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List of famines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Famines which have happened throughout world history
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Depiction of victims of theIrish Great Famine, 1845–1852.
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(July 2024)

List

[edit]
DateEventLocationDeath toll (where known; estimated)
c. 2,700 BCSeven year famine, recorded on theFamine Stela[1][2]Egypt
2200 BC–2100 BCThe4.2-kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwideGlobal
441 BCThe first famine recorded in ancient Rome.Ancient Rome[3]
114 BCFamine caused by drought during the third year in theYuanding period. Starvation in over 40 commanderies east of theHangu mountain pass.[4]China
103 BC–89 BCBeminitiya Seya during the reign ofthe Five Dravidians[5]Anuradhapura Kingdom
26 BCFamine recorded throughoutNear East andLevant, as recorded byJosephus[citation needed]Judea20,000+
333 ADFamine inAntioch[6]Seleucid Empire
368–369Famine[7]Kingdom ofCappadocia
370Famine in Phrygia[citation needed]Phrygia
372–373Famine in Edessa[citation needed]Edessa
383Famine in the Rome. A policy had been introduced in 364 AD that stipulated taxes in Rome had to be paid in grain[8]Italy
400–800Various famines inWestern Europe associated with theFall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack byAlaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city ofRome fell by over 80%, mainly because of famine andplague.[citation needed]Western Europe
470Famine[citation needed]Gaul
535–536Volcanic winter of 536Global
544Famine inMyra[7]Roman Empire
585Famine[citation needed]Gaul
618–619Famine inConstantinople[7]Byzantine Empire
639Famine in Arabia during the reign ofUmar[9]Arabia
676–78Famine inThessalonica[7]Byzantine Empire
698–700FamineIreland[10]
750sFamineIslamic Spain (Al-Andalus)[11]
779Famine[citation needed]Francia
792–793Famine[citation needed]Francia
800–1000Severedrought killed millions ofMaya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization.[12][page needed]Mayan areas ofMesoamerica1,000,000+
805–806Famine[citation needed]Francia
875–884Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;[13][14]Huang Chao captured capitalChina
927–928Famine caused by four months of frost[15][16]Byzantine Empire
942–944Famine in theYellow River Basin caused by severe drought and locust plagues. During the first month 5387 families fled, then approximately 10% of the remaining population starved to death.[17]China
963–968Famine[citation needed]Egypt
996–997Famine in theFatimid Caliphate, with food price increases[18]Egypt
1004–1007Famine, resulting in food scarcity, price increases and widespread illnesses.Caliph al-Ḥākim punished merchants who raised prices too high with the death penalty, and prohibited the slaughter of healthy cows which could be used for ploughing[18]Maghreb area in Northwest Africa:Algeria,Libya,Mauritania,Morocco andTunisia andEgypt
1005–1006FamineEurope[19]
1010Famine inNīshābūr[18]Iran
1016Famine throughoutEurope[20]Europe
1025Famine[citation needed]Egypt
1031Famine caused by a sandstorm that destroyed crops, trees and provisions[18]Iraq,Saudi Arabia
1051Famine forced theToltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico[21]Mexico (present day)
1055–1056Famine[citation needed]Egypt
1064–1072Mustansirite Hardship[22][23]Egypt40,000[22]
1069–1070Harrying of the NorthEngland100,000
1097Famine and plague[24]France100,000
1124–1126Famine[citation needed]Europe
1143–1147Famine[citation needed]Europe
1150–1151Famine[citation needed]Europe
1150–1151Widespread famine due to wet/cold[25]Japan
1153Local famine of unknown cause[25]Japan
1155Widespread famine of unknown cause[25]Japan
1161Widespread famine of unknown cause[25]Japan
1161–1162Famine[citation needed]Aquitaine
1174–1175Local famine due to wet/cold[25]Japan
1180–1182Yōwa famine[26]Japan42,300 in Kyoto
1183Local famine of unknown cause[25]Japan
1185Widespread famine due to drought[25]Japan
1196–1197Famine[citation needed]Europe
1199–1202Famine due to the low water level of the Nile impacting food prices[18]Egypt100,000
1201Local famine due to wet/cold[25]Japan
1206Widespread famine of unknown cause[25]Japan
1224–1226Famine[citation needed]Europe
1230Famine in theNovgorod Republic[citation needed]Russia
1229–1232TheKanki famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[27] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[28]Japan2,000,000[citation needed]
1233Local famine due to wet/cold[25]Japan
1235Famine in England[29]England20,000 inLondon
1252Famine[30]Ethiopia
1252Widespread famine due to wet/cold[25]Japan
1255–1262[31]Famine in Spain[31] and Portugal[32][better source needed]Iberian Peninsula
1256Famine in Tuscany[33]Tuscany
1256–1258Famine[31]Low Countries
1256–1258Famine[34]Italy
1257–1260Shōga famine, aggravated by the1257 Samalas eruption[35]Japan
1258–1259[31][35]Famine in England,[35][36] Italy,[33] France, the Holy Roman Empire and the Iberian Peninsula, aggravated by the1257 Samalas eruption[35]Western Europe
1263Famine[31]Ireland
1264Famine[citation needed]Egypt
1270–1271Famine[31]Ireland
1271Widespread famine due to drought[25]Japan
1271–1272Famine[34]Italy
1273–1274Widespread famine due to drought[25]Japan
1275–1277Famine[31][34]Italy
1275–1299Collapse of theAnasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred[37]United States
