Ahistorical sovereign state is astate that once existed, but has since been dissolved due to conflict, war, rebellion, annexation, or uprising. This page listssovereign states,countries,nations, orempires that ceased to exist as political entities sometime after 1453, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.[note 1]
The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of thelist of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood and either:
This is not a list for all variant governments of a state, nor is it a list of variations of countries' official long form name.For purposes of this list, the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is thefall of Constantinople in 1453.
 | This articleappears to contradict the articleList of pre-modern states. Please discuss at thetalk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.(June 2013) |
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Republic of Salé (1627–1668)
Republic of the Rif (1921–1926)_in_the_%2522Book_of_all_kingdoms%2522_(C._1350).svg)
Makuria (5th century–1518).svg)
Alodia (6th century–1504)
Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)
Shilluk Kingdom (15th century–1861).svg)
Egypt Eyalet (1517–1867).png)
Sultanate of Sennar (1504–1821)
Sultanate of Darfur (1603–1874/1898–1916)
Mahdist State (1885–1899).svg)
Tripolitanian Republic (1918–1922)
Emirate of Cyrenaica (1949–1951)%2c_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%25E2%2580%25932024).svg)
United Arab Republic (1958–1971).svg)
Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574).svg)
Hafsid Emirate of Béjaïa (1285–1510)
Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1556).svg)
Kingdom of Beni Abbas (1510–1871)
Regency of Algiers (1516–1830)
Emirate of Abdelkader (1832–1847).svg)
Ali Soilih Regime (1976–1978).svg)
State of Anjouan (1997–2002), (2007–2008)
Kingdom of Antankarana – made a French protectorate in 1843, annexed in 1895.svg)
Kingdom of Antongil (1773–1786)
Kingdom of Boina (c. 1690–1840)
Kingdom of Menabe (c. 1685–1834)
Kingdom of Imerina (1540–1897).svg)
Kingdom of Tamatave (1712–1828).svg)
Kingdom of Tanibe (1822–1828)
Bornu Empire (c. 1380–1893)Shilluk Kingdom (15th century–1861)_flag_according_to_1576_Portuguese_map.svg)
Ajuran Sultanate (13th/14th century–17th century)
Adal Sultanate (1415–1559)
Majeerteen Sultanate (15th/16th century–1927)Imamate of Aussa (1577–1734)Aussa Sultanate (1734–1936)
Isaaq Sultanate (1750–1884)Sultanate of Hobyo (1878–1927)
State of Somaliland (1960)
Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
Kingdom of Cayor (1549–1879).svg)
Imamate of Futa Jallon (1725–1912)
Wassoulou Empire (1878–1898)
Ashanti Empire (1670/1701–1902, still exists as a region)
Kingdom of Dahomey (c. 1600–1904)
Aro Confederacy (1690–1902)
Republic of Maryland (1854–1857)
Republic of Dahomey (1958–1975)
Republic of Benin (September 19, 1967 – September 20, 1967)
Biafra (1967–1970).svg)
Buganda (14th century–1894, still exists as traditional kingdom)
Bunyoro (13th century–1897, still exists as traditional kingdom)
Ankole (1478–1901, fully disestablished 1967)
Tooro Kingdom (1830–1876, still exists as traditional kingdom).png)
Busoga (?–1906, still exists as traditional kingdom).svg)
Kingdom of Burundi (1680–1890/1962–1966).svg)
Witu Sultanate (c. 1810–1905/1923)
Kilwa Sultanate (957–1513).svg)
Sultanate of Zanzibar (pre–1503/4, 1856–1890, 1963–1964).svg)
People's Republic of Zanzibar (1964).svg)
Tanganyika (1961–1964)
Kingdom of Loango (c. 1550 – c. 1883)
Kingdom of Kongo (1390–1914)
Congo Free State (1885–1908).svg)
Republic of Zaire (1971–1997)
Kingdom of Mutapa (1430–1760)
Swellendam (1795)Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796)
South African Republic (Transvaal) (1852–1877, 1881–1902)
Orange Free State (1854–1902)
Griqualand East (1862–1874)
Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888)
Natalia Republic (1839–1843)
State of Goshen (1882–1883)
Republic of Stellaland (1882–1885).svg)
United States of Stellaland (1883–1885).svg)
Republic of Upingtonia (1885–1887).svg)
Union of South Africa (1910–1961).svg)
Bophuthatswana (1977–1994)
Ciskei (1981–1994)
Transkei (1976–1994).svg)
Venda (1979–1994)
Rhodesia (1965–1979)
Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)
Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680)
Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1873)
Alash Autonomy (1917–1918)
Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918)
Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920)
Confederated Republic of Altai (1918–1920)
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934)
Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)
Republic of China (based onmainland China 1912–1949;continued existence on Taiwan since 1949)
People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934)
Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940).svg)
Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (Wang Jingwei Regime) (1940–1945).svg)
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)East Hebei Autonomous Government (1935–1938).svg)
Republic of Formosa (1895)
Great Han Sichuan Military Government (1911–1912)
Guangzhou Commune (1927)Hunan Soviet (1927)
Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province (1927)
Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945)
Jaxa (1665–1674)
Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)Jiangxi Soviet (1931–1937)
Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929–1931)
Manchukuo (1932–1945)
Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (1939–1945)
Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and theSouthern Ming (1644–1662).svg)
Qing dynasty (1644–1912)
Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879)
Shanghai Great Way Government (1937–1938)
Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949)
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864)
Tibet under Ganden Phodrang government (1644–1720)
Tibet (1912–1951)Tibetan states (900–1240, 1300–1620)
Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683).svg)
Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944).svg)
Uryankhay Krai (1914)
Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) and theNorthern Yuan (1368–1635)
Allied Occupied Japan (1945–1952)
Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573).svg)
Azuchi–Momoyama (1568–1600).svg)
Empire of Japan (1868–1947)
Republic of Ezo (1869)
Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868)
Joseon (1392–1897).svg)
Korean Empire (1897–1910)
People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946)
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947)People's Committee of North Korea
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1945)
First Republic of Korea (1948–1960)Second Republic of Korea (1960–1961)
Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (1961–1963)Third Republic of Korea (1963–1972)Fourth Republic of Korea (1972–1981)
Fifth Republic of Korea (1981–1988)
Hotak dynasty (1709–1738)
Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan (1996)Islamic Emirate of Kunar (1991)
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021, still exists as a unrecognized state)
Khanate of Kalat (1666–1736, 1747–1749, 1758–1955)Durrani Empire (1749–1758)
Beylik of Candar (1292–1461)
Alaiye (1293–1471)
Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
Kars Republic (1918–1919).svg)
Ottoman Empire (c. 1299–1923)
Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489)
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975–1983).svg)
Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
Arab Federation (1958)
Iran-u-Turan (Timurid) (1370–1507)
The Expansive Realm of Iran (Safavid dynasty) (1501–1736).svg)
Guarded Domains of Iran (Afsharid dynasty) (1736–1796)
Guarded Domains of Iran (Zand dynasty) (1751–1794).svg)
Sublime State of Persia/Iran (1794–1925)
Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918–1919)
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic in Gilan (Iran) (1920–1921).svg)
Imperial State of Persia/Iran (1925–1979)
Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946).png)
Republic of Mahabad (1946).svg)
Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920)United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
Free Lebanon State (1979–1984)
Islamic State (2014–2017)Syrian Arab Republic (1971–2024) *.svg)
All-Palestine Government (1948–1967)
Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1613–1961)
Bani Khalid Emirate (1669–1796)
Emirate of Diriyah (1744–1812)Emirate of Nejd (1812–1891)
Muscat and Oman (1820–1970)
Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921)Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913)
Emirate of Asir (1906–1934)
Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1920)
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921)
Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1925)Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925)
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932)
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990)
Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
Fadhli Sultanate (15th century–1888)
Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut (1858–1888)
Sultanate of Upper Yafa (1800–1903)
Sultanate of Lower Yafa (1800–1895)
Emirate of Beihan (1680–1872)
Emirate of Dhala (15th century–1904)
Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf (1640–1888)
Wahidi Sultanate of Haban (1640–1895)
Kathiri Sultanate in Hadhramaut (14th century–1888)
Mahra State of Qishn and Socotra (1432–1886)
Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1839)
Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
Republic of Kuwait (1990)
Garhwal Kingdom (823–1949)
Kingdom of Cochin (Before 12th century CE–1949).png)
