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List of fortifications in Malta

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(Redirected fromList of fortifications of Malta)

Map of the fortifications of theGrand Harbour andMarsamxett in 1803.

This is a list offortifications of Malta.[1]

Prehistoric fortifications

[edit]
NameImageLocationBuiltStatus
BaħrijaRabatBronze AgeScant remains[2]
Borġ in-NadurBirżebbuġac.1450 BCOne bastion intact[3]
NuffaraXagħraBronze AgeScant remains[2]
QortinSt. Paul's BayBronze AgeScant remains[2]
Ras il-ĠebelMġarrBronze AgeScant remains[3]
Wardija ta' San ĠorġSiġġiewiBronze AgeScant remains[3]

Walled cities

[edit]
NameImageLocationBuiltBuilderStatus
BirguBirguc.13th–18th centuriesSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnMostly intact, undergoing restoration
CittadellaVictoriaAntiquity–1622[4]Crown of Aragon
Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint John
Intact. According to Ramon Muntaner (1283) a prominent Aragonite tower existed on the site in the whereabouts of the arch/remains of a Siculo-Norman style villa.[5] A number of outer towers were places outside the Citadel.[6]
Cottonera LinesCospicua
Birgu
1670–18th centurySovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnMostly intact[7]
Floriana LinesFloriana1635–18th centurySovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnMostly intact[8]
MdinaMdinaAntiquity–1746Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Santa Margherita LinesCospicua1638–1736Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint John[a]Partially intact
SengleaSenglea1552–18th centurySovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint John[a]Partially intact
VallettaValletta1566–1570sSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint John[a]Mostly intact, partially restored

Forts

[edit]
NameImageLocationBuiltBuilderStatus
Fort BenghisaBirżebbuġa1910–1912United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, neglected
Fort BinġemmaRabat1875–1878United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, illegally occupied
Fort CampbellMellieħa1937–1938United KingdomUnited KingdomRuins
Fort ChambrayGħajnsielem1749–1760sSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, redeveloped[9]
Fort DelimaraMarsaxlokk1876–1888United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, restoration proposed
Fort LeonardoŻabbar1872–1878United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, restoration proposed
Fort MadalenaSwieqi1878–1880United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, used as a rescue corps headquarters and training school[10]
Fort ManoelGżira1723–1733Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Fort MellieħaMellieħa1940sUnited KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, restored
Fort MostaMosta1878–1880sUnited KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, used as an ammunition depot
Fort PembrokePembroke1875–1878United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, used as a school
Fort RicasoliKalkara1670–1693Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, neglected
Fort Saint AngeloBirgu13th century–1690sSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, undergoing restoration
Fort Saint ElmoValletta1552–1570sSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Fort San LucianMarsaxlokk1872–1878United KingdomUnited Kingdom[b]Intact, used as an aquaculture research centre
Fort Saint MichaelSenglea1552–1581Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished, part of the base survives
Fort Saint RoccoKalkara1872–1900United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact
Fort San SalvatoreBirgu1724Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, neglected
Fort Tas-SilġMarsaxlokk1879–1883United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, used as an animal sanctuary
Fort TignéSliema1793–1795Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Fort VerdalaCospicua1852–1856United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, used as housing estates and a school

Towers

[edit]
See also:Punic-Roman towers in Malta
NameImageLocationBuiltBuilderStatus
Castro InterioreBirguc. 1274AngevinsModified[11]
Birgu Clock TowerBirguMedieval-Order of St JohnModified to be used as a clock tower and then destroyed in WWII
Burmarrad TowerBurmarrad1494Replaced by another tower in 1618 in the close proximity[12]
Aħrax TowerMellieħa1658Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, abandoned
Bengħisa TowerBirżebbuġa1659Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Birkirkara TowerBirkirkarac. 16th centuryIntact
Blat Mogħża TowerMġarrc. 1637Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnCollapsed
Captain's TowerNaxxarc. 1550sSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact
Cavalier TowerQrendiUnknownUnknownIntact
Delimara TowerMarsaxlokk1659Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Dwejra TowerSan Lawrenz1652Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Garzes TowerGħajnsielem1605–1607Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished[13]
Għajn Ħadid TowerMellieħa1658Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Għajn Tuffieħa TowerMġarr1637Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Għallis TowerNaxxar1658Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Ħamrija TowerQrendi1659Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Isopu TowerNadur1667Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Lippija TowerMġarr1637Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Madliena TowerPembroke1658Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint John[a]Intact, restored
Marsalforn TowerXagħra1614–1616Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnCollapsed, some ruins remain
Mġarr ix-Xini TowerGħajnsielem1661Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Nadur TowerRabat1637Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact
Orsi TowerKalkara1629Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDestroyed
Qawra TowerSt. Paul's Bay1638Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a restaurant
Saint Agatha's TowerMellieħa1647–1649Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact
Saint George's TowerSt. Julian's1638Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint John[a]Intact, in the grounds of a hotel
Saint Julian's TowerSliema1658Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a restaurant
Saint Lucian TowerMarsaxlokk1610–1611Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint John[a]Intact, used as an aquaculture research centre
Saint Mark's TowerNaxxar1658Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Saint Mary's TowerGħajnsielem1618Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Santa Maria delle Grazie TowerXgħajra1620Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Saint Thomas TowerMarsaskala1614Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact
Sciuta TowerQrendi1638Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restoration planned
Torre dello StandardoMdina1725-1726Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact
Tal-Għassiewi Tower[14]Zabbar[15]Arab periodRuins
Tal-Wejter TowerBirkirkara17th or 18th centurySovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact
Triq il-Wiesgħa TowerŻabbar1659Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Wardija TowerŻurrieq1659Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact
Wignacourt TowerSt. Paul's Bay1610Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a museum
Xlendi TowerMunxar1650Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, undergoing restoration
Xrobb l-Għaġin TowerMarsaxlokk1659Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Żonqor TowerMarsaskala1659Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Għajn Żnuber TowerMellieħaUnknownPossible a dejma post in origins; present structure a 19th-century watch towerIntact, partially restored and partially reconstructed
Wied Żnuber TowerBirżebbuġa16th centurySovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnUnknown (no longer exists)[16]

