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List of galaxies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of some galaxies
This is one set of lists of galaxies. For even more lists, seeLists of galaxies.

Size (left) and distance (right) of a few well-known galaxies put to scale

There are an estimated 100 billiongalaxies in all of theobservable universe.[1]On the order of 100,000 galaxies make up theLocal Supercluster, and about 51 galaxies are in theLocal Group (seelist of nearest galaxies for a complete list).

The first attempts at systematic catalogues of galaxies were made in the 1960s, with theCatalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies listing 29,418 galaxies and galaxy clusters, and with theMorphological Catalogue of Galaxies, a putatively completelist of galaxies withphotographic magnitude above 15, listing 30,642. In the 1980s, theLyons Groups of Galaxies listed 485 galaxy groups with 3,933 member galaxies.Galaxy Zoo is a project aiming at a more comprehensive list: launched in July 2007, it has classified over one million galaxy images from The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, The Hubble Space Telescope and the Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey.[2]

Named galaxies

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This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.

ImageGalaxyConstellationOrigin of nameNotes
False-colour image showing Alcyoneus with LOFAR radio data at 144 MHz (orange) and WISE infrared data at 3.4 micron (blue) overlaid.
AlcyoneusLynxA low-exitation,Fanaroff and Riley Class II radio galaxy, one of the largest discovered.
Andromeda IAndromedaAndromeda I was named because the galaxy is in the constellationAndromedaAndromeda I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) about 2.40 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. Andromeda I is part of the local group of galaxies and a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). It is roughly 3.5 degrees south and slightly east of M31. As of 2005, it is the closest known dSph companion to M31 at an estimated projected distance of ~40 kpc or ~150,000 light-years.
Andromeda GalaxyAndromedaAndromeda, which is shortened from "Andromeda Galaxy", gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda.[citation needed]Andromeda is the closest big galaxy to theMilky Way and is expected to collide with the Milky Way around 4.5 billion years from now. The two will eventually merge into a single new galaxy calledMilkdromeda[3] According to simulations, this object would probably be a giantelliptical galaxy, but with a centre showing less stellar density than current elliptical galaxies.[4]
Ambartsumian's KnotUrsa MajorAppearance is similar to Ambartsumian's knotNGC 3561, also known as Arp 105, is a pair of interacting galaxies NGC 3561A and NGC 3561B within the galaxy cluster Abell 1185 in Ursa Major. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 30 March 1827.[6] Its common name is "the Guitar" and contains a small tidal dwarf galaxy known as Ambartsumian's Knot that is believed to be the remnant of the extensive tidal tail pulled out of one of the galaxies.
Antennae GalaxiesCorvusAppearance is similar to an insect'santennae.[citation needed]Two colliding galaxies[5]
Backward GalaxyCentaurusIt appears to rotate backwards, as the tips of the spiral arms point in the direction of rotation.[citation needed]
Barnard's GalaxyNamed afterEdward Emerson Barnard.[citation needed]
Bear Paw GalaxyLynxIt resembles the appearance of a bear's claw.[citation needed]Also known as "Bear Claw Galaxy."[citation needed]
Black Eye GalaxyComa BerenicesIt has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.[6]Also known as "Sleeping Beauty Galaxy."
Blinking GalaxySerpensIts difficulty of viewing in a small telescope and tendency to go in and out of view.[citation needed]
Bode's GalaxyUrsa MajorNamed forJohann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.[7]Also known as Messier 81. The largest galaxy in theM81 Group. It harbors asupermassive black hole 70 million times the mass of the Sun.
Butterfly GalaxiesVirgoLooks are similar to abutterfly.[8]
Cartwheel GalaxySculptorIts visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.[citation needed]The largest in the Cartwheel Galaxy group, made up of four spiral galaxies[citation needed]
Cigar GalaxyUrsa MajorAppears similar in shape to a cigar.[citation needed]Also known as Messier 82 or M82[citation needed]
Circinus GalaxyCircinusNamed after the constellation it is located in (Circinus).[citation needed]
Cocoon GalaxyCanes VenaticiIts resemblance in shape to a cocoon[citation needed]
Coma Pinwheel GalaxyComa BerenicesNamed after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the Coma Berenices constellation.[citation needed]Also known as Messier 99 or M99[citation needed]
Comet GalaxySculptorThis galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.[citation needed]The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster,Abell 2667.[citation needed]
Condor GalaxyPavoNamed after acondor, a type of vulture that is one of the largest flying birds.[citation needed]The largest known spiral galaxy, it has a diameter of over 665,300 light-years (204.0 kiloparsecs).[9] It is tidally disturbed by the smaller lenticular galaxyIC 4970.[10]
Cosmos Redshift 7SextansThe name of this galaxy is based on aRedshift (z) measurement of nearly 7 (actually, z = 6.604).[11]GalaxyCosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest firststars (first generation;Population III) that produced thechemical elements needed for the later formation ofplanets and life as we know it.[11]