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1948).svg)
Bengal Subah (1717–1757)[note 2]
Maratha Confederacy (1674–1820)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945)
Hyderabad State (1724–1798)
Travancore (1729–1949)
Udaipur State (734–1818)
Manikya dynasty (1400–1761)
United Suvadive Republic (1959–1963)
Sultanate of Maldives (1117–1796), (1954–1968).svg)
Sikkim (1642–1975).svg)
Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863).svg)
Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945).svg)
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893).svg)
Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904).svg)
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945)
Lao Issara (1945–1946)
Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931).svg)
Empire of Vietnam (1945)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976)
Republic of Cochinchina (1946–1949)_people_-_16-rayed_sun_-_Chrystian_Kretowicz.gif)
Sip Song Chau Tai (Tai Federation) (1947–1955)
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949)State of Vietnam (known as South Vietnam after the Geneva Conference of 1954) (1949–1955)Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975)
Republic of South Vietnam (1975–1976)
Hanthawaddy kingdom (1287–1552)
Taungoo dynasty (1486–1752, 2nd Empire).svg)
Konbaung dynasty (1752–1885, 3rd Empire)
Shan States (1287–1922)
State of Burma (1943–1945).svg)
Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767)Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782).svg)
Pattani kingdom (1516–1902).svg)
Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara (1808–1916)
Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932)
Republic of Indonesia (1945–1949)[note 3]United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
State of East Indonesia (1946–1950)
State of East Java (1948–1950)
State of East Sumatra (1947–1950)State of Madura (1948–1950)
State of Pasundan (1948–1950)
State of South Sumatra (1948–1950)
Great Dayak (1946–1950)
West Kalimantan (1946–1950)
Sultanate of Aceh (1496–1903)
Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura
Sultanate of Deli (1609–1862, fully disestablished 1956)
Sultanate of Langkat (1568–1946).svg)
Sultanate of Serdang (1723–1946)
Majapahit (1293–1527)
Sultanate of Mataram (1588–1681)
Sultanate of Banten (1527–1813)
Sultanate of Cirebon (1445–1677)
Bali Kingdoms (914–1908)
Bima Sultanate (1620–1951, fully disestablished 1958)
Sultanate of Gowa (14th century–1911, fully disestablished 1945)
Sultanate of Bone (14th century – 1905)
Sultanate of Ternate (1257–1914)
Bruneian Empire (1368–1888)Pontianak Sultanate (1771–1779).svg)
Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1888)
Sultanate of Bulungan (1731–c. 1880, fully disestablished 1964)
Sultanate of Banjar (1526–1860)
Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911).svg)
Pahang Kingdom (1770–1881).svg)
Malayan Union (1946–1948).svg)
Federation of Malaya (1957–1963)
Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888)
Sultanate of Sulu (1405–1915)
Republic of Negros (1898–1899)
Cantonal Government of Negros (1898–1901)
Tejeros Revolutionary Government (1897)
Sovereign Tagalog Nation (1896–1897).svg)
First Philippine Republic (1899–1902)
Tagalog Republic (1902–1906).svg)
Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)In the Nordic countries, unions were personal, not unitary
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918–1919).svg)
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905).svg)
Kingdom of Norway (1814)
Denmark–Norway (1524–1814, intermittent)
Kalmar Union (1397–1523, intermittent)
Schleswig (1058–1864)
Kingdom of France (843–1792) (1814/15–1848).svg)
Duchy of Brittany (939–1532)
Duchy of Burgundy (918–1482)
French Empire (1804-1814/15) (1852–1870)First French Empire (1804–1814/15)Second French Empire (1852–1870)
Duchy of Normandy (911–1259/1469)
Duchy of Lorraine (959–1766)
Viscounty of Béarn (9th century–1620)
Free City of Danzig (1807–1814)
Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815)
Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935)Third French Republic (1870–1940)
Vichy France (1940–1944).svg)
Saar Protectorate (1946–1956)
Kingdom of Corsica (1736)Corsican Republic (1755–1769)Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–1796)
County of Foix (1010–1607).svg)
Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1849)Fourth French Republic (1946–1958).svg)
Holy Roman Empire (843–1806)
Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)
Duchy of Anhalt (1806–1918)
Principality of Reuss-Gera (1806–1918)
Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810–1813)
German Confederation (1815–1866).svg)
German Empire (1848–1849)North German Federation (1867–1871)German Empire (1871–1918)
Weimar Republic (1918–1933).svg)
Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
West Berlin (1948–1990),Western Bloc-aligned political enclave.