Notes:

Batteries

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(June 2015)
NameImageLocationBuilt[c]BuilderStatus
Aħrax Tower & BatteryMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, abandoned
Arrias BatterySt. Paul's Bay1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a restaurant
Balbani BatteryBirżebbuġa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Buġibba BatterySt. Paul's Bay1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished, ditch survives
Cambridge BatterySliema1878–1886United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, restoration planned
Capuchin Convent BatteryKalkara1799Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Corradino BatteriesPaola1798–1799Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Delimara Tower & BatteryMarsaxlokk1793Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Della Grazie BatteryXgħajra1888–1893United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, restoration planned
Dellia BatterySt. Paul's Bay1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Elminiech BatteryBirżebbuġa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Fedeau BatteryMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Ferretti BatteryBirżebbuġa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a restaurant[17]
Garden BatterySliema1889–1894United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, restoration planned
Għallis BatteryNaxxar1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Għargħar BatterySan Ġwann1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Jesuit Hill BatteryMarsa1799Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Lascaris BatteryValletta1854–1856United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact
Lembi BatterySliema1757Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Maħsel BatteryMarsaskala1714Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Marsa BatteryMarsa1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Mistra BatteryMellieħa1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Pembroke BatteryPembroke1897–1899United KingdomUnited KingdomPartially demolished, one gun emplacement survives.
Pinto BatteryBirżebbuġa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnHeavily altered
Qalet Marku BatteryNaxxar1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Qawra Tower & BatterySt. Paul's Bay1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a restaurant and swimming pool
Qolla l-Bajda BatteryŻebbuġ, Gozo1716Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, abandoned
Ramla Left BatteryXagħra1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Ramla Right BatteryNadur1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Riħama BatteryMarsaskala1714Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnMostly intact, restoration planned
Rinella BatteryKalkara1878–1886United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, restored
Saint Anthony's BatteryQala1731–1732Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Saint Julian's Tower & BatterySliema1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnBattery partially intact, tower intact
Saint Lucian Tower & BatteryMarsaxlokk1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnBattery demolished, tower intact
Saint Mary's BatteryGħajnsielem1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Saint Mary's BatteryŻebbuġ, Gozo1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Saint Paul's BatteryMarsaxlokk1881–1886United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, abandoned
Saint Peter's BatteryKalkara1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished
San Petronio BatteryKalkara1602Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDestroyed, ditch survives
San Rocco BatteryKalkara1798–1799Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Saint Thomas Tower & BatteryMarsaskala1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnTower intact, battery rebuilt on modern interpretative lines.
Saluting BatteryValletta1560sSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Sliema BatteriesSliema1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Sliema Point BatterySliema1872–1876United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, used as a restaurant
Spinola BatterySt. Julian's1889–1894United KingdomUnited KingdomDemolished
Ta' Għemmuna BatterySt. Julian's1799Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Tal-Borg BatteryTarxien1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Tarġa BatteryMosta
St. Paul's Bay
1887–1890sUnited KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, restoration planned
Tas-Samra BatteryĦamrun1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished. The church around which the battery was built still exists.
Tombrell BatteryMarsaxlokk1722Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished, ditch survives
Vendôme BatteryMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, dilapidated
Westreme BatteryMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnBlockhouse intact, gun platform destroyed
Wied Musa BatteryMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnGun platform intact, blockhouse heavily altered
Wignacourt Tower & BatterySt. Paul's Bay1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnBattery mostly intact, tower intact
Wilġa BatteryMarsaxlokk1714Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnBlockhouse intact, gun platform destroyed
Wolseley BatteryMarsaxlokk1897–1899United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact
Żabbar BatteriesŻabbar1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished
Żejtun BatteriesŻejtun1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished (one cannon remains)
Żonqor BatteryMarsaskala1882–1886United KingdomUnited KingdomIntact, used as a farm