Dusty Hand GalaxyCamelopardalisNamed after the dust lanes and spiral arms of the galaxy.[citation needed]
Eye of GodEridanusNamed after its structural appearance[citation needed]A prototype for multi-arm spiral galaxies[citation needed]
Eye of SauronCanes VenaticiDue to its resemblance to theEye of Sauron fromThe Lord of the Rings.[12]
Fireworks GalaxyCygnus andCepheusDue to its bright and spotty appearance[citation needed]Activestarburst galaxy[citation needed]
Fried Egg GalaxyPegasusDue to its similar appearance to afried egg[citation needed]
Godzilla GalaxyPerseusIts extremely large size[13]
Helix GalaxyUrsa MajorIts shape resembles ahelix[citation needed]
GrasshopperLynxNamed after its appearance to agrasshopper[14]Two colliding galaxies
Hidden GalaxyCamelopardalisThe difficulty in observing this object makes it 'hidden'[15][16] though it can readily be detected even with binoculars.[17]
Hockey Stick GalaxiesCanes VenaticiIts elongated and curved appearance resembles a hockey stick.[citation needed]Also known as Crowbar Galaxy[citation needed]
Hoag's ObjectSerpens CaputThis is named afterArt Hoag, who discovered thisring galaxy.[citation needed]It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be apolar-ring galaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.[citation needed]
Knife Edge GalaxyDracoNamed after its thin shape, similar to knife's edge.[citation needed]
Large Magellanic CloudDorado/MensaNamed afterFerdinand Magellan[citation needed]This is the fourth-largest galaxy in theLocal Group, and forms a pair with theSMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.[18]
Lindsay-Shapley RingVolansNamed after its discoverer, Eric Lindsay, his professor Harlow Shapley, and its nature as aring galaxy.[citation needed]The ring is the result of collision with another galaxy[citation needed]
Little Sombrero GalaxyPegasusNamed after its similarity to theSombrero Galaxy.[citation needed]
Malin 1Coma BerenicesDiscovered and named byDavid Malin.[19]
Meathook GalaxyVolansAfter its appearance resembling ameathook.[20]
Medusa MergerUrsa MajorEjected dust from the merging galaxies is said to look like the snakes that theGorgonMedusa fromGreek mythology had on her head.[citation needed]
Sculptor Dwarf GalaxySculptorSimilar to the Sculpture Galaxies[citation needed]Also known as Sculptor Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, and formerly as the Sculptor System[citation needed]
Mice GalaxiesComa BerenicesAppearance is similar to a mouse.[citation needed]
Small Magellanic CloudTucanaNamed afterFerdinand Magellan[citation needed]This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.[citation needed]
Mayall's ObjectUrsa MajorThis is named afterNicholas Mayall, of theLick Observatory, who discovered it.[21][22][23]Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape.[citation needed]
Milky WaySagittarius (centre)The appearance from Earth of the galaxy—a band of light[citation needed]The galaxy containing theSun and itsSolar System, and therefore Earth.
Needle GalaxyComa BerenicesNamed due to its slender appearance.[citation needed]Also known as Caldwell 38[citation needed]
Wolf-Lundmark-MelotteCetusNamed for the three astronomers instrumental in its discovery and identification.[citation needed]
Paramecium GalaxyPegasusNamed after its appearance to the organismParameciumIt is included in theAtlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments.
Peekaboo GalaxyHydraGalaxy (akaHIPASS J1131-31) was hidden behind a relatively fast-moving foreground star (TYC 7215-199-1) and became observable when the star moved aside.[citation needed]Galaxy, relatively nearby, is considered one of the most metal-poor ("extremely metal-poor" (XMP)), least chemically enriched, and seemingly primordial, galaxies known.[24][25]
Pinwheel GalaxyUrsa MajorSimilar in appearance to apinwheel (toy).[citation needed]Also known as Messier 101 or M101[citation needed]
Radio image of Porphyrion, a black hole jet system spanning an estimated 23 million light-years.
PorphyrionDraco
Porpoise GalaxyHydraIts appearance resembles aporpoise[26]Also known as the Penguin Galaxy
Sculptor GalaxySculptorNamed after its location in the Sculptor Constellation. Also called the Silver Dollar or Silver Coin Galaxy, because of its light and circular appearance.[citation needed]Also known as the Silver Coin, Silver Dollar Galaxy or Caldwell 65[citation needed]
Skyrocket GalaxyUrsa MajorIts resemblance to aJuly 4th skyrocket[citation needed]
Sombrero GalaxyVirgoSimilar in appearance to asombrero.[27]Also known as Messier Object 104 or M104
Southern Pinwheel GalaxyHydraNamed after its resemblance to thePinwheel Galaxy and its location in the southern celestial hemisphere.[citation needed]
Spider GalaxyBoötesNamed after its appearance of a spider[citation needed]
Spiderweb GalaxyHydraIts irregular shape and continuous structure resembles aspiderweb.[28]
Starfish GalaxyOphiuchusSimilar in appearance to astarfish.[citation needed]Merger of 3 galaxies[citation needed]
Sunflower GalaxyCanes VenaticiSimilar in appearance to asunflower.[citation needed]
Tadpole GalaxyDracoThe name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to atadpole.[29]This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail.
Topsy Turvy GalaxyReticulumThe disorganized and chaotic appearance makes it looktopsy turvy.[30]
Triangulum GalaxyTriangulumNamed after its location within the Triangulum constellation.[citation needed]
UFO GalaxyLynxNamed after its resemblance to aUFO.[31]
Whale GalaxyCanes VenaticiNamed after its supposed resemblance to awhale.[citation needed]
Whirlpool GalaxyCanes VenaticiFrom thewhirlpool appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits.[citation needed]

