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List of federal judges appointed by George Washington

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President George Washington appointed 9 justices to theSupreme Court and 28 judges toUnited States district courts.

United States PresidentGeorge Washington appointed 39Article IIIUnited States federal judges during his presidency,[1] which lasted from April 30, 1789, to March 4, 1797. The first group of Washington's appointments—two justices of theSupreme Court of the United States and tendistrict court judges—began service two days afterCongress passed theJudiciary Act of 1789, which formally established thefederal judiciary.[2] Washington's last court appointee received hiscommission twelve days before the end of Washington's presidency.

As the first president, Washington was responsible for appointing the entire Supreme Court; he appointed a record eleven justices, including twoChief Justices who were confirmed from outside the Court, and one former Justice named as Chief Justice by arecess appointment, but not ultimately confirmed to the position. Additionally, Washington nominatedRobert H. Harrison, who declined to serve,[3][4] and nominatedWilliam Cushing for elevation to Chief Justice,[5] who likewise declined.[Note 1]

Since there were no sitting justices at the beginning of Washington's term, he had the unique opportunity to fill the entire body of United States federal judges with his selections. Despite this, Washington appointed only 28 judges to the United States district courts, due to the smaller size of the judiciary at the time; there were far fewerstates, most states had a single district court, and each district had a single judge assigned to it. Because intermediate federal appellate courts had not yet been established, this, combined with the Supreme Court appointments, constituted the total number of federal judicial appointments made by Washington.[1] The number is roughly 10% of the record376 judges appointed by Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989, when the judiciary was much larger,[Note 2] and less than 5% of the number of active federal judges serving as of July 2010.[Note 3]Richard Peters Jr. served for over 36 years, the longest of Washington's appointments.

Washington appointed a small number ofArticle IV territorial judges. He appointedSamuel Holden Parsons,John Cleves Symmes,George Turner andRufus Putnam to the court of theNorthwest Territory, Putnam being appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Parsons. He appointedDavid Campbell,John McNairy andJoseph Anderson to the court of theSouthwest Territory. After the Southwest Territory was admitted to the union as the State ofTennessee, McNairy would go on to serve as its firstUnited States District Judge.

As noArticle I legislative courts existed during Washington's administration, he made no judicial appointments under Article I. The first court created under Article I, theUnited States Court of Claims, would not be established until 1855, under the administration of PresidentFranklin Pierce.

Additionally, theDistrict of Columbia judiciary would not exist until the passage of theDistrict of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 under PresidentJohn Adams.

  • John Rutledge was appointed to the serve on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.
    John Rutledge was appointed to the serve on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.
  • Washington appointed federal judges to 17 United States District Courts. Of these, 16 are pictured in the map above, while the 17th, the District of Tennessee, was created shortly before the end of his administration.
    Washington appointed federal judges to 17 United States District Courts. Of these, 16 are pictured in the map above, while the 17th, the District of Tennessee, was created shortly before the end of his administration.
  • Richard Peters Jr. served on the U.S. District Court for the District of Pennsylvania for over 36 years, the longest of Washington's appointments.
    Richard Peters Jr. served on the U.S. District Court for the District of Pennsylvania for over 36 years, the longest of Washington's appointments.