German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)(also known asEast Germany orGDR), its states acceded toFederal Republic of Germany in 1990.
Alsace Soviet Republic (1918).svg)
Grand Duchy of Baden (1806–1871).svg)
Kingdom of Bavaria (1806–1871)Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)
Bremen (1815–1871).svg)
Brunswick (1815–1871)
Frankfurt (Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (HRE), before 1806; City of Frankfurt, 1815–1866)
Hamburg (1189–1871)
Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1866)
Hesse-Homburg (1815–1866)
Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (Electorate, 1803–1807, 1813–1866)
Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623–1850)Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1623–1850)
Holstein (1815–1864)
Lippe (1123–1871)
Lübeck (Free city 1226–1871)
Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815–1871)Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815–1871).svg)
Nassau (1806–1866).svg)
Oldenburg (1815–1871)
Pomerania (1121–1637).svg)
Prussia (1525–1871)
Duchy of Prussia (1525–1618).svg)
Brandenburg-Prussia (1618–1701).svg)
Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871)
Reuss (1010–1806).svg)
Saxe-Altenburg (1602–1871).svg)
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1735–1826).svg)
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1871)Saxe-Gotha (1640–1680).svg)
Saxe-Hildburghausen (1680–1826)
Saxe-Lauenburg (or Duchy of Lauenburg) (1296–1871)
Saxe-Meiningen (1680–1871).svg)
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1809–1871).svg)
Saxony (kingdom) – 1806–1871)
Schaumburg-Lippe (1647–1871)
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1599–1871)Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1599–1871)
Waldeck (1180–1871)
Württemberg (kingdom) – 1806–1871)
Free State of Bottleneck (1919–1923)
Free Republic of Schwarzenberg (1945)
East Germany, (1949-1990).svg)
West Germany, (1949-1990).png)
.svg)
Duchy of Austria (1156–1453)
Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804)
Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804, 1867–1918)
Duchy of Styria (1180–1918)
County of Tyrol (1140–1919).svg)
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919).svg)
First Austrian Republic (1919-1934).svg)
Federal State of Austria (1934-1938)
Old Swiss Confederacy (1300–1798).svg)
Helvetic Republic (1798–1803).svg)
Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810)
Republic of Crema (1797)
Republic of Alba (1796).svg)
Republic of Ancona (c. 1000–1532)
Republic of Florence (1115–1569)
Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816)
Duchy of Urbino (1443–1625)
Anconine Republic (1797–1798)
Judicate of Arborea (9th century–1420)
Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807)
United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860)
Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802)
Cispadane Republic (1796–1797)
Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826)
Principality of Elba (Elba) (1814–1815)Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807).svg)
Marquisate of Finale (967–1602)
Regency of Carnaro (1919–1920).svg)
Gozitan Nation (1798–1801).svg)
Italian Republic (Napoleonic) (1802–1805)
Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) (1805–1814)
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847).svg)
Principality of Lucca and Piombino (1805–1814).svg)
Republic of Lucca (1160–1805).svg)
Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1530–1798).svg)
Duchy of Mantua (1273–1707)
Duchy of Massa and Carrara (1473–1829).svg)
Duchy of Milan (1395–1797)
Provisional Government of Milan (1848)
Duchy of Modena (1452–1796, 1815–1859)Kingdom of Naples (1285–1816)
Republic of Noli (1192–1797)
Duchy of Parma (1545–1859).svg)
Papal States (752–1870)
Republic of Pisa (c. 1000–1406).svg)
Roman Republic (19th century) (1849).svg)
Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)
Republic of San Marco (1848–1849)
Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816)
Kingdom of Sicily (1848)
Transpadane Republic (1796–1797).svg)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1801, 1815–1859)Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1815–1860)
Republic of Venice (697–1797)
Republic of Genoa (1095–1797).svg)
Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943).svg)
Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941–1943)
Kingdom of Tavolara (1836–1934)
Italian Social Republic (1943-1945)_crowned.svg)
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)Italian Empire(1882-1960)
Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)
Republic of Rose Island (1968–1969)
Kingdom of Gwynedd (450–1216)
Kingdom of Powys (5th century–1160).svg)
Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707)
Kingdom of England (927–1707)
Angevin Empire (1154–1214)
Principality of Wales (1216–1536)
Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and (1659–1660).svg)
The Protectorate (1653–1659).svg)
Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
Kingdom of Leinster (7th century BC–1603)
Osraige (150–1541)
Uí Maine (c. 357–1611).png)
Tyrconnell (5th century–1607)
Tír Eoghain (5th century–1607)
Fermanagh (10th century–1607)
Thomond (1118–1543)
Kingdom of Desmond (1118–1596)
Lordship of Ireland (1171–1542)
Clandeboye (1283–1605)
Kingdom of Connacht
Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1801)
Irish Catholic Confederation (1641–1649)
Republic of Connacht (1798)
Irish soviets (1919–1922)Limerick Soviet (1919)
Irish Free State (1922–1937)
Prince-Bishopric of Liège (972–1789, 1791-1795) annexed by France in 1795.Republic of Liège (1789-1791)
Duchy of Brabant (1183–1794)
Duchy of Bouillon (1456? – 1794)
United Belgian States (1789–1790)
Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën) Independence from Spain afterEighty Years' War in 1581, conquered byFrance 1795.