Naked-eye galaxies

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This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high in altitude, during clear and stable weather.

Naked-eye galaxies
GalaxyApparent
Magnitude		DistanceConstellationNotes
Milky Way−6.5[a]0Sagittarius (centre)This is the galaxy containing theSun and itsSolar System, and therefore Earth. Most things visible to the naked eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing theZone of Avoidance.[32]
Large Magellanic Cloud0.9160 kly (49 kpc)Dorado/MensaVisible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.[32][33][34]
Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC 292)2.7200 kly (61 kpc)TucanaVisible only from the southern hemisphere.[32][35]
Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)3.42.5 Mly (770 kpc)AndromedaOnce called theGreat Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in theAndromeda constellation.[32][36]
Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598)5.72.9 Mly (890 kpc)TriangulumBeing a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies.[37]
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)6.8413.7 Mly (4.2 Mpc)CentaurusCentaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara.[38]
Bode's Galaxy (M81, NGC 3031)6.9412 Mly (3.7 Mpc)Ursa MajorHighly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.[39][40][41]

Observational firsts

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FirstGalaxyConstellationYearNotes
First spiral galaxyWhirlpool GalaxyCanes Venatici1845LordWilliam Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the firstspiral nebula from observing M51 (recognition of the spiral shape without the recognition of the object as outside the Milky Way).[42]
Notion ofgalaxyMilky Way
&Andromeda Galaxy		Sagittarius (centre)
&Andromeda		1923Recognition of the Milky Way and the Andromeda nebula as two separate galaxies byEdwin Hubble.[citation needed]
FirstSeyfert galaxyNGC 1068 (M77)Cetus1943
(1908)		The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908; however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.[43]
Firstradio galaxyCygnus ACygnus1951Of several items, then calledradio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become aradio galaxy.[44][45]
Firstquasar3C 273Virgo19623C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar.[citation needed]
3C 48Triangulum19603C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar.[citation needed]
First superluminal galactic jet3C 279Virgo1971The jet is emitted by aquasar[citation needed]
Firstlow surface brightness galaxyMalin 1Coma Berenices1986Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976.[46]
First superluminal jet from a SeyfertIII Zw 2Pisces[47]2000[48]

Prototypes

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This is a list of galaxies that became prototypes for a class of galaxies.

Prototype Galaxies
ClassGalaxyConstellationDateNotes
BL Lac objectBL Lacertae (BL Lac)LacertaThis AGN was originally catalogued as avariable star, and "stars" of its type are consideredBL Lac objects.
Hoag-type GalaxyHoag's ObjectSerpens CaputThis is the prototypeHoag-typering galaxy
GiantLSB galaxyMalin 1Coma Berenices1986[49]
FR IIradio galaxy
(double-lobed radio galaxy)		Cygnus ACygnus1951[50]
Starburst galaxyCigar GalaxyUrsa Major
Flocculent spiral galaxyNGC 2841Ursa Major

Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type

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TitleGalaxyConstellationDistanceNotes
Closest galaxyUrsa Major IIIUrsa Major32,600 light-years
(10 kiloparsecs)		A proposed dwarf galaxy known as theCanis Major Overdensity may lie closer at 25,000 light-years, however its status as a galaxy is disputed.[51][52][53]
Most distant galaxyMoM-z14Sextansz=14.44Existed 280 million years after theBig Bang.[54]
Closest quasarMarkarian 231Ursa Majorz=0.0415Sometimes classified as a Type-2 Seyfert galaxy, though mostly considered to be the nearest quasar.[citation needed]
Most distant quasarUHZ1Sculptorz=10.1Gravitationally lensed quasar behind Pandora's Cluster (Abell 2744). It is also the first quasar observed beyond a redshift of 10.[55][56]
Closest radio galaxyCentaurus A (NGC 5128, PKS 1322–427)Centaurus13.7 Mly[57]
Most distantradio galaxyTGSS J1530+1049Serpensz=5.72[58]Another radio galaxy,GLEAM J0917-0012, may either lie at z=2.01 or as distant as z=8.21.[59]
Closest Seyfert galaxyCircinus GalaxyCircinus13 MlyClosest undisputed Seyfert galaxy. It has been proposed that the nearby (2.05 Mly) dwarf galaxyNGC 185 may also be a Seyfert,[60] though this status has been disputed.[61]
Most distant Seyfert galaxyHSC 0921+0007Hydraz=6.56[62]Seyfert 1 galaxy; also a low-luminosity quasar.[citation needed]
Closest blazarMarkarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452)Ursa Majorz=0.030This is a BL Lac object.[63][64]
Most distant-known blazarQ0906+6930Ursa Majorz=5.47This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar-type blazar.[65][66]
Closest BL Lac objectCentaurus ACentaurus13.7 MlyMisaligned BL Lac nucleus.[67] Also the closest radio galaxy (see above)
Most distant BL Lac objectFIRST J233153.20+112952.11Pegasusz=6.57[68]
Closest LINER
Most distant LINERz=
Closest LIRG
Most distant LIRGz=
Closest ULIRGIC 1127 (Arp 220/APG 220)Serpens Caputz=0.018[69]
Most distant ULIRGz=
Closest starburst galaxyIC 10 (UGC 192, PGC 1305)Cassiopeia750 ± 150 kpc (2,450,000 ± 489,000 ly)A mild starburst galaxy, this is the only such galaxy within theLocal Group.[70][71]
Most distant starburst galaxySPT 0243-49Horologiumz=5.698[72][73]
Most distant spiral galaxyZhúlóngSextansz=5.2[74]

Closest galaxies

[edit]
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See also:List of nearest galaxies
5 Closest Galaxies
RankGalaxyDistanceNotes
1Milky Way Galaxy0This is the galaxy containing theSun and itsSolar System, and therefore Earth.
2Ursa Major III0.032 Mly
3Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy0.081 Mly
4Large Magellanic Cloud0.163 MlyLargest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way[citation needed]
5Small Magellanic Cloud0.197 Mly
  • Mly represents millions oflight-years, a measure of distance.
  • Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.
Nearest Galaxies by Type
TitleGalaxyDateDistanceNotes
Nearest galaxyMilky Wayalways0This is the galaxy containing theSun and itsSolar System, and therefore Earth.[citation needed]
Nearest galaxy to the Milky WaySagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy19940.070 MlyThe closest, undisputed galaxy. The disputed dwarf galaxyCanis Major Overdensity is even closer at 25,000 light-years.[citation needed]
Nearest dwarf galaxySagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy19940.070 Mly
Nearest major galaxy to the Milky WayAndromeda Galaxyalways2.54 MlyFirst identified as a separate galaxy in 1923[citation needed]
Nearest giant galaxyMaffei 1196711 MlyNearest major elliptical galaxy to the Milky Way[citation needed]
Nearest Neighboring Galaxy Title-holder
GalaxyDateDistanceNotes
Ursa Major III20230.01 Mly
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy1994–20230.026 Mly
Large Magellanic Cloudantiquity–19940.163 MlyThis is the upper bound, as it is the nearest galaxy observable with the naked eye.[citation needed]
Small Magellanic Cloud1913–19140.197 MlyThis was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913,Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC usingCepheid variables. In 1914, he did it for LMC.[citation needed]
Andromeda Galaxy19232.5 MlyThis was the first galaxy determined to not be part of the Milky Way.[citation needed]
  • Mly represents millions oflight-years, a measure of distance.
  • Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

Most distant galaxies

[edit]
See also:List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most Remote Galaxies by Type
TitleGalaxyDateRedshift[b]Notes
Most remote galaxy of any type, confirmed (spectroscopic redshift)MoM-z142025z=14.44As of its announcement in May 2025.[75]
Most remotequasarUHZ12023z=10.3
Further information:List of quasars

