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While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly differentgenetic codes.^[1] When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The translation table list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI.^[2] Four novel alternative genetic codes were discovered in bacterial genomes by Shulgina and Eddy using their codon assignment software Codetta, and validated by analysis of tRNA anticodons and identity elements;^[3] these codes are not currently adopted at NCBI, but are numbered here 34-37, and specified in the table below.

1. Thestandard code
2. Thevertebrate mitochondrial code
3. Theyeast mitochondrial code
4. Themold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code
5. Theinvertebrate mitochondrial code
6. Theciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code
7. The deletedkinetoplast code;cf. table 4.
8. deleted,cf. table 1.
9. Theechinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code
10. Theeuplotid nuclear code
11. Thebacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
12. Thealternative yeast nuclear code
13. Theascidian mitochondrial code
14. Thealternative flatworm mitochondrial code
15. TheBlepharisma nuclear code^[4]
16. Thechlorophycean mitochondrial code
17. (none)
18. (none)
19. (none)
20. (none)
21. Thetrematode mitochondrial code
22. TheScenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code
23. TheThraustochytrium mitochondrial code
24. ThePterobranchia mitochondrial code
25. Thecandidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
26. ThePachysolen tannophilus nuclear code
27. Thekaryorelict nuclear code
28. TheCondylostoma nuclear code
29. TheMesodinium nuclear code
30. Theperitrich nuclear code
31. TheBlastocrithidia nuclear code
32. TheBalanophoraceae plastid code (not shown on web)^[4][5]
33. TheCephalodiscidae mitochondrial code
34. TheEnterosoma code^[3]
35. ThePeptacetobacter code^[3]
36. TheAnaerococcus and Onthovivens code^[3]
37. TheAbsconditabacterales genetic code^[3]

The alternative translation tables (2 to 37) involvecodon reassignments that are recapitulated in theDNA and RNA codon tables.

This sectionis missing information about start codon in these tables, aka the "sncbieaa" row in NCBI data. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on thetalk page.(December 2023)

Comparison of alternative translation tables for all codons (usingIUPAC amino acid codes):

Three translation tables have a peculiar status:

• Table 7 is now merged into translation table 4.
• Table 8 is merged to table 1; all plant chloroplast differences due to RNA edit.
• Table 32 is not shown on the web page, but is present in theASN.1 format "gc.prt" release.^[4]

The list of genetic codes provided by NCBI does not take into account the "special" two proteinogenic amino acids:

• Selenocysteine (Sec or U), which requires a rather complicated translation machinery to insert involving a special elongation factor and the mRNASECIS element. SeeSelenoprotein § Production.^[6]
• Pyrrolysine (Pyl or O), which requires no special machinery to insert so long as Pyl-tRNA^Pyl is available. As a result, it can and has appeared in proteins throughneutralmissense mutations.^[7]

Other mechanisms also play a part inprotein biosynthesis, such aspost-transcriptional modification.

• Genetic codes: list of alternative codons

• NCBI List of Alternative Codes

• Stefanie Gabriele Sammet; Ugo Bastolla & Markus Porto (14 June 2010)."Comparison of translation loads for standard and alternative genetic codes".BMC Evol Biol.10 (178): 178.Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..178S.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-178.PMC 2909233.PMID 20546599.
• Liliana Torcoroma García; Ney Ribeiro Leite; Juan D Alfonzo; Otavio Henrique Thiemann (31 July 2007)."Effects ofTrypanosoma brucei tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases silencing by RNA interference".Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz.102 (6). Rio de Janeiro.

• Genetics-related lists
• Gene expression

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