Batavian Republic (1795–1806) (Bataafse Republiek) France'svassal state.Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) (Koninkrijk Holland/Royaume d'Hollande) Ruled byLouis Bonaparte,annexed by France 1810.Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815)United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839)Duchy of Pomerania (1121–1160, 1264–1295, 1478–1531, 1625–1637)
Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast (1295–1478)
Duchy of Masovia (1138–1275, 1294–1310, 1370–1381, 1495–1526)Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (1368–1478)
Duchy of Kraków (1227–1320)
Principality of Halych (1110–1339)
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349)
Duchy of Bytom (1281–1498)
Duchy of Silesia (1138–1335)
Duchy of Opole (1172–1202, 1281–1532)
Duchy of Racibórz (1172–1202, 1281–1521)
Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (1202–1281, 1521–1532, 1551–1556)
Duchy of Inowrocław (1267–1364)
Duchy of Teschen (1281–1918)
Kingdom of Poland (1025–1031, 1076–1079, 1295–1296, 1300–1320)
United Kingdom of Poland (1320–1386)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1386–1795)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1236–1795)_Lob.svg)
Royal Prussia (1466–1569)Duchy of Prussia (1525–1657).svg)
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1561–1795).svg)
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1918, part of theAustrian Empire, later part of Austria-Hungary)Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815; part ofFirst French Empire, personal union with theKingdom of Saxony)
Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory (1815–1846).svg)
Kingdom of Poland (1815–1832; personal union with theRussian Empire)
Vistula Land (1867–1915; part of the Russian Empire).svg)
Grand Duchy of Posen (1815–1848; part of theKingdom of Prussia)
Grand Duchy of Kraków (1846–1918; part ofAustria-Hungary).svg)
Polish National Government (1830–1831)
Polish National Government (1846).svg)
Polish National Government (1863–1864).svg)
Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)Republic of Zakopane (1918)
Republic of Tarnobrzeg (1918–1919)
Komancza Republic (1918–1919)
Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (1918–1920)Second Polish Republic (1918–1939)
Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922)
Free City of Danzig (1920–1939)Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (1920).svg)
Military Administration in Poland (1939)General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region (1939–1945)
Polish Underground State (1939–1945).svg)
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Soviet Republic of Naissaar on an Estonian Baltic Sea island (1917–1918)
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Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
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First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832)
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Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924, 1935–1941, 1944–1974)Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912–1945)
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Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995)
Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (1993–1995)
Republika Srpska (1992–1995)
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (1991–1996)
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396)
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Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908)
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People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
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Kingdom of Croatia (1527–1868)
Kingdom of Slavonia (1699–1868)
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Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991–1995)First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832)Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece (1821–1825)Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924, 1935–1941, 1944–1974)
United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864)
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Principality of Samos (1815–1864)
Cretan State (1898–1913)
Free State of Ikaria (1912)Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912–1945)Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)
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Kruševo Republic (1903)
Independent Macedonia (1944) [proposed]
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Republic of Kosova (1991–1999)
Byzantine Empire (395–1453)
Duchy of Athens (1205–1458)Ottoman Empire (c. 1299–1922)Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)
Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC–8th century AD)
Circassia (13th century–1864)
Avar Khanate (13th century–1864)
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Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1917–1921)
North Caucasian Emirate (1919–1920)
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991–2000)
Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490)
Kingdom of Imereti (1260–1810)
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Principality of Mingrelia (1557–1867)
Principality of Guria (1460–1829)
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Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)Republic of Mountainous Armenia (April 1921–July 1921)