Notes:

  • Batteries located within larger fortifications are not included in the above list unless they are notable in their own right. Such batteries include:
  • Anti-aircraft batteries built inWorld War II are also not included.

Redoubts

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(June 2015)
NameImageLocationBuilt[c]BuilderStatus
Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq RedoubtNaxxar1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a bar[18]
Briconet RedoubtMarsaskala1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a police station
Crivelli RedoubtMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Del Fango RedoubtMarsaxlokk1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Fresnoy RedoubtBirżebbuġa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished[17]
Marsalforn TowerXagħra1720Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Mellieħa RedoubtMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Perellos RedoubtSt. Paul's Bay1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Qalet Marku RedoubtNaxxar1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Qortin RedoubtMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnPartially intact
Ramla RedoubtXagħra1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Saint George RedoubtBirżebbuġa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact[17]
Saint Lucian RedoubtMarsaxlokk1799Kingdom of Great BritainKingdom of Great BritainDemolished
Saint Mary's RedoubtGħajnsielem1716Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
San Rocco RedoubtKalkara1799Kingdom of Great BritainKingdom of Great BritainDemolished
Spinola RedoubtBirżebbuġa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished[17]
Tal-Bir RedoubtMellieħa1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Vendôme TowerMarsaxlokk1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, used as a football club headquarters
Windmill RedoubtŻabbar1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished. The windmill around which the redoubt was built still exists.
Ximenes RedoubtNaxxar1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnIntact, restored
Xwejni RedoubtŻebbuġ, Gozo1715Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished
Żabbar RedoubtŻabbar1798Maltese insurgentsDemolished

Entrenchments

[edit]

This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(June 2015)
NameImageLocationBuilt[c]BuilderStatus
Bengħisa EntrenchmentBirżebbuġa1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnDemolished[17]
Birżebbuġa EntrenchmentBirżebbuġa1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnPartially intact
Falca LinesMġarr
St. Paul's Bay
1723–1732Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Għajn Tuffieħa EntrenchmentMġarrSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnPartially intact
Louvier EntrenchmentMellieħa1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnNever completed
Largely intact
Madliena EntrenchmentNaxxarSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnShort stretch intact
Naxxar EntrenchmentNaxxar1722Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnPartially intact
Qawra Point EntrenchmentSt. Paul's Bay1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnShort stretch survives in ruins
Qbajjar EntrenchmentŻebbuġ, GozoSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnFew remains survive
Ramla EntrenchmentXagħra1720Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnFew remains survive
Saint Julian's EntrenchmentSt. Julian'sSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnShort stretch intact
Saint Lucian EntrenchmentMarsaxlokk1799Kingdom of Great BritainKingdom of Great BritainDemolished
Spinola EntrenchmentSt. Julian's1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnPartially intact
Ta' Kassisu EntrenchmentMellieħa1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnNever completed
Largely intact
Xgħajra EntrenchmentŻabbar1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnShort stretches intact
Xrobb l-Għaġin EntrenchmentMarsaxlokk1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins
Żewwieqa EntrenchmentGħajnsielem1761Sovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint JohnRuins

Notes:

  • Entrenchments were originally planned to be built around the entire coastline of the Maltese Islands. The ones listed here are those of which some remains survive, or which are definitely known to have existed.

Lines of fortification

[edit]
NameImageLocationBuiltBuilderStatus
Corradino LinesPaola1871–1880United KingdomUnited KingdomMostly intact
Victoria LinesRabat
Mġarr
Mosta
Naxxar
Għargħur
1875–1899United KingdomUnited KingdomPartially intact[19]

Notes:

Stop walls

[edit]

