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List of extraterrestrial orbiters

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Thislist of extraterrestrial orbiters is a listing ofspacecraft that achieved an extraterrestrial orbit.

Legend

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Color legend for orbital status
Inactive
Unclear
En-Route
Operational

Sun

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Main article:List of artificial objects in heliocentric orbit

The first artificial object in heliocentric orbit wasLuna 1 (1959).

Moon

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See also:list of crashed or landed lunar orbiters and other artificial objects on the Moon andExploration of the Moon
TheApollo 17Command ModuleAmerica seen in lunar orbit from the ascent stage of the Lunar Module
MissionCountry/agencyOrbital insertionCurrent statusNotes
Luna 10[1]Soviet Union USSR3 April 1966Contact lost 30 May 1966, probably decayed the same yearFirst extraterrestrial and Moon orbiter
Lunar Orbiter 1United States USA14 August 1966Impacted lunar surface 29 October 1966FirstU.S. extraterrestrial orbiter
Luna 11[2]Soviet Union USSR27 August 1966Contact lost 1 October 1966, probably decayed the same or following year
Luna 12Soviet Union USSR25 October 1966Contact lost 19 January 1967, probably decayed the same year
Lunar Orbiter 2United States USALaunched 6 November 1966Impacted lunar surface 11 October 1967
Lunar Orbiter 3United States USA8 February 1967Impacted lunar surface 9 October 1967
Lunar Orbiter 4United States USALaunched 4 May 1967Contact lost 17 July 1967, impacted lunar surface 6 October 1967
Explorer 35United States USALaunched 19 July 1967Deactivated 24 June 1973; impacted lunar surface in the middle to late 1970s
Lunar Orbiter 5United States USA5 August 1967Deorbited; impacted lunar surface 31 January 1968
Luna 14Soviet Union USSR10 April 1968Mission terminated 24 June 1968, its orbit probably decayed
Luna 19Soviet Union USSR2 October 1971Mission terminated 20 October 1972 and contact lost on 1 November 1972, probably decayed the following year
Explorer 49United States USALaunched 10 June 1973Contact lost August 1977, its orbit probably decayed
Luna 22Soviet Union USSR2 June 1974Mission terminated November 1975, its orbit probably decayed in 1976
Apollo 8United States USALaunched 21 December 1968; entered orbit after 69 hrsLeft orbit after 10 orbits;splashdown on EarthFirst crewed lunar orbit
Apollo 10United States USALaunched 18 May 1969Left orbit 26 May 1969
Apollo 11United States USAJuly 19, 1969July 21, 1969; Lunar module ascent stage abandoned in orbit, impact site unknownFirst humanMoon landing
Apollo 12United States USANovember 18, 1969November 21, 1969Human Moon landing
Apollo 14United States USAFebruary 4, 1971February 7, 1971Human Moon landing
Apollo 15United States USAJuly 29, 1971August 4, 1971Human Moon landing
Apollo 15 subsatellite (PFS-1)United States USAAugust 4, 1971January 1973
Apollo 16United States USAApril 19, 1972April 25, 1972; Lunar module ascent stage abandoned in orbit, impact site unknownHuman Moon landing
Apollo 16 subsatellite (PFS-2)United States USAApril 24, 1972May 29, 1972
Apollo 17United States USADecember 11, 1972December 14, 1972Human Moon landing
Hiten and HagoromoJapan JapanHiten: 15 February 1993Hiten was deliberately deorbited and impacted the lunar surface 10 April 1993FirstJapanese lunar orbiter
ClementineUnited States USALaunched 25 January 1994Left lunar orbit and entered heliocentric orbit; contact lost June 1994
Lunar ProspectorUnited States USALaunched 7 January 1998Deliberately deorbited; impacted lunar surface 31 July 1999
SMART-1ESA11 November 2004Deliberately deorbited; impacted lunar surface 3 September 2006
SELENE (Kaguya, Okina and Ouna)Japan Japan3 October 2007Deliberately deorbited; impacted lunar surface 10 June 2009
Chang'e 1China China5 November 2007Deliberately deorbited 1 March 2009; impacted the Moon's surface.FirstChinese lunar orbiter
Chandrayaan-1India India8 November 2008Deliberately crashed into lunar surface. Impact probe remained operational for a few days. Contact lost 29 August 2009.FirstIndian lunar orbiter
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter[3]United States USA23 June 2009Active
Chang'e 2China China6 October 2010Left lunar orbit 8 June 2011; currently in deep-space orbit
ARTEMIS P1United States USA2 July 2011Active
ARTEMIS P2[4]United States USA17 July 2011Active
Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL)United States USA31 December 2011 / 1 January 2012Both spacecraft were deliberately deorbited and impacted on the lunar surface 17 December 2012
LADEEUnited States USA6 October 2013Deliberately deorbited 18 April 2014
Chang'e 3China China6 December 2013Landed on lunar surface 14 December 2013First Chinese lunar landing
Chang'e 5-T1China China13 January 2015Returned to Earth on 31 October 2014
Chang'e 4China China12 December 2018Landed on lunar surface 3 January 2019. TheQueqiao relay satellite was placed in an Earth-MoonL2halo orbit.First lunar far-side landing
Longjiang-2 microsatelliteChina China25 May 2018Deorbited 2019
BeresheetIsrael Israel4 April 2019Crashed onto lunar surface 11 April 2019First private lunar lander. Successfully orbited for 7 days. Soft landing failed.
Chandrayaan-2India India20 August 2019Orbiter is active. The Vikram lander lost contact at 2.1 km from the lunar surface, and was subsequently destroyed.[5]It was originally thought that Vikram had survived the impact, and ISRO continued trying to contact the lander until the lunar night.[6]
Chang'e 5China China1 December 2020Orbiter is As of 2022[update] in lunarDRO orbit.First lunar sample return mission by China. Ascent stage deorbited on 7 December 2020. Capsule successfully returned sample via service module on 16 December 2020. The orbiter will make lunar flyby in extended mission on 9 September 2021 inDistant retrograde orbit.[7]
CAPSTONEUnited States USA14 November 2022Active and on aNear-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO)Lunar orbitingCubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for theGateway space station.
Artemis 1United States USA25 November 2022Remained on aSelenocentric orbit (DRO) until 5 December 2022, then returned to EarthFirst mission of theArtemis program.
LunaH-MapUnited States USA25 November 2022Decayed 20 February 2023
Lunar IceCubeUnited States USA25 November 2022On aSelenocentric orbitContact lost shortly after the launch. Conducted lunar flyby on 21 November 2022, likely in a heliocentric orbit.
DanuriKPLOUnited States USA /South Korea South Korea16 December 2022On aSelenocentric orbitLunar Orbiter by theKorea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) ofSouth Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveyinglunar resources such aswater ice,uranium,helium-3,silicon, andaluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
Hakuto-R Mission 1Japan Japan21 March 2023Crashed onto lunar surface on 25 April 2023Carried the emiratiRashid and the Japanese SORA-Q lunar rovers. Contact lost during landing attempt.
Chandrayaan-3India India5 August 2023Success (returned to Earth Orbit)Propulsion module, also functioning as a Chandrayaan-3 relay satellite. Conducted 4 flybys enroute return to Earth's orbit.
Luna 25Russia Russia16 August 2023Crashed onto lunar surface on 19 August 2023Lunar south pole lander, landing scheduled for 21 August 2023. Contact lost after orbit lowering maneuver.
SLIMJapan Japan25 December 2023Landed on Lunar surface on 19 January 2024Carried the Japanese LEV-1 and LEV-2 lunar rovers. First Japanese soft landing.
IM-1Odysseus[8]United States USA21 February 2024Landed on lunar surface on 22 February 2024Carried the AmericanEagleCam cubesat.
Queqiao-2China China24 March 2024On aSelenocentric orbit
Tiandu-1China China24 March 2024On aSelenocentric orbit
Tiandu-2China China24 March 2024On aSelenocentric orbit
DRO A/BChina China~20 August 2024On aSelenocentric orbitYuanzheng 1S upper stage failed to deliver spacecrafts into correct orbit. The satellites were intended to testDistant retrograde orbit.[9] Tracking data appears to show China is attempting to salvage spacecraft and they appear to have succeeded in reaching their desired orbit.[10][11]
Chang'e 6China China8 May 2024Left lunar orbit 21 June 2024; currently at Sun Earth L2First lunar sample return mission from far side and south pole of Moon by China. Ascent stage was deorbited on 6 June 2024. The capsule returned the sample via service module on 25 June 2024.[12]
ICUBE-QPakistan Pakistan8 May 2024On aSelenocentric orbitFirstPakistani lunar mission, piggybacking with Chang'e 6.[12]
Blue Ghost M1United States USA13 February 2025Landed on lunar surface on 2 March 2025
Hakuto-R Mission 2ResilienceJapan Japan5 June 2025Crash landed.Carried the Tenacious rover made byLuxembourg.
IM-2AthenaUnited States USA3 March 2025Landed on lunar surface on 6 March