1279Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1281–1282Famine[31]Central Europe
1282Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1285–1286Famine.[34] (Perhaps 1286 only.[31])Italy
1291Famine[31]Nordic countries
1294–1296Famine caused by sandstorm that covered plantations and destroyed crops.[18]Egypt,Syria,Yemen
1294–1296Famine[31]British Isles
1301–1302Famine[31]Spain
1302–1303Famine[34]Italy
1304Famine[38]France
1305Famine[38]France
1308–1310Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1310Famine[38]France
1311Famine[31]Spain
1311–1312Famine[34]Lombardy, Italy
1313Famine[34]Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy
1314–1315Famine. Dikes collapsed, fields vanished, crops rotted, and livestock died in huge numbers due to the disease "Rinderpest". The price of wheat jumped "8 fold".[8]England
1315–1317 or 1322Great Famine of 1315–1317Europe[39]7,500,000
1319–1320Great Bovine PestilenceEngland
1321Famine[citation needed]England
1326–1330Famine in Italy,[34]Spain and Ireland[citation needed]Europe
1330–1331Famine[31]Ireland
1330–1332Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1330–1333Famine[citation needed]France
1333–1336Famine[31]Ireland
1333–1337Chinese famine of 1333–1337China[40]6,000,000
1338–1339Famine[31]Ireland
1339–1341Famine in Italy,[34]Spain and Ireland[citation needed]Europe
1344–1345Famine in India, under the reign ofMuhammad bin Tughluq[41]India
1346Famine[31]Ireland
1346–1348Widespread European famine, particularly in the south, including Italy (1346–1347),[34] Spain (1346–1348) and France (1347)[31]Europe
1349–1351Famine[31] affectingEngland (1351)[38]Great Britain
1349–1351Famine[citation needed]France
1352–1353Famine[34]Italy
1358–[citation needed]1360Famine[31]France
1361–1362Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1364–1366Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1368Famine[34]Italy
1369Famine[citation needed]England
1369–1370Famine[34]Florence, Tuscany, Italy
1371Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1371Famine[citation needed]France
1374Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1374–1375Near pan-Mediterranean famine in France, Spain[31] and Italy[31][34]Europe
1374–1375Famine[citation needed]Egypt
1384–1385Famine[34]Italy
1389Famine[34]Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy
1390–1391Famine[citation needed]France
1393Famine[34]Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy
1394–1396Famine[citation needed]Egypt
1396–1407The Durga Devi famineIndia[42][20]
1402–1404Famine[6]Ottoman Empire
1403–1404Famine[citation needed]Egypt
1409Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1410Famine[31]Ireland
1410–1412Famine[34]Italy
1420–1421Oei famine (due to drought)[43]Japan
1420–1421Famine[31]France
1420–1423Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1429–1432Famine[31]France
1431Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1432–1434The Hungry YearsCzech Republic
1434–1437Famine[31]Nordic countries
1435Famine[31]Spain
1436–1440Famine in Russia/Ukraine (1436–1438), the Low Countries and Great Britain (1437–1438), France (1437–1439) and Central Europe (1437–1440)[31]Europe
1441Famine inMayapanMexico[44]
1442–1445Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1446Famine[31]Nordic countries
1447Famine[31]Ireland
1450–1454Famine in theAztec Empire,[45] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[46]Mexico
1458Famine[34]Italy
1459–1461Kanshō famine[47] (due to drought)[43]Japan82,000[citation needed]
1460The Deccan region faced significant famine, leading to severe food shortages.[48]India
1468Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1470Famine[31]France
1470Famine[31]Nordic countries
1472Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1472Famine in centralHonshu due to drought[49]Japan
1472–1474Famine[31][50]Italy
1475–1477Famine[31]Spain
1476Famine[31][50]Italy
1477Famine in centralHonshu[49]Japan
1481–1484Famine(s) in the Low Countries (1481–1482), France (1481–1483)[31] and Italy (1482–1484)[31][50]Western Europe
1485Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1491–1492Famine[31]Low Countries
1491–1492Famine[49]Kai Province, Japan
1492Famine[31]Ireland
1493Famine[31][50]Italy
1497–1498Famine[31]Ireland
1502–1505Famine[31][50]Italy
1503Famine[31]Nordic countries
1504Famine during a drought[51]Spain
1506–1508Famine[31]Spain
1512Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1513Famine during a drought[51]Murcia, Spain
1515Famine[31]France
1515–1516Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1516–1518Famine[31]Central Europe
1518–1520Famine[31][50]Italy
1520–1523Famine[31]Nordic countries
1521–1522Famine(s)[31]France and theLow Countries
1521–1522Famine[31] during a drought[51]Andalusia,[51][52] Spain
1523Famine[31]Ireland
1525Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1527–1532Famine(s) in Italy (1527–1529),[31][50] France (1527–1532,[31] includingLanguedoc by 1528[53]), Spain (1528–1530) and Central Europe (1530–1531)[31]Europe
1533–1534Famine[31][50]Italy
1535Famine in EthiopiaEthiopia
1539–1540Famine[50][54]Italy
1539–1540Tenbun famine (due to rain)[43]Japan
1540Famine during a drought[51]Spain
1544–1545Famine[31][50]Italy
1545Famine[31]France
1550–1551Famine in isolated areas of centralHonshu due to an earthquake and typhoon[55]Japan