Republic of Artsakh (1991–2024)
Republic of Aras (1918–1919)
Centrocaspian Dictatorship (1918)Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918–1919)
Baku Commune (1918)
Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–1920)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (February 1918–May 1918)
Kingdom of Galicia (410–1833)
Emirate of Córdoba (756–929)
Kingdom of Asturias (718–924)
Kingdom of Navarre (824–1620)
Kingdom of León (910–1230)
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Kingdom of Castile (1065–1833)
Principality of Catalonia (12th century – 1714/1833)
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Crown of Castile (1230–1716)
Kingdom of Majorca (1231–1715)
Emirate of Granada (1232–1492)
First Catalan Republic (1640–1641)
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Kingdom of Portugal (Monarchy of the North) (1919)
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Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)Second Catalan Republic (1931)Asturian Socialist Republic (October 1934)
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Republic of Anguilla (1967–1969)
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Miꞌkmaꞌki (1867)
Republic of Manitoba (1867–1870)
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (1885)
Dominion of Newfoundland (1907–1949)
Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821–1822)
First Dominican Republic (1844–1861)
United Provinces of Central America
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Cocollán (1100–1521)
Northern America (1813)
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Republic of the Rio Grande (1840)
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Republic of Yucatán (1841–1848)
Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846–1863)
Republic of Sonora (1853–1854)
Republic of Baja California (1853–1854)
Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867)
Iroquois Confederacy (between 1142 and 1660–1867)
Vermont Republic (1777–1791)
Chahta Yakni (1786–1866)
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Mvskoke Ekvnv (1799–1803)
Republic of West Florida (1810)
Republic of East Florida (1812)
Republic of the Floridas (1817)
Republic of Texas (1836–1846)
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California Republic (June 14 – July 9, 1846)
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Republic of Mississippi (1861)
Confederate States of America (1861–1865).svg)
Republic of Puerto Rico (1868, 1898)
Tuʻi Tonga Empire (c. 450–1865)
Mangareva (1881)
Kingdom of Bora Bora (till 1888 or 1895)
Kingdom of Raiatea (till 1888, French protectorate since 1880)
Kingdom of Huahine (till 1895, French protectorate since 1888)
Kingdom of Tahiti (1788/91–1880, French protectorate since 1842)
Kingdom of Rurutu (till 1900, French protectorate since 1888)
Kingdom of Rimatara (till 1901, French protectorate since 1888).svg)
Kingdom of Tahuata (till 1880, French protectorate since 1842)
Kingdom of Rapa Iti (till 1881, kingship continued to 1887)
Kingdom of Tuamotu.svg)
Kingdom of Fiji (1871–1874)
Dominion of Fiji (1970–1987).svg)
Kingdom of Hawaii (1795–1893)Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893–1894)Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898)
Kingdom of Rarotonga (1858–1893)
Kingdom of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) (till 1888)
Kingdom of Abemama (1795–1892)
People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu (1977–1978)
Republic of Vemerana (1980)
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831)
Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)
Liga Federal (1815–1820)
Republic of Entre Ríos (1820–1821)
Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821)
State of Buenos Aires (1852–1861)
Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (1860–1862)
State of Upper Peru (1825)Republic of Bolívar (1825)
Republic of Upper Peru (1828)Bolivian Republic (1836–1839)
Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
Republic of Acre (1899–1900; 1903)
Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)
Confederation of the Equator (1824)
Riograndense Republic (1836–1845)
Juliana Republic (1839)
Republic of Counani (1886–1891)
Principality of Trinidad (1893–1895)Liga Federal (1815–1820).svg)
Kingdom of Chile (1810–1814).svg)
New State of Chile (1819–1826)
Conservative Republic (1830–1861)
Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (1862)
Muisca Confederation (1450–1537).svg)
Governing Junta of the Province of Cartagena (1810–1811).svg)
Free State of Cartagena (1811)
Governing Junta of Santiago de Cali (1810–1811)Confederate Cities of Valle del Cauca (1811)
Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (1811–1815)United Provinces of New Granada (1811–1816)
Gran Colombia (1819–1831)
Republic of New Granada (1831–1858).svg)
State of Quito (1809–1812)Estado de Quito
Free Province of Guayaquil (1820–1822).svg)
El Stronato (1954–1989)
Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)
Iquicha (1821–1839)
Republic of South Peru (1836–1839)
Republic of North Peru (1836–1839)Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)Peruvian Republic (1837)Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)Liga Federal (1815–1820)
Supreme Junta (1810–1811).svg)
First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812)
Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814)
Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819)These states are now dissolved into a number of states.