As of its announcement in 2023.[76][77][78]

Most distantLyman-break galaxyMoM-z142025z=14.44[75]
Timeline of Most Remote Galaxy Record-holders[c]
GalaxyDateDistance
(z=Redshift)[b]		Notes
MoM-z142025–z=14.44[75][79]
JADES-GS-z14-02024–2025z=14.32[80][75]
JADES-GS-z13-02012–2024z=13.20[80]
GN-z112016–2022z=11.09Announced March 2016.[81][75]
EGSY8p7
(EGSY-2008532660)		2015–2016z=8.68This galaxy's redshift was determined by examining its Lyman-alpha emissions, which were released in August 2015.[82][83]
EGS-zs8-12015–2015z=7.730This was the most distant galaxy as of May 2015.[84][85]
Z8 GND 52962013–2015z=7.51[86]
SXDF-NB1006-22012–2013z=7.215[87]
GN-1080362012–2012z=7.213[88]
BDF-32992012–2013z=7.109[89]
IOK-12006–2010z=6.96This was the most remote object known at the time of discovery. In 2009, gamma ray burstGRB 090423 was discovered at z=8.2, taking the title of most distant object. The next galaxy to hold the title also succeeded GRB 090423, that being UDFy-38135539.[90][91][92]
SDF J132522.3+2735202005–2006z=6.597This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[92][93]
SDF J132418.3+2714552003–2005z=6.578This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[93][94][95][96]
HCM-6A2002–2003z=6.56This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxy clusterAbell 370. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasarSDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28[94][95][97][98][99][100]
SSA22−HCM11999–2002z=5.74This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasarSDSSp J104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in the universe known. This was followed by another quasar,SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in 2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28[101][102]
HDF 4-473.01998–1999z=5.60This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.[102]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)1998z=5.34This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.[102][103][104][105][106]
CL 1358+62 G1 &CL 1358+62 G21997–1998z=4.92These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy clusterCL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than aquasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. It exceeded the mark set by quasarPC 1247-3406 at z=4.897[102][104][105][107][108][109]

From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[109] That list is available atlist of quasars.

8C 1435+631994–1997z=4.25This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasarPC 1247-3406 at z=4.73, discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy to hold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, that was found beyond redshift 4.[102][110][111][112]
4C 41.171990–1994z=3.792This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasarPC 1158+4635, discovered in 1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasarPC 1247-3406, became the most remote object known, at z=4.897[102][111][112][113][114]
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419,B2 0902+34)1988–1990z=3.395This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasarQ0051-279 at z=4.43, discovered in 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasarPC 1158+4635 was discovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxy discovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift 2.[102][114][115][116][117]
3C 2561984–1988z=1.819This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarPKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[102][118]
3C 2411984z=1.617This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarPKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[119][120]
3C 3241983–1984z=1.206This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarPKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[102][119][121]
3C 651982–1983z=1.176This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarOQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974. In 1982, quasarPKS 2000-330 at z=3.78 became the most remote object.
3C 3681982z=1.132This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarOQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[102]
3C 2521981–1982z=1.105This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarOQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 6.11979 –z=0.840This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarOQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[102][122]
3C 3181976 –z=0.752This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarOQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[102]
3C 4111975 –z=0.469This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasarOQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[102]

From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[109] That list is available atlist of quasars.

3C 2951960–z=0.461This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of its redshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997. In 1964, quasar3C 147 became the most distant object in the universe known.[102][109][123][124][125]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)1951–1960z=0.2
(V=61000 km/s)		This galaxy lies in theHydra Supercluster. It is located atB1950.008h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra ClusterCl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[102][125][126][127][128][129][130][131]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)1936–z=0.13
(V=39000 km/s)		Thebrightest cluster galaxy of theBootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy atB1950.014h 30m 6s +31° 46′apparent magnitude 17.8, was found byMilton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[129][132][133]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)1932 –z=0.075
(V=23000 km/s)		This is the BCG of theGemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located atB1950.007h 05m 0s +35° 04′[132][134]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster1931–1932z=
(V=19700 km/s)		[134][135][136][137]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster1930–1931z=
(V=11700 km/s)		[137][138]
NGC 48601929–1930z=0.026
(V=7800 km/s)		[139][140]
NGC 76191929z=0.012
(V=3779 km/s)		Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance; however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.[139][141][142]
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)1921–1929z=0.006
(V=1800 km/s)		At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[129][139][141][143][144][145][146]
M104 (NGC 4594)1913–1921z=0.004
(V=1180 km/s)		This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda—which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured byVesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[139][143][146]
M81antiquity –
20th century[d]		11.8 Mly z=-0.10)This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked eye. It is 12 million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it is moving toward us faster than cosmological expansion.
Messier 1011930–Using the pre-1950s Cepheid measurements, M101 was one of the most distant so measured.[citation needed]
Triangulum Galaxy1924–1930In 1924, Edwin Hubble announced the distance to M33 Triangulum.[citation needed]
Andromeda Galaxy1923–1924In 1923,Edwin Hubble measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question of whether or not there were galaxies, or if everything was in the Milky Way.
Small Magellanic Cloud1913–1923This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913,Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC usingCepheid variables.