United States Supreme Court justices

[edit]
#JusticeSeatStateFormer justiceNomination
date		Confirmation
date		Began
active service		Ended
active service
1John JayChiefNew YorkSeat establishedSeptember 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789June 29, 1795
2John Rutledge1South CarolinaSeat establishedSeptember 24, 1789[Note 4]September 26, 1789September 26, 1789March 5, 1791
2.1John RutledgeChiefSouth CarolinaJohn JayDecember 10, 1795[Note 4]–July 1, 1795December 28, 1795
3William Cushing2MassachusettsSeat establishedSeptember 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 27, 1789September 13, 1810[7]
4James Wilson3PennsylvaniaSeat establishedSeptember 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 29, 1789August 21, 1798[7]
5John Blair Jr.4VirginiaSeat establishedSeptember 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 30, 1789October 25, 1795
6James Iredell5North CarolinaSeat establishedFebruary 8, 1790February 10, 1790February 10, 1790October 20, 1799[7]
7Thomas Johnson1MarylandJohn RutledgeOctober 31, 1791November 7, 1791August 5, 1791[8]January 16, 1793
8William Paterson1New JerseyThomas JohnsonMarch 4, 1793[Rn 1][9]March 4, 1793March 4, 1793September 9, 1806[7]
9Samuel Chase4MarylandJohn Blair Jr.January 26, 1796January 27, 1796January 27, 1796June 19, 1811[7]
10Oliver EllsworthChiefConnecticutJohn RutledgeMarch 3, 1796March 4, 1796March 4, 1796December 15, 1800