1550–1552Famine[31][50]Italy
1556Famine[31]Ireland
1556–1557Famine[31]Low Countries
1556–1557Famine[31]Nordic countries
1557[31]Famine[31] in theVolga region and northern Russia[56]Russia
1557Famine[31] throughout Spain due to a rainy winter, coinciding with atyphus outbreak[57]Spain
1557–1558Famine inHonshu[55]Japan
1557–1559Famine[31] coinciding with an influenza outbreak[58]Great Britain
1558–1560Famine[50]Italy
1560–1561Famine[31]Russia/Ukraine
1562Famine[31] following a harsh winter in 1561[59]France
1566–1567Famine during a drought[51]Andalusia, Spain
1567–1570Famine inHarar, combined with plague[citation needed]. The Emir of Harar died.Ethiopia
1569–1572Pan-European[citation needed] famine, including Italy,[50]France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Low Countries, Nordic Countries, Russia and mostly east of Ukraine and lasting till 1574[citation needed]Europe
1573Famine due to drought[55]WesternJapan
1586Famine and drought inQishan County,Shaanxi province. Rice prices skyrocketed and there was widespread population migration and starvation.[60]China
1586–1587Pan-European[citation needed] famine, including Italy,[50]France, Low Countries, Britain and Ireland, beginning in 1585[citation needed]Europe
1588Famine inWai County,Hebei province,[60]China
1590–1598[61]Major European famine,[62] including Italy (1590–1593),[50][63] the Nordic countries (1590–1597), Spain (1591–1595), France (1593 & 1598), Germany/Switzerland/Austria (1594–1598) and Britain (1594–1598).[63] The degree to which this should be considered one widespread famine as opposed to many regional ones is unclear: it mainly affected southern Europe in 1590–1593, then central and northern Europe in 1594–1598. The famine may also be associated with a critical phase of theLittle Ice Age. It caused the large-scale restructuring of European grain trade routes, which contributed to theLow Countries' avoiding this famine.[64]Europe
1592–1594Famine during theJapanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), known in Korea as the Kyegap Famine (Korean: 계갑대기근;Hanja: 癸甲大飢饉).[65]Joseon
1593–1600Famine[66]Portugal
1600–1601Famine inEmilia and southernLombardy[67]Italy
1601–1603One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 inMoscow and up to one-third of the country's population killed; seeRussian famine of 1601–1603.[68] The same famine killed about half of theEstonian population.Russia2,000,000
1607–1608Famine[50]Italy
1616–1623Famine[66]Portugal
1618–1648Famines in Europe caused byThirty Years' WarEurope
1618–1622Famine[50]Italy
1619Famine in Japan. During theEdo period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[69]Japan
1626–1627Pyongsong Famine (Korean: 병정대기근;Hanja: 丙丁大飢饉)[70]Joseon
1628–1632Famine[50]Italy
1630–1631Famine in Northwest ChinaChina
1630–1632Deccan famine of 1630–1632India7,400,000
1630–1632Famine[66]Portugal
1640–1643Kan'ei Great FamineJapan50,000–100,000
1647–1652Famine[66]Portugal
1648–1649Famine[71]Italy
1648–1660The Deluge saw Poland lose an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, andplague[citation needed]Poland
1649Famine in northern England[72]England
1650–1652Famine in the east of France[73]France
1651–1653Famine throughout much ofIreland during theCromwellian conquest of Ireland[74]Ireland
1657–1663Famine[66]Portugal
1661Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[75][20]India
1670s–1680sPlague and famines[citation needed]Spain
1670–1671Kyungshin FamineJoseon1,000,000[76]–1,500,000
1672Famine in southern Italy[77]Italy
1675–1678Famine[66]Portugal
1678–1679Famine[78]Italy
1680Famine inSardinia[79]Italy (present day)80,000[80]
1680–1682Enpo-Tenna famine (due to rain)[43]Japan
1680sFamine inSahel[73]West Africa
1690sSeven Ill Years – a famine which killed 5–15% of the population.[81]Scotland60,000–180,000
1693–1694Great Famine of 1693–1694 [fr]France700,000–1,300,000[82][83]
1693–1695Famine[84]Italy
1693–1697Famine[66]Portugal
1695–1696First Genroku famine (due to rain)[43]Japan
1695–1697Great Famine of 1695–1697, including theGreat Famine of Estonia. Famine also hitSweden(80,000–100,000 dead)[citation needed]Swedish Empire150,000 in Finland
1695–1697Great Famine of Estonia, which killed about a fifth of the population.Swedish Estonia andSwedish Livonia70,000–100,000
1696Famine inAleppo[6]Ottoman Empire
1696–1699Ŭlbyŏng famine [ko]Joseon1,410,000 per officialAnnals, but possibly higher.[85]
1701–1703Second Genroku famine (due to rain)[43]Japan
1702–1704Famine inDeccan[86]India2,000,000[86]
1708–1711Famine inEast Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population.[87] According to other sources the great mortality was due toplague (disease), which between 1709 and 1711 killed about 200,000–250,000 out of 600,000 inhabitants of East Prussia.[88] TheGreat Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712 also affected East Prussia.East Prussia250,000
1709Famine[50]Italy
1709–1710Thefr:Grande famine de 1709France[89]600,000
1716Famine[90]Italy
1722FamineArabia[91]
1724Famine[90]Italy
1727–1728Famine in theEnglish Midlands[92]England
1730sFamine inDamascus[6]Ottoman Empire
1732–1733Kyōhō famineJapan12,172–169,000[93]
1738–1756Famine in West Africa, half the population ofTimbuktu died of starvation[94]West Africa
1740–1741Irish Famine (1740–1741)Ireland300,000–480,000
1750–1756Famine in the Senegambia region[95]Senegal,Gambia (present day)