Timeline notes

[edit]
  • MACS0647-JD, discovered in 2012, with z=10.7, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.[147]
  • UDFy-38135539, discovered in 2009, with z=8.6, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed.[148] Follow-up observations have failed to replicate the cited redshift measurement.[citation needed]
  • A1689-zD1, discovered in 2008, with z=7.6, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
  • Abell 68 c1 andAbell 2219 c1, discovered in 2007, with z=9, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed.[149]
  • IOK4 andIOK5, discovered in 2007, with z=7, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
  • Abell 1835 IR1916, discovered in 2004, with z=10.0, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed. Some follow-up observations have failed to find the object at all.[citation needed]
  • STIS 123627+621755, discovered in 1999, with z=6.68, does not appear on this list because its redshift was based on an erroneous interpretation of an oxygen emission line as a hydrogen emission line.[150][151][152]
  • BR1202-0725 LAE, discovered in 1998 at z=5.64 does not appear on the list because it was not definitively pinned.BR1202-0725 (QSO 1202-07) refers to a quasar that the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy is near. The quasar itself lies at z=4.6947[103][106]
  • BR2237-0607 LA1 andBR2237-0607 LA2 were found at z=4.55 while investigating around the quasarBR2237-0607 in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The quasar itself lies at z=4.558[153][154]
  • Two absorption dropouts in the spectrum of quasarBR 1202-07 (QSO 1202-0725,BRI 1202-0725,BRI1202-07) were found, one in early 1996, another later in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The early one was at z=4.38, the later one at z=4.687, the quasar itself lies at z=4.695[102][155][156][157][158]
  • In 1986, a gravitationally lensed galaxy forming a blue arc was found lensed by galaxy clusterCL 2224-02 (C12224 in some references). However, its redshift was only determined in 1991, at z=2.237, by which time, it would no longer be the most distant galaxy known.[159][160]
  • An absorption drop was discovered in 1985 in the light spectrum of quasarPKS 1614+051 at z=3.21 This does not appear on the list because it was not definitively fixed down. At the time, it was claimed to be the first non-QSO galaxy found beyond redshift 3. The quasar itself is at z=3.197[102][161]
  • In 1975,3C 123 was incorrectly determined to lie at z=0.637 (actually z=0.218).[162][163]
  • From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe was held by a succession of quasars.[109] That list is available atlist of quasars.
  • In 1958, clustersCl 0024+1654 andCl 1447+2619 were estimated to have redshifts of z=0.29 and z=0.35, respectively. However, no galaxy was spectroscopically determined.[125]

Galaxies by brightness and power

[edit]
TitleGalaxyDataNotes
Intrinsically brightest galaxyBaby Boom GalaxyStarburst galaxy located 12 billion light-years away[citation needed]
Brightest galaxy to the naked eyeLarge Magellanic CloudApparent magnitude 0.6This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness.[citation needed]
Intrinsically faintest galaxyUrsa Major IIIAbsolute magnitude +2.2This does not includedark galaxies.[citation needed]
Lowest surface brightness galaxyAndromeda IX
Mostluminous galaxyWISE J224607.57−052635.0As of 21 May 2015, WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521 is the most luminous galaxy discovered and releases 10,000 times more energy than theMilky Way galaxy, although smaller. Nearly 100 percent of the light escaping from this dusty galaxy isInfrared radiation.[164][165] (Image)
Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6)Cosmos Redshift 7GalaxyCosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest firststars (first generation;Population III) that produced thechemical elements needed for the later formation ofplanets and life as we know it.[11][166]