Greater German Reich – Dissolved in 1945, its former territory now consists of the entirety of the countries ofAustria andGermany, plus parts of what are nowBelarus, theCzech Republic,France,Luxembourg,Poland,Russia,Belgium, theNetherlands,Denmark,Norway,Greece,Serbia,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,Ukraine, andSlovenia. Empire of Brazil – An empire created after Brazil declared its independence in 1822 and dissolved in 1889, now the countries ofBrazil andUruguay (who declared its independence in 1825 and was recognized in 1828).
Central America – Existed from 1821 to 1841, broken up intoGuatemala,Belize,El Salvador,Honduras,Nicaragua, andCosta Rica.
Republic of China (Mainland Period) – Polity existed to 7 December 1949 and its territory now controlled by thePeople's Republic of China (Mainland China);Mongolia; portion of the territory claimed byIndia andJapan; and parts ofAfghanistan,Bhutan,Pakistan,Russia, andTajikistan. Therump state still known as the "Republic of China" continues to controlTaiwan andPenghu, which were acquired from Japan in 1945, as well asKinmen andMatsu Islands, forming part of the rumpFujian Province. See also thepolitical status of Taiwan and theTheory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan. Czechoslovakia – Existed from 1918 to 1992, the country wasn't active inWorld War II, but the government wasin exile, dissolved in 1992, and broken up into theCzech Republic andSlovakia.
Korea – Ceased to exist in 1910, its former territory now consists of the entirety of territory controlled byNorth Korea andSouth Korea plus a portion of territory claimed byJapan.
Mali Federation – In 1959 formed bySenegal andFrench Sudan, both parts ofFrench West Africa, as an independent nation. It collapsed in 1960 and is nowSenegal andMali.
Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves) – Created in 1815 when Brazil was upgraded to the rank of kingdom once the Portuguese royal family was living inRio de Janeiro since 1809. This country was dissolved in 1822 whenBrazil became independent. Now the countries ofPortugal, Brazil,Cabo Verde,São Tomé and Príncipe,Angola,East Timor, andMozambique. Rhodesia – Dissolved in 1979, now the country ofZimbabwe.Serbia and Montenegro – Dissolved in 2006, now the countries ofMontenegro,Serbia, and the partially recognizedKosovo.Somali Republic – Dissolved in 1991, now the countries ofSomalia and unrecognizedSomaliland.
Soviet Union – Dissolved in 1991, now the countries ofArmenia,Azerbaijan,Belarus,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Moldova,Russia,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Ukraine, andUzbekistan. The Baltic countries occupied by the Soviet Union until 1991 (Estonia,Latvia, andLithuania) were not considered by most Western countries de jure part of the Soviet Union.
United Arab Republic – A union formed byEgypt andSyria in 1958. It was dissolved in 1961, though Egypt used the name until 1971. OtherPan-Arab unity agreements withIraq andJordan in the 1950s failed.
Yugoslavia – Dissolved in 1991 and 1992, now the countries ofBosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia,Montenegro,North Macedonia,Serbia,Slovenia, and the partially recognizedKosovo.Four of thehomelands, orbantustans, forblack South Africans, were granted nominal independence by theapartheid regime ofSouth Africa. Not recognised by other nations, these effectively werepuppet states and werere-incorporated in 1994.
Bophuthatswana – Declared independent in 1977, reincorporated in 1994.
Ciskei – Declared independent in 1981, reincorporated in 1994.
Transkei – Declared independent in 1976, reincorporated in 1994.
Venda – Declared independent in 1979, reincorporated in 1994.These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country.