1755–1757Horeki famine (due to rain)[43]Japan
1757Famine[6]Syria
1764Famine in Italy (including theKingdom of Naples[96]) during a period of drought[97]Italy
1767Famine during a period of drought[97]Italy
1769–1773Great Bengal famine of 1770,[20] 10 million dead (one third of population)India,Bangladesh (present day)10,000,000
1770–1771Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousandsCzech Republic (present day)100,000+
1771–1772Famine inSaxony and southernGermany[citation needed]Germany
1773Famine inSweden[98]Sweden
1776Famine following a series of hurricanes that struck the island[99]Martinique
1779Famine inRabatMorocco[100]
1782Famine inKarahisar[6]Ottoman Empire
1782–1788Great Tenmei famineJapan20,000–920,000
1783Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption ofLaki killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[101]Iceland
1783–1784Chalisa famineIndia11,000,000[102]
1784Widespread famine throughout Egypt, one-sixth of the population died[103]Egypt
1784–1785Famine in Tunisia[104]Tunisia
1788The two years previous to theFrench Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strongEl Niño cycle[105] or caused by the 1783Laki eruption inIceland.[106][107]France
1789Famine in Ethiopia afflicted theAmhara andTigray RegionsEthiopia
1789–1793Doji bara famine or Skull famineIndia11,000,000
1796Famine caused by locusts[30]NorthernEthiopia
1799–1800Famine inDiyarbakır[6]Ottoman Empire
1801Famine (during a food crisis inMilan lasting 1799–1801)[108]Italy
1804–1872, 1913A series of 14famines in Austrian GaliciaPoland,Ukraine (present day)400,000–550,000
1809–1815Crop failure due to dry weather conditions.Joseon (Korea)2,000,000[109]
1811–1812Famine devastatedMadrid[110]Spain20,000[111]
1815Eruption ofMount Tambora. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famineIndonesia10,000
1816–1817Year Without a SummerEurope65,000
1830–1833Famine, claimed to have killed 42% of the populationCape Verde30,000[112]
1832–1833Guntur famine of 1832India150,000
1833–1837Tenpō famineJapan
1837–1838Agra famine of 1837–1838India800,000
1845–1857Highland Potato FamineScotland150,000 estimated
1845–1852Great Famine killed more than 1,000,000 out of over 8.5 million people inhabiting Ireland. Between 1.5–2 million people were forced to emigrate[113]Ireland600,000 to over1,500,000 that emigrated
1846Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north ofPortugal[114]Portugal
1846–1848TheNewfoundland Potato Famine, related to theGreat Famine of IrelandNewfoundland, present-dayCanada
1849–1850Demak andGrobogan in central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought.Indonesia83,000[115]
1860–1861Black Winter of 1860–1861[116]Qajar Iran
1860–1861Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861India2,000,000
1863–1867Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde30,000[117]
1866Orissa famine of 1866India1,000,000[118]
1866Keio famine (due to rain)[43]Japan
1866–1868Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population diedFinland150,000+
1866–1868Famine in French Algeria[119]French Algeria820,000
1867–1869Swedish famine of 1867–1869Sweden
1869Rajputana famine of 1869India1,500,000[118]
1869–1870Famines due to weather, withNorth Hamgyong Province particularly affected.[120]Joseon
1870–1872Persian famine of 1870–1872, extended by some scholars from 1869 to 1873[121]Qajar Iran200,000–3,000,000 Estimates vary[122]
1873–1874Famine inAnatolia caused by drought and floods[123][124]Turkey (present day)
1873–1874Bihar famine of 1873–1874India
1876–1878Great Indian Famine of 1876–1878India5,500,000
1876–1879Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879China9,000,000–13,000,000[125]
1876–1878Brazilian drought of 1877–1878, also known as theGrande SecaBrazil500,000
1878–1880St. Lawrence Island famine,Alaska[126]United States1,000
18791879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality.Ireland
1879Famine in the Eastern areas of the Empire[127]Ottoman Empire
1883–1885Famine caused by failure of rainy seasons and drought.[128]East Africa,Tanzania andKenya
1888–1889Famine inOrrisa,Ganjam and NorthernBiharIndia150,000
1888–1892Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[129][130] Conditions worsen withcholera outbreaks (1889–92), atyphus epidemic, and a majorsmallpox epidemic (1889–90).Ethiopia1,000,000
1891–1892Russian famine of 1891–1892. Beginning along theVolga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea.Russia375,000–500,000[131][132]
1895–1898Famine during theCuban War of IndependenceCuba200,000–300,000
1896–1902Indian famine of 1896–1897 andIndian famine of 1899–1900 due to drought and British policies.[133][134][135]India2,000,000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states
1897–1901Famine in East Africa, caused by drought and locust swarms. Resulted in increased grain prices, starvation and smallpox epidemic. Known asYua ya Ngomanisye, meaning the famine that went everywhere[136]East Africa,Kenya andUganda
1900–1903Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde11,000–20,000[117]
1901Northern Chinese Famine in Spring 1901, caused by drought from 1898-1901. The famine was one of the causes of the anti-imperialistBoxer rebellion.[137]China (Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces) and InnerMongolia200,000 in Shaanxi province.