Galaxies by mass and density

[edit]
TitleGalaxyDataNotes
Least massive galaxySegue 2~550,000 MSunThis is not considered astar cluster, as it is held together by the gravitational effects ofdark matter rather than just the mutual attraction of the constituent stars, gas and black holes.[167][168]
Most massive galaxyESO 146-5~30 trillion MSunCentral galaxy inAbell 3827, 1.4Gly distant.[169][170]
Most dense galaxyM85-HCC1This is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy[171]
Least dense galaxy
Most massive spiral galaxyISOHDFS 271.04×1012 MSunThe preceding most massive spiral wasUGC 12591[172]
Least massive galaxy with globularcluster(s)Andromeda I[173]

Galaxies by size

[edit]
See also:List of largest galaxies
TitleGalaxyConstellationDiameterEstimation methodNotes
Smallest known galaxyUrsa Major IIIUrsa Major3parsecs (9.8light-years)[174]Half-light radiusA Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxy.[174]
Largest known galaxyESO 383-76Centaurus540.89 kiloparsecs (1,764,000 light-years)[175][e]90% total B-lightCentral galaxy of Abell 3571[176]
Largest spiral galaxyNGC 6872Pavo220 kiloparsecs (718,000 light-years)D25.5 isophoteInteracting galaxy, stripped byIC 4970.[citation needed]
Largest irregular galaxyUGC 6697Leo62.82 kiloparsecs (205,000 light-years)D25 isophoteDisrupted spiral-like galaxy, possiblejellyfish galaxy.[citation needed]
Largest lenticular galaxyESO 248-6Eridanus530.62 kiloparsecs (1,731,000 light-years)90% total B-lightCentral galaxy of Abell 3112.[citation needed]
Largest starburst galaxyAbell 2125 BCGUrsa Minor219.28 kiloparsecs (715,000 light-years)2MASS K-band total mag
Largest giant radio galaxyASKAP J0107-2347SculptorProjected linear size:

3.8 megaparsec(12,390,000 light-years)

[177]

Interacting galaxies

[edit]
Main article:Interacting galaxy
Galaxies in tidal interaction
GalaxiesDataNotes
TheMagellanic Clouds are being tidally disrupted by theMilky Way Galaxy, resulting in theMagellanic Stream drawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and theMagellanic Bridge drawing material from the clouds to the Milky Way galaxy.[citation needed]
The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating itsgrand design spiral galaxy architecture.[citation needed]
These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known asArp's Loop.[178]
NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with agrand design spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiral architecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.[citation needed]
Tadpole GalaxyThe Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with a long tidal tail.[citation needed]
Galaxies in non-merger significant collision
GalaxiesDataNotes
Arp 299 (NGC 3690 &IC 694)These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.[citation needed]
Galaxies disrupted post significant non-merger collisions
GalaxiesDataNotes
Mayall's ObjectThis is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.[citation needed]

Galaxy mergers

[edit]
Galaxies undergoing near-equal merger
GalaxiesDataNotes
Antennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy,NGC 4038 &NGC 4039,Arp 244)2 galaxiesTwo spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.[citation needed]
Eyes Galaxies (NGC 4435 &NGC 4438,Arp 120)2 galaxiesTwo galaxies which have interacted or still interacting via an off-center collision, both had interacted withM86 in the past.[citation needed]
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies,NGC 4567 &NGC 4568)2 galaxiesTwo spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.[citation needed]
Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676,NGC 4676A &NGC 4676B,IC 819 &IC 820,Arp 242)2 galaxiesTwo spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 5202 galaxiesTwo spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 &IC 2163)2 galaxiesThese are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.[citation needed]
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090 &NGC 5091)2 galaxiesThese two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.[citation needed]
NGC 7318 (Arp 319,NGC 7318A &NGC 7318B)2 galaxiesThese are two starting to collide[citation needed]
Four galaxies inCL0958+47024 galaxiesThese four near-equals at the core of galaxy clusterCL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.[179]
Galaxy protoclusterLBG-2377z=3.03This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge to form abrightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.[180][181]
Galaxy protoclusterSPT2349-56z=4.3 (14 galaxies)This protocluster is located at 12.4 billion light years from the Earth. Each of these galaxies are forming stars at 1000 times that of the Milky Way, nicknamed the Dusty Red Core.[182]
Recently merged galaxies of near-equals
GalaxyDataNotes
Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240,IC 4625)This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.[citation needed]
Galaxies undergoing disintegration by cannibalization
Disintegrating GalaxyConsuming GalaxyNotes
Canis Major Dwarf GalaxyMilky Way GalaxyTheMonoceros Ring is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.[citation needed]
Virgo Stellar StreamMilky Way GalaxyThis is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.[citation needed]
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical GalaxyMilky Way GalaxyM54 is thought to be the core of this dwarf galaxy.[citation needed]
Objects considered destroyed galaxies
Defunct GalaxyDestroyerNotes
Omega CentauriMilky Way GalaxyThis is now categorized aglobular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.[183]
Mayall IIAndromeda GalaxyThis is now categorized aglobular cluster of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that Andromeda cannibalized.[citation needed]
Gaia SausageMilky Way GalaxyIt is now considered a remnant of a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way about 8-11 billion years ago. It is the last major merger of the Milky Way in its lifetime.[citation needed]

