)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  209. ^Hugger, Robert (January 17, 1939)."Spectacular Parade, Throng Feature Dixon Administration".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  210. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 34–35.
  211. ^"Chauncey Sparks".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  212. ^Jackson, Harvey H. (June 10, 2021)."Chauncey Sparks (1943-47)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  213. ^"Governor's Post Passes to Sparks".The Montgomery Advertiser. January 19, 1943. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  214. ^abSobel 1978, p. 35.
  215. ^ab"James Elisha Folsom, Sr".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  216. ^abGrafton, Carl; Permaloff, Anne (April 1, 2019)."James E. "Big Jim" Folsom Sr. (1947-51, 1955-59)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  217. ^"Folsom Takes Oath As Governor".The Selma Times-Journal. Associated Press. January 20, 1947. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  218. ^Sobel 1978, p. 36.
  219. ^"Seth Gordon Persons".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  220. ^Bass, S. Jonathan (June 9, 2021)."Seth Gordon Persons (1951-55)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  221. ^Wortsman, Gene (January 16, 1951)."Gov. Persons Enjoys His Biggest Moment Amidst Gay and Festive Capital City".Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  222. ^Wortsman, Gene (January 18, 1955)."Hits at Snoopers and Informers".Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  223. ^Sobel 1978, pp. 36–37.
  224. ^"John Malcolm Patterson".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  225. ^Grafton, Carl; Permaloff, Anne (June 7, 2021)."John M. Patterson (1959-63)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  226. ^"Patterson Takes State's Highest Office".The Montgomery Advertiser. January 20, 1959. p. 1A. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  227. ^abcdSobel 1978, pp. 37–38.
  228. ^abc"George Corley Wallace".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  229. ^abcdeEskew, Glenn T. (June 10, 2021)."George C. Wallace (1963-67, 1971-79, 1983-87)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  230. ^Ingram, Bob (January 15, 1963)."Wallace Defies Federal Encroachment; 'Will Submit No More to Tyranny'".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1A. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  231. ^"Lurleen Burns Wallace".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  232. ^Eskew, Glenn T. (June 30, 2017)."Lurleen B. Wallace (1967-68)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  233. ^Wasson, Don F. (January 17, 1967)."Lurleen Becomes Governor".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  234. ^Owen, Thomas McAdory (1979).Alabama Official and Statistical Register. Alabama Department of Archives & History. p. 17. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2008.
  235. ^abSobel 1978, p. 39.
  236. ^"Albert Preston Brewer".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  237. ^Harvey, Gordon (November 13, 2020)."Albert P. Brewer (1968-71)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  238. ^Bryant, William O. (May 7, 1968)."Brewer Sworn In As New Governor".Alabama Journal. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  239. ^Wasson, Don F. (January 19, 1971)."Wallace Hints President Bid".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  240. ^"Ala. Const. amend. 282".www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. RetrievedDecember 13, 2023.
  241. ^Sobel 1978, p. 40.
  242. ^Armbrester, Margaret E. (December 19, 2017)."Jere Beasley Sr. (1972)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  243. ^ab"Forrest Hood James".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  244. ^abcdeStewart, William H. (June 2, 2021)."Forrest "Fob" James Jr. (1979-83, 1995-99)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  245. ^Bryant, Ted (January 16, 1979)."'Bury Negative Prejudices of Past,' Gov. James Urges".Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  246. ^Bryant, Ted (January 18, 1983)."A 'New' Wallace Sworn for Fourth Term".Birmingham Post-Herald. p. A1. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  247. ^"Harold Guy Hunt".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  248. ^abStewart, William H. (June 6, 2021)."Guy Hunt (1987-93)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  249. ^Ritchie, Bruce (January 20, 1987)."Hunt Proclaims New Day for State".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1A. RetrievedJuly 29, 2023.
  250. ^abBurger, Frederick (April 22, 1993)."Hunt Guilty: What's Next".The Anniston Star. p. 1A. RetrievedJuly 30, 2023.
  251. ^Nossiter, Adam (June 12, 1997)."Ex-Gov. Hunt of Alabama Cleared by Pardon Board".The New York Times. p. 18. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2008.
  252. ^"James Elisha Folsom, Jr".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  253. ^abStewart, William H. (June 1, 2021)."James E. Folsom Jr. (1993-95)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  254. ^"Officials Look To Eliminate Power Delay".The Selma Times-Journal. Associated Press. January 18, 1995. p. A5. RetrievedJuly 30, 2023.
  255. ^"Donald Eugene Siegelman".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  256. ^abWebb, Samuel L.; Armbrester, Margaret E. (June 9, 2021)."Don Siegelman (1999-2003)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  257. ^Bryant, Ted (January 19, 1999)."Putting Children First".Birmingham Post-Herald. p. A1. RetrievedJuly 30, 2023.
  258. ^"Bob Riley".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  259. ^abArmbrester, Margaret E. (June 9, 2021)."Robert "Bob" Riley (2003-11)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  260. ^Clanton, Brett (January 21, 2003)."Good Morning, Gov. Riley".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. RetrievedJuly 30, 2023.
  261. ^"Robert Bentley".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  262. ^ab"Robert Bentley (2011-17)".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  263. ^Kitchen, Sebastian (January 18, 2011)."Governor Says State's 'Best Days Are Ahead'".The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1A. RetrievedJuly 30, 2023.
  264. ^Blinder, Alan (April 10, 2017)."Robert Bentley, Alabama Governor, Resigns Amid Scandal".The New York Times. RetrievedApril 10, 2017.
  265. ^"Kay Ivey".National Governors Association. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  266. ^abWilson, Claire (May 1, 2020)."Kay Ivey (2017- )".Encyclopedia of Alabama. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2023.
  267. ^Tyler, Zach (April 11, 2017)."Governor Ivey: 'More Than Capable'".The Anniston Star. p. 1A. RetrievedJuly 30, 2023.
  268. ^Chandler, Kim (January 16, 2023)."Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey sworn in for her 2nd full term".AP. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2025.

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▌Morrisey (R)
▌Evers (D)
▌Gordon (R)
Federal districts:
▌Bowser (D), Mayor
Territories:
▌Pula (R)
▌Guerrero (D)
▌Apatang (I)
▌Bryan (D)
Chief executives of the United States
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(current list)
Territorial
(current list)
Defunct
Montgomery (capital)
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