1904–1906Famine in Spain[138][139][140]Spain
1906–1907Chinese famine of 1906–1907China20,000,000–25,000,000[141]
1913–1914Famine, grain price rose "thirtyfold"[30]Ethiopia
1914–1918Mount Lebanonfamine duringWorld War I which was caused by theEntente andOttoman blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[142]Lebanon200,000
1914–1919Famine caused by the Alliedblockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed theTreaty of Versailles.[143]Germany763,000
1917Famine inGerman East AfricaGerman East Africa300,000
1917–1919Persian famine of 1917–1919Iran2,000,000,[144] but estimates range as high as10,000,000[145]
1918–1919Rumanura famine inRuanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the CongoRwanda andBurundi (present day)[citation needed]
1919–1922Kazakh famine of 1919–1922. A series of famines inTurkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the populationTurkestan[146]
1920–1921Famine in northern ChinaChina500,000
1920–1922Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde24,000–25,000[117]
1921Russian famine of 1921–1922Russia5,000,000[147]
1921–19221921–1922 famine in TatarstanRussia500,000–2,000,000[148]
1921–19231921–1923 famine in Soviet Russian UkraineUkraine250,000–1,000,000[149]
1924–1925Famine inVolga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[150][unreliable source?]Russia
1924–1925Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rainIrish Free State[citation needed]
1926Famine in Darfur[151]Darfur,Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1928–1929Famine inRuanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the CongoRwanda andBurundi (present day)
1928–1930Chinese famine of 1928–1930 in northern China. Thedrought resulted in millions of deathsChina3,000,000–10,000,000
1930–1934FirstKereMadagascar500,000
1932–1933Soviet famine of 1932–1933, includingfamine in Ukraine, andfamine in Kazakhstan, caused by Soviet collectivization policy, abnormal cold period,[152] and bad harvests in the years of 1931–1932.[153]Russian SFSR,Ukrainian SSR, andKazakh ASSR5,000,000[153]–7,000,000[154]
1939–1952Famine in Spain caused primarily by the implementation of the autarkic economySpain200,000[155][156]
1940–1943Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde20,000[117]
1940–1945Famine inWarsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis).[157]Occupied Poland
1940–1948Famine inMorocco between 1940 and 1948, because of refueling system installed by France.[158]Morocco200,000
1941–1944Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About a million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[159] According to other estimates about 800,000 out of an immediate pre-siege population of about 2.5 million perished.[160]Soviet Union800,000–1,000,000
1941–1944Famine in Greece caused by theAxis occupation.[161][162]Greece300,000
1941–1942Famine inKharkiv. In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger.[163] The Foreign Office representative at Army High Command 6 noted on 25.03.1942 that according to reports reaching municipal authorities at least 50 people were dying of hunger every day, and that the true number might be much higher as in many cases the cause of death was stated as "unknown" and besides many deaths were not reported.[164] British historian Alex Kay estimates that at least 30,000 city inhabitants died in the famine.[165] According to Soviet sources about 70–80,000 people died of starvation in Kharkiv during the occupation by Nazi Germany.[166]Soviet Union30,000–80,000
1941–1943Famine inKyiv. On April 1, 1942, well after the first winter of famine, Kyiv officially had about 352,000 inhabitants. In the middle of 1943—more than four months before the end of German rule—the city officially had about 295,600. Death by starvation was not the only reason for the rapid decline in population: deportation to Germany and Nazi shootings also played their part. Nevertheless, starvation was an important factor.[167] British historian Alex Kay estimates that about 10,000 city inhabitants died of starvation.[165]Soviet Union10,000
1942–1943Chinese famine of 1942–1943Henan, China700,000
1942–1943Iranian famine of 1942–1943Iran4,000,000[168][page needed]
1943Bengal famine of 1943Bengal,British India2,100,000
1943–1944Ruzagayura famine inRuanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to CongoRwanda andBurundi (present day)36,000–50,000
1943–1945Famine inHadhramautYemen (present day)10,000[169][170]
1943–1946SecondKereMadagascar1,000,000
1944–1945Java under Japanese occupationJava,Indonesia2,400,000[171]
1944–1945Dutch famine of 1944–1945 duringWorld War II[172]Netherlands20,000
1944–1945Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945Vietnam600,000–2,000,000[173]
1945–1947Famine inKönigsberg (Kaliningrad)Soviet Union57,000–76,500[174]
1946–1947HungerwinterGermany>100,000[175]
1946–1947Soviet famine of 1946–1947Soviet Union1,000,000–1,500,000[176][177]
1946–1948Famine in Cape VerdeCape Verde30,000[117]
1949Nyasaland famine of 1949Malawi200
19501950 Caribou Inuit famineCanada60
1955–1958ThirdKereMadagascar
1958Famine in Tigray[30]Ethiopia100,000
1959–1961TheGreat Chinese Famine[178][179][180] Some researchers also include the year 1958 or 1962.[181]China (mainland)15,000,000–55,000,000[179][182][183]
1966–1967Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice tradeIndonesia50,000[184]
1966–1967Rice crisis[185]Burma
1967–1970Famine caused byNigerian Civil War and blockadeBiafra2,000,000
1968–1972Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[186]Mauritania,Mali,Chad,Niger andBurkina Faso1,000,000[citation needed]
1970–1972FourthKereMadagascar
1971–1973Afghanistan droughtAfghanistan