Fortified houses and privately built towers

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(January 2016)
NameImageLocationBuiltBuilderStatus
Sant'Angelo TowerBirżebbuġa1702 or 1775VianiDestroyed during WWII[20]
ArmourySiġġiewiIntact
Bubaqra TowerŻurrieqc. 1579Don Matteolo PisaniIntact
Cardona TowerGħarbCardona familyIntact. Built before 1649.[21] Also known as tas-Sarretta Tower.[22] Intact but machicolations removed. They appear to were still partially intact on 21 August 1933.[23]
Castello LanzunSan Ġwann15th century–1713Wenzu LanzunIntact
Gauci TowerNaxxar16th centuryFrancesco GauciIntact
Gourgion TowerXewkija1690Giovanni GourgionDemolished, some stonework survives
Ingraw TowerŻejtun1603Clemente TaboneDismantled; stonework used to build farmhouses[24][25]
Mamo TowerMarsaskala1657Gregorio and Giorgio MamoIntact, restored
Mari ta’ Qerqni TowerBirżebbuġaUnclearIntact, converted into a farmhouse
Sant'Antnin TowerŻejtunDestroyed during WWII[25]
Santa Cecilia TowerGħajnsielem1613Fra Bernardo MacedoniaIntact
Ta' Bettina TowerMarsaxlokkc. 1740D'Aurel FamilyIntact
Tal-Buttar TowerMarsaskalaIntact and used as a rural building with a close by watermill.[26]
Tal-Gardiel TowerMarsaskalaIntact
Tal-Mozz TowerŻejtun1628Intact.[25] Also known as Tal-Kwies Tower.[27]
Wied il-Qoton TowerBirżebbuġa18th centuryUnprofessionally modified in 1758
Verdala PalaceSiġġiewi1586Hugues Loubenx de VerdalleIntact

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefSome alterations were made by theUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom
  2. ^The fort was built around a tower of theSovereign Military Order of MaltaOrder of Saint John.
  3. ^abcSome dates are approximate

References

[edit]
  1. ^Castagna, P. P. (1865).Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha (in Maltese). Vol. 1. pp. 166–168.
  2. ^abc"Maltese fortifcations"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  3. ^abc"Bugeja"(PDF). www.viatransfer.viastoria.ch. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  4. ^Cassar, George (2014)."Defending a Mediterranean island outpost of the Spanish Empire – the case of Malta".Sacra Militia (13):59–68.
  5. ^Attard, Anton F (2012)."Il-Castrum Terre Gaudisii u l-Origini tal-Matrici tal-Assunta f'Ghawdex".Festa Santa Marija (9). Leone Philharmonic Society:70–77.
  6. ^Vella, Godwin (June 2014)."Barumbari, Giren and Mġiebaħ - Vernacular Gems in Oblivion"(PDF).The Gozo Observer (30) – via University of Malta.
  7. ^"Data"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  8. ^"Info"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  9. ^"Forzi"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  10. ^"Fortizza"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  11. ^Vella, John (2016)."The Rock-cut Church of Bormla: Origins and Developments"(PDF).Journal of Maltese History.5 (1). University of Malta: 60. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 20 June 2018.
  12. ^Guillaumier, Alfie (2002).Bliet u Rhula Maltin. Vol. 1. Klabb Kotba Maltin. p. 129.ISBN 99932-39-15-1.
  13. ^"It-Torri ta' Garżes"(PDF).www.um.edu.mt (in Maltese). Retrieved2020-06-04.
  14. ^"thinksite.eu"(PDF).www.thinksite.eu. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2018-06-29. Retrieved2018-06-29.
  15. ^"Lehan"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  16. ^"Fortifikazzjonijiet f'Birżebbuġa". 19 August 2011.
  17. ^abcde"Batterji"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  18. ^"Data"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  19. ^"Victoria lines"(PDF). www.um.edu.mt. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  20. ^"300 Sena ilu nbniet Il-Kappella ta' Sant'Anġlu ta' Ħal Far".sanpietru.wordpress.com. 19 July 2011.
  21. ^"page 98"(PDF). Archived from the original on April 16, 2016.
  22. ^"Old Photos Catalogue"(PDF).National Archives, Malta: Gozo Collection. Planning Authority: 48. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 30 May 2020.
  23. ^"It-Torri ta' Cardona, Gharb, Road Rabat, Gozo".Europeana. Archived fromthe original on 30 May 2020.
  24. ^Bugeja, Anton (2014)."Clemente Tabone: The man, his family and the early years of St Clement's Chapel"(PDF).The Turkish Raid of 1614:42–57. Archived fromthe original on 20 June 2018.
  25. ^abcAbela, Joe; Brincat, Anthony M."Santa Maria ta' Ħal Tmin ~ Żejtun ~".Kappelli Maltin (in Maltese). Archived fromthe original on 20 June 2017.
  26. ^Independent, Malta (2006-06-18)."Irrational With Marsascala: shocking building proposals for scheduled properties".The Malta Independent. Retrieved2020-06-04.
  27. ^"Tal-Kwies Tower – PLAKKASTORJA". Plakkastorja.home.blog. 15 December 2018. Retrieved2020-06-04.

External links

[edit]
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