Galaxies with some other notable feature

[edit]
Galaxy nameDistanceConstellationPropertyNotes
SDSS J081421.68+522410LynxGiant radio lobesAlso termed Alcyoneus. Its radio lobes are some of the largest known structure made by a single galaxy.[184]
M87Virgo[clarification needed]This is the central galaxy of theVirgo Cluster, the central cluster of theLocal Supercluster[185] It contains the first black hole ever imaged, in April 2019, by theEvent Horizon Telescope.[citation needed]
M102Draco (Ursa Major)[clarification needed]This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate beingNGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification ofM101. Other candidates have also been suggested.
NGC 2770Lynx"Supernova Factory"NGC 2770 is referred to as the "Supernova Factory" due to three recent supernovae occurring within it.
Arp 122[clarification needed]Arp 122 is a collision ofNGC 6040 and PGC 56942 orNGC 6039.
NGC 3314 (NGC 3314a and NGC 3314b)Hydraexact visual alignmentThis is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.
ESO 137-001Triangulum Australe"tail" featureLying in the galaxy clusterAbell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of theintracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.[186][187][188][189]
Comet GalaxySculptorinteracting with a galaxy clusterLying in galaxy clusterAbell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.
4C +37.11230 MpcPerseusLeast separation between binary central black holes, at 24 ly (7.4 pc)OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.
SDSS J150636.30+540220.9
15h 06m 36.30s+54° 02′ 20.9″
("SDSS J1506+54")		z = 0.608BoötesMost efficient star productionMost extreme example in the list of moderate-redshift galaxies with the highest density starbursts yet observed found in theWide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data (Diamond-Stanic et al. 2012).[190]
Cosmos Redshift 7z = 6.604SextansBrightest distant galaxy (z > 6, 12.9 billionlight-years)GalaxyCosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest firststars (first generation;Population III) that produced thechemical elements needed for the later formation ofplanets and life as we know it.[11][166]
RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7z = 7.29CetusEarliest known massive quiescent galaxyThis galaxy is reported to be the most distant and therefore earliest (700 million years after theBig Bang) massive galaxy where star formation stopped, contrary to expectations based on current models of galaxy formation.[191]
AMORE6z = 5.725SculptorMost pristine galaxyThis galaxy is reported to be very metal poor, with the oxygen abundance of 12+log(O/H) < 5.8 (2 sigma), or <0.12% of Solar abundance, measured via JWST spectroscopy. This metallicity measurement is the lowest in the literature, making it the most pristine galaxy to date.[192]
Galaxies (left/top, right/bottom):NGC 7541,NGC 3021,NGC 5643,NGC 3254,NGC 3147,NGC 105,NGC 2608,NGC 3583,NGC 3147,MRK 1337,NGC 5861,NGC 2525,NGC 1015,UGC 9391,NGC 691,NGC 7678,NGC 2442,NGC 5468,NGC 5917,NGC 4639,NGC 3972,The Antennae Galaxies,NGC 5584,M106,NGC 7250,NGC 3370,NGC 5728,NGC 4424,NGC 1559,NGC 3982,NGC 1448,NGC 4680,M101,NGC 1365,NGC 7329,NGC 3447

See also

[edit]

Lists of galaxies

[edit]
Main article:Lists of galaxies

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Excluding theSun. Using the formula foraddition of apparent magnitudes, the added magnitudes ofall stars in the Milky Way but the Sun (−6.50) and the Sun (−26.74) differs from the apparent magnitude of just the sun by less than 10^-8.[193]
  2. ^abz representsredshift, a measure ofrecessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.
  3. ^quasars and otherAGN are not included on this list, since they are only galactic cores, unless the host galaxy was observed when it was most distant.
  4. ^antiquity – 1913 (based on redshift); antiquity – 1930 (based on Cepheids)
  5. ^The quick-look major axis physical diameter given by NED of 273.77 kiloparsecs (893,000 light-years) was based on an earlier distance estimate of 128 megaparsecs (417.5 million light-years). The quoted diameter in this infobox was based on NED's provided scale "Virgo +GA +Shapley" of 973 pc/arcsec multiplied with the given angular diameter of 555.90 arcsec.

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