1972–1973Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall ofHaile Selassie and toDerg ruleEthiopia60,000[187]
1973Darfur droughtDarfur, Sudan1,000
1974Bangladesh famine of 1974[188]Bangladesh27,000–1,500,000[citation needed]
1975–1979Khmer Rouge. A maximum estimate of 500,000Cambodians lost their lives to famineCambodia500,000[189]
1980–1981Caused by drought and conflict[187]Uganda30,000[187]
1980–1982FifthKereMadagascar
1982–1983SixthKereMadagascar
1982–1985Famine caused by theMozambican Civil WarMozambique100,000
1983–19851983–1985 famine in Ethiopia[190]Ethiopia400,000–600,000[191]
1984–1985Famine caused by drought, economic crisis and theSecond Sudanese Civil WarSudan240,000
1986–1987SeventhKereMadagascar
1988Famine caused by theSecond Sudanese Civil WarSudan100,000
1988–1989EighthKereMadagascar
1991–1992Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[187]Somalia300,000[187]
1992–1994NinthKereMadagascar
19931993 Sudan famineSudan20,000[192]
1994–1998North Korean famine.[193][194] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[195]North Korea200,000–3,500,000
1995–1996TenthKereMadagascar
1997–1998EleventhKereMadagascar
19981998 Sudan famine caused bywar anddroughtSudan70,000[187]
19981998 Afghanistan famineAfghanistan
1998–2000Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened byEritrean–Ethiopian WarEthiopia
1998–2004Second Congo War. 2.7 million people died, mostly from starvation and diseaseDemocratic Republic of the Congo2,700,000
2003–2005Famine during theWar in DarfurSudan200,000
2004–2005TwelfthKereMadagascar
2005–20062005–2006 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa[196][197][198]Niger andWest Africa
2009–2013ThirteenthKereMadagascar
2011–2012Famine in Somalia, brought on by the2011 East Africa drought[199]Somalia285,000
2012Famine in West Africa, brought on by the2012 Sahel drought[200]Senegal,Gambia,Niger,Mauritania,Mali,Burkina Faso
2014–2017FourteenthKereMadagascar
2016–presentFamine in Yemen, arising from theYemeni Civil War and the subsequentblockade of Yemen by Saudi ArabiaYemen85,000 children as of 2017.[201] Unknown number of adults.
2017Famine in South Sudan[202] Famine in Somalia, due to2017 Somali drought. Famine in NigeriaSouth Sudan,Unity State,Somalia, andNigeria.
2020–presentFamine in the Tigray War[203]Tigray,Ethiopia150,000–200,000+[204]
2021–present2021–present Madagascar famineMadagascar
2021–presentAftermath of the War in AfghanistanAfghanistan
2024–present2024 Sudan famineSudan1050+[205]
2024–present2024 famine in HaitiHaiti

Table

[edit]

Global famines history

See also

[edit]

Main article lists

[edit]

Other articles

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  114. ^Bonifácio, Maria de Fátima (1993).História da guerra civil da patuleia, 1846-47 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editorial Estampa.ISBN 978-972-33-0927-0.
  115. ^Elson, R.E. (1985)."The Famine in Demak and Grobogan in 1849–50: Its Causes and Circumstances".Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs.19 (1):39–85.doi:10.1017/S0022463410000068.
  116. ^Kazemi, Ranin (2017-05-01)."The Black Winter of 1860–61".Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East.37 (1):24–48.doi:10.1215/1089201x-3821285.ISSN 1089-201X.
  117. ^abcdeO'Grada, as above.
  118. ^abImperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907),The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. 486–87, 1 map, 552.
  119. ^Slobodkin, Yan (2023-11-15).The Starving Empire: A History of Famine in France's Colonies. Cornell University Press.ISBN 978-1-5017-7236-8.
  120. ^이, 이소 (June 29, 2019)."1869년, 기사년의 조선인 탈출".www.ecumenian.com (in Korean). Retrieved2024-04-27.
  121. ^Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2017-11-22).A Victorian Holocaust: Iran in the Great Famine of 1869–1873. Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 978-0-7618-7015-9.
  122. ^Seyf, Ahmad (2010), "Iran and the Great Famine, 1870–72",Middle East Studies,46 (2), Taylor & Francis:289–306,doi:10.1080/00263201003616584,S2CID 143872685
  123. ^Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004),Turkey: a modern history (3 ed.), I. B.Tauris, p. 72,ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6
  124. ^Mitchell, Stephen (1995),Anatolia: land, men, and Gods in Asia Minor (reprint ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 145,ISBN 978-0-19-815029-9
  125. ^Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (April 2024)."Famines".Our World in Data. Retrieved1 October 2024.
  126. ^Crowell, Aron L.; Oozevaseuk, Estelle (2006-02-06)."The St. Lawrence Island Famine and Epidemic, 1878–80: A Yupik Narrative in Cultural and Historical Context".Arctic Anthropology.43 (1):1–19.doi:10.1353/arc.2011.0105.ISSN 0066-6939.PMID 21847843.
  127. ^Ghazarian, Matthew (2022)."A Climate of Confessionalization: Famine and Difference in the Late Ottoman Empire".International Journal of Middle East Studies.54 (3):484–504.doi:10.1017/S0020743822000502.ISSN 0020-7438.
  128. ^Rockel, Stephen J. (2022), Gooding, Philip (ed.),"A Forgotten Drought and Famine in East Africa, 1883–1885",Droughts, Floods, and Global Climatic Anomalies in the Indian Ocean World, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 289–343,doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98198-3_10,ISBN 978-3-030-98198-3, retrieved2024-09-26
  129. ^Serrill, Michael S. (1987-12-21)."Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst".Time. Archived fromthe original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved2014-08-13.
  130. ^"El Niño and Drought Early Warning in Ethiopia". Archived fromthe original on 2007-09-11.