District courts

[edit]
#JudgeCourt
[Note 5]		Nomination
date		Confirmation
date		Began active
service		Ended active
service
1Gunning Bedford Jr.D. Del.September 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789March 30, 1812[7]
2David BrearleyD.N.J.September 25, 1789September 25, 1789September 26, 1789August 16, 1790[7]
3James DuaneD.N.Y.September 25, 1789September 25, 1789September 26, 1789March 17, 1794
4Francis HopkinsonD. Pa.September 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789May 9, 1791[7]
5Harry InnesD. Ky.September 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789September 20, 1816[7]
6Richard LawD. Conn.September 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789January 26, 1806[7]
7John LowellD. Mass.September 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789February 20, 1801[10]
8Nathaniel PendletonD. Ga.September 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789September 1, 1796
9David SewallD. Me.September 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789January 9, 1818
10John SullivanD.N.H.September 24, 1789September 26, 1789September 26, 1789January 23, 1795[7]
11William Drayton Sr.D.S.C.February 8, 1790February 10, 1790November 18, 1789[11]May 18, 1790[7]
12Cyrus GriffinD. Va.February 8, 1790February 10, 1790November 28, 1789[11]December 14, 1810[7]
13William PacaD. Md.February 8, 1790February 10, 1790December 22, 1789[11]October 13, 1799[7]
14Thomas BeeD.S.C.June 11, 1790June 14, 1790June 14, 1790February 18, 1812[7]
15Henry MarchantD.R.I.July 2, 1790July 3, 1790July 3, 1790August 30, 1796[7]
16John StokesD.N.C.August 2, 1790August 3, 1790August 3, 1790October 12, 1790[7]
17Robert MorrisD.N.J.December 17, 1790December 20, 1790August 28, 1790[12]June 2, 1815[13][7]
18John SitgreavesD.N.C.December 17, 1790December 20, 1790December 20, 1790March 4, 1802[14][7]
19Nathaniel ChipmanD. Vt.March 4, 1791March 4, 1791March 4, 1791January 1, 1793
20William LewisD. Pa.October 31, 1791November 7, 1791July 14, 1791[8]January 4, 1792
21Richard PetersD. Pa.January 12, 1792January 13, 1792January 12, 1792August 22, 1828[15][7]
22Samuel HitchcockD. Vt.December 27, 1793December 30, 1793September 3, 1793[16]February 20, 1801[10]
23John LauranceD.N.Y.May 5, 1794May 6, 1794May 6, 1794November 8, 1796
24John PickeringD.N.H.February 10, 1795February 11, 1795February 11, 1795March 12, 1804
25Joseph Clay Jr.D. Ga.December 21, 1796December 27, 1796September 16, 1796[17]May 12, 1801
26Benjamin BourneD.R.I.December 21, 1796December 22, 1796October 13, 1796[18]February 20, 1801[10]
27Robert TroupD.N.Y.December 9, 1796December 10, 1796December 10, 1796April 4, 1798
28John McNairyD. Tenn.February 17, 1797February 20, 1797February 20, 1797September 1, 1833[19]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Some documents claim that he accepted the appointment and immediately resigned.[6]
  2. ^The Biographical Directory of Federal Judges lists 358 judgesappointed by President Reagan, with reappointments and elevations bringing the number to 376.
  3. ^The Biographical Directory of Federal Judges lists close to 800 judges in active status, with nearly to 500 more insenior status.
  4. ^abUnusually, Rutledge served two different terms on the Supreme Court. He was first appointed as an Associate Justice in 1789, resigning from that position in 1791. He became Chief Justice via arecess appointment in 1795, and was formally nominated on December 10, 1795. His nomination was thereafter rejected by the Senate in December 1795, and he resigned shortly after.
  5. ^SeeList of United States district and territorial courts
Renominations
  1. ^Paterson was initially nominated on February 27, 1793, but the nomination was immediately withdrawn by the President for technical reasons, the message being received by the Senate on Feb 28, 1793. Paterson was successfully renominated four days later.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
General
Specific
  1. ^abBiographical Directory of Federal Judges, passim.
  2. ^"The Judiciary Act of 1789".U.S. Congress. September 24, 1789. RetrievedApril 3, 2009.
  3. ^Washington, George (September 28, 1789)."To Robert Hanson Harrison".Washington, George, 1732-1799. The writings of George Washington from the original manuscript sources. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Archived fromthe original on February 20, 2011. RetrievedApril 4, 2009.
  4. ^Washington, George (November 25, 1789)."To Robert Hanson Harrison".Washington, George, 1732-1799. The writings of George Washington from the original manuscript sources. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Archived fromthe original on February 20, 2011. RetrievedApril 4, 2009.
  5. ^Marcus & Perry, p. 103.
  6. ^Marcus & Perry, p. 120.
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstDied in office.
  8. ^abRecess appointment; formally nominated on October 31, 1791, confirmed by theUnited States Senate on November 7, 1791, and received commission on November 7, 1791.
  9. ^Marcus & Perry, p. 89-90.
  10. ^abcElevated.
  11. ^abcRecess appointment; formally nominated on February 8, 1790, confirmed by theUnited States Senate on February 10, 1790, and received commission on February 10, 1790.
  12. ^Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 17, 1790, confirmed by theUnited States Senate on December 20, 1790, and received commission on December 20, 1790.
  13. ^On February 13, 1801, the District of New Jersey was subdivided into theUnited States District Court for the Eastern District of New Jersey and theUnited States District Court for the Western District of New Jersey. Morris was reassigned to be the sole judge for both courts by operation of law. The Districts were reunited on July 1, 1802, and Morris was again reassigned by operation of law to be the sole judge for the reconstituted District of New Jersey, until his death on June 2, 1815.
  14. ^On June 9, 1794, the District of North Carolina was subdivided into the Edenton, New Bern, and Wilmington Districts of North Carolina; on March 3, 1797, the single District of North Carolina was reconstituted; and on February 13, 1801, the District was subdivided into the Albemarle, Cape Fear, and Pamptico Districts of North Carolina. In each instance, Sitgreaves was reassigned by operation of law to serve as the sole federal judge for the subdivided or reconstituted District, and he remained the sole federal judge serving the state of North Carolina until his death on March 4, 1802.
  15. ^On April 20, 1818, the District of Pennsylvania was subdivided into theUnited States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and theUnited States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania; Peters was assigned by operation of law to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and continued in that office until his death on August 22, 1828.
  16. ^Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 27, 1793, confirmed by theUnited States Senate on December 30, 1793, and received commission on January 28, 1794.
  17. ^Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 21, 1796, confirmed by theUnited States Senate on December 27, 1796, and received commission on January 2, 1797.
  18. ^Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 21, 1796, confirmed by theUnited States Senate on December 22, 1796, and received commission on December 22, 1796.
  19. ^On April 29, 1802, the District of Tennessee wassubdivided into theUnited States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and theUnited States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee; McNairy was assigned to both districts byoperation of law, and continued to be the sole federal judge serving the state of Tennessee until his resignation on September 1, 1833.
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