Carpatho-Ukraine – Declared independence fromCzechoslovakia in 1939 but was occupied andannexed byHungary in one day.
Catalan Republic (April 14–17, 1931).
Chechnya – Virtually independent from Russia from 1996 asChechen Republic of Ichkeria; however, the country was recognized only by theTaliban. After terrorist attacks in 1999 the republic was returned to Russia's control in theSecond Chechen War.
Confederate States – Occupied the southeasternUnited States, stretching fromTexas toVirginia. Declared secession from the U.S. in 1861, reintegrated into the U.S. in 1865.Reconstruction ended in 1876 and U.S. troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877.South Carolina was the first state to declare its secession from the United States, doing so on December 20, 1860. Political factions in the "border states" ofKentucky andMissouri declared themselves parts of the Confederacy and controlled small portions of those regions early in the war. The major Indian tribes in Oklahoma signed an alliance with the Confederacy and participated in its military efforts against the U.S.Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic – Declared independence fromUkraine in 1992 but soon settled for being an autonomous republic within Ukraine.Green Ukraine – Declared independence fromFar Eastern Republic in 1920, dissolved in 1922.
Herzeg-Bosnia – Separated fromBosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1994.Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
Katanga – Declared its independence of the newly formedDemocratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, was incorporated again into the country in 1963.
Serbian Krajina – Declared independence fromCroatia in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 1995.
South Kasai – Declared independence from theDemocratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960, reincorporated into the country in December 1961.
Supreme Administration of Northern Region – Proclaimed independent in 1918, later became theProvisional Government of the Northern Region.
Republika Srpska – Separated fromBosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1995.
Principality of Trinidad – Declared independence in 1893, claimed by United Kingdom in 1895, but incorporated by Brazil.Western Bosnia – Declared independence fromBosnia and Herzegovina in 1993 and reincorporated into it in 1995.
Novorossiya – Established in 2015 as a result of the merger of theDonetsk People's Republic with theLuhansk People's Republic, and at the beginning of 2015 the confederation project was suspended.
Donetsk People's Republic – Declared independence on April 7, 2014. As a result of a stagedreferendum of September 30, 2022, it was incorporated as arepublic into theRussian Federation. The incorporation is not recognised.
Luhansk People's Republic – Declared independence on April 27, 2014. As a result of a staged referendum of September 30, 2022, it wasincorporated as arepublic into theRussian Federation. The incorporation is not recognised.Republic of Artsakh – Declared independence fromAzerbaijan in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 2024.These nations, once separate, are now part of another country. Cases of voluntary accession are included.
Regency of Carnaro in 1919 and
Free State of Fiume 1920–1924 – Two short-lived states in the port city ofFiume/Rijeka proclaimed byGabriele D'Annunzio. Following World War I, the city was disputed between Italy andYugoslavia, and it was eventually captured by Italy in 1921. The city passed toYugoslavia after World War II and is now in Croatia.
Couto Misto – Tiny 10th-century border territory that was split between Spain and Portugal in 1864–8.
Crete – Autonomous underOttomansuzerainty in 1898, unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908, which was recognized in 1913.East Germany – JoinedWest Germany in 1990 and now part ofGermany.
England – Merged with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom.
Franceville (1889–1890) – Independent in 1889, later governed by France and Britain as part of theNew Hebrides; now part ofVanuatu.
Hatay – Part of the Mandate of Syria that became part of Turkey; independent 1938–1939.
Hawaii – Annexed on July 7, 1898, by the 55th Congress of the United States of America.Khanate of Kalat (1638, 1666–1955) – 1666 to 1955, became part ofPakistan.
Moresnet (1816–1920) – Tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium.
Natalia Republic (1839–1843) – Was quickly made into a British colony.
Newfoundland (1907–1949) – Joined Canada as the tenth province.
Islands of Refreshment – The islands ofTristan da Cunha were settled in 1810 and declared independence in 1811. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1815.
Scotland – Merged with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom.
South Vietnam – Occupied byNorth Vietnam in 1975 and annexed into it in 1976.
Republic of Tatarstan – Existed from 1992 until annexed byRussia in 1994.
Transvaal – Now part of South Africa.
Texas – Annexed by the U.S. in 1845.Vermont Republic – Annexed by the US in 1791.