  131. ^"The History of International Humanitarian Assistance". Iupui.edu. Archived fromthe original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved2014-08-13.
  132. ^Spiridovich, Alexander.Revolutionary movement in Russian. Ed. 2.; accessed June 22, 2018.(in Russian)
  133. ^Dutt, Romesh Chunder (1900)."Famines and Land Assessments in India by RC Dutt".
  134. ^Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
  135. ^Dyson 1991, p. 15.
  136. ^Duminy, James (2022-10-19).Food and Famine in Colonial Kenya. Springer Nature. pp. 28–31.ISBN 978-3-031-10964-5.
  137. ^Cohen, Paul A. (1997).History in three keys : the boxers as event, experience, and myth. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0-231-10650-4.
  138. ^"The terrible drought and famine of 1905 brought the strikes to an end….After the famine of 1905 anarchism seemed to disappear in the south of Spain. Only a few groups remained in the towns."Brenan, Gerald. (1990)The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War.Cambridge University Press. pp. 175, 178. ISBN 9780521398275
  139. ^Harrison, R. J. (1973) "The Spanish Famine of 1904–1906".Agricultural History. Vol. 47, No. 4. Duke University Press. pp. 300–07.https://www.jstor.org/stable/3741595
  140. ^Harrison, Joseph; Hoyle, Alan (2000).Spain's 1898 crisis : regenerationism, modernism, post-colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.ISBN 0-7190-5862-7.OCLC 44100623.A debilitating famine, caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906, bringing death and starvation to the South, raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region.
  141. ^Penuel, K.; Statler, Matt (2011).Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. SAGE Publications, Inc.doi:10.4135/9781412994064.ISBN 9781412971010. Retrieved2015-09-08.
  142. ^Basckin, Deborah (November 25, 2014)."Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds".BBC News Magazine. BBC News. RetrievedNovember 26, 2014.
  143. ^"First World War | Spotlights on history".The National Archives UK. Retrieved2020-12-02.
  144. ^
    • Abrahamian, Ervand (2013).The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.–Iranian relations. New York: New Press, The. pp. 26–27.ISBN 978-1-59558-826-5.
    • Katouzian, Homa (2013).Iran: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. p. 1934.ISBN 9781780742731.
    • Rubin, Barry (2015).The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Routledge. p. 508.ISBN 9781317455783.
  145. ^Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2003).The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917–1919. University Press of America.ISBN 978-0761826330.
  146. ^[4]Archived February 12, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  147. ^[5]Archived October 13, 2007, at theWayback Machine
  148. ^Mizelle, Peter Christopher (2002),"Battle with famine" : Soviet relief and the Tatar Republic 1921-1922, University of Virginia,doi:10.18130/V37P8TC84, retrieved2023-02-25
  149. ^Wasyl, Veryha (1984). "Famine in Ukraine in 1921–1923 and the Soviet government's countermeasures".Nationalities Papers.12 (2). District of Columbia, USA:265–285.doi:10.1080/00905998408408001.S2CID 154189763.
  150. ^[6]Archived February 28, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  151. ^Daly, M. W. (2007).Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. Cambridge University Press. p. 139.ISBN 9780521699624.
  152. ^Cameron, Sarah (2018).The Hungry Steppe. Cornell University Press.ISBN 9781501730436.
  153. ^abDavies, R. W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2010-01-20).The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 415.doi:10.1057/9780230273979.ISBN 978-0-230-27397-9.OCLC 649384703.
  154. ^"Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"
  155. ^Blanco, Miguel Ángel del Arco (2021-01-01)."Famine in Spain During Franco's Dictatorship, 1939–52".Journal of Contemporary History.56 (1):3–27.doi:10.1177/0022009419876004.ISSN 0022-0094.
  156. ^"Franco's Famine".Bloomsbury. Archived fromthe original on 2024-08-08. Retrieved2025-02-23.
  157. ^In the Warsaw Ghetto about 83,000 out of 470,000 inhabitants died between the end of 1940 and September 1942 (Raul Hilberg,The Destruction of the European Jews, Revised and Definitive Edition, 1985 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. New York, page 269). On August 24, 1942, after having decided that of the 1.5 Jews still alive in theGeneral Government all but 300,000 working for the Germans would no longer be fed at all,Hans Frank noted by the way that 1.2 million Jews had been sentenced to die of hunger and that should the Jews not starve to death he hoped for a speeding up of anti-Jewish measures (Christian Gerlach,Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, Hamburger Edition, 1998, p. 220). TheBelzec extermination camp, theSobibor extermination camp and theTreblinka extermination camp were at the height of their activity in the months August, September and October 1942. In these three months alone, according to German historian Sara Berger (Experten der Vernichtung: Das T4-Reinhardt-Netzwerk in den Lagern Belzec, Sobibor und Treblinka, Hamburger Edition 2013, Table 2 on p. 254), at least 897,500 Jews were killed in these three camps – 352,100 in August, 255,500 in September and 289,900 in October.
  158. ^"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved2015-09-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  159. ^[7]Archived March 1, 2013, at theWayback Machine
  160. ^This order of magnitude is mentioned in Harrison E. Salisbury,The 900 Days. The Siege of Leningrad. (Avon Books, New York, 1970), pp. 590ff.; Anna Reid,Leningrad. The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (2011 Bloomsbury, London), Appendix I (pp. 417–418); various sources cited inBlockade Leningrads 1941-1944. Dossiers (a publication of the Museum Berlin Karlshorst in German and Russian), pp. 110–113.
  161. ^Hionidou, Violetta (2006).Famine and death in occupied Greece, 1941-1944. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-82932-8.OCLC 62532868.
  162. ^Gildea, Robert et al. (2006)Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe. Berg Publishers. ISBN 9781845201814.
  163. ^Document USHMM, RG-31.010M, R.7, 2982/4/390a, transcribed inVerbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskriegs, Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, p. 346.
  164. ^Document PAAA, R60763, transcribed inVerbrechen der Wehrmacht, p. 345.
  165. ^abKay, Alex J. (2001)Empire of Destruction. A History of Nazi Mass Killing. Yale University Press, PDF edition, p. 186
  166. ^Werth, Alexander. (2000)Russia at War 1941-1945. Carroll & Graf Publishers New York. p. 607-608
  167. ^Berkhoff, Karel C. (2004)Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London. p. 186
  168. ^Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2016-03-22).Iran Under Allied Occupation In World War II: The Bridge to Victory & A Land of Famine. UPA.ISBN 978-0-7618-6739-5.
  169. ^Fletcher, Mary.Famine in ArabiaThe British Empire.
  170. ^Freitag, Ulrike (2003)Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland. BRILL. p. 406. ISBN 9789004128507.
  171. ^Van der Eng, Pierre (2008)."Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.(MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
  172. ^Zwarte, Ingrid de (2020-07-23).The Hunger Winter. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-108-83680-7.
  173. ^Gunn, Geoffrey. (2001)The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited,The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume 9(5). Number 4. Article ID 3483. Jan 24. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
  174. ^According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75 % of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6 % and violence for 15 % (Andreas Kossert,Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75 %) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned byRichard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in:The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321–343, (p. 336).
  175. ^The number of excess deaths from hunger and cold has been estimated by historians at several hundred thousand, based on extrapolations from partial data (Der "weiße Tod" im Hungerwinter 1946/47,Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 07.05.2020).
  176. ^Ellman, M. (2000)The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines,Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(5), pp. 603-630
  177. ^Ganson, Nicholas (2009).The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN 978-0-230-61333-1. Archived fromthe original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved2009-05-02.
  178. ^Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (2013-10-10)."Famines".Our World in Data.Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved22 April 2020.
  179. ^abMeng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015)."The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961"(PDF).Review of Economic Studies.82 (4):1568–1611.doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016.Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved22 April 2020.
  180. ^Branigan, Tania (2013-01-01)."China's Great Famine: the true story".The Guardian.ISSN 0261-3077.Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved2020-04-22.
  181. ^"Documenting China's lost history of famine".BBC News. 2012-05-08. Retrieved2024-09-26.
  182. ^Wemheuer, Felix (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.). "SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]".The China Journal (66):155–164.doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812.ISSN 1324-9347.JSTOR 41262812.S2CID 141874259.
  183. ^Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces,"Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
    For a summary of other estimates, please refer to thislink
  184. ^Van der Eng, Pierre (2012)"All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?"Archived 2014-02-23 at theWayback Machine, Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), September 13–15, 2012.
  185. ^Smith, Martin (1991).Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 225.ISBN 9780862328689.
  186. ^Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow. May 13, 1974. TIME
  187. ^abcdefÓ Gráda 2009, p. 24
  188. ^"Famine - Entitlement, Causes, Effects | Britannica".www.britannica.com. 2024-08-27. Retrieved2024-10-01.
  189. ^Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979".Forced Migration and Mortality.National Academies Press. pp. 104–105.ISBN 9780309073349.Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986).
  190. ^"Lasting legacy of Ethiopia's famine". 2009-10-23. Retrieved2024-09-26.
  191. ^De Waal, Alexander (1991).Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch.ISBN 1-56432-038-3.OCLC 24504262.
  192. ^"A 'Silent' Famine Spreads Death in Southern Sudan : Africa: Bitter civil war, homelessness and disease in the remote area bring misery rivaling that of Somalia. - Los Angeles Times".Los Angeles Times. 10 April 1993.
  193. ^"Online NewsHour Forum: The North Korea Famine -- August 26, 1997".PBS. Archived fromthe original on 1999-11-12.
  194. ^[8]Archived June 1, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  195. ^"Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved2014-08-13.
  196. ^"Niger: An evidence base for understanding the current crisis - Niger | ReliefWeb".reliefweb.int. 2005-07-26. Retrieved2024-11-22.
  197. ^"Amnesty International Report 2006 - Niger".Refworld. 23 May 2006. Retrieved2024-11-22.
  198. ^"UN Seeks $240 Mln of Food Aid for West Africa".archive.globalpolicy.org. January 16, 2006. Retrieved2024-11-22.
  199. ^"United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved2014-08-13.
  200. ^"Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Archived fromthe original on October 5, 2012. RetrievedAugust 29, 2013.
  201. ^Karasz, Palko (November 21, 2018)."85,000 Children in Yemen May Have Died of Starvation".The New York Times.
  202. ^"Famine declared in South Sudan".The Guardian. 2017-02-20.
  203. ^Reisen, Mirjam Van (2024-11-17).Tigray: The Hysteresis of War. African Books Collective.ISBN 978-9956-554-19-5.
  204. ^"Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers".The Globe and Mail. 2022-03-14. Retrieved2024-09-05.
  205. ^SudanTribune (2024-10-17)."Famine tightens grip on Sudan's Nuba Mountains, hundreds dead".Sudan Tribune. Retrieved2024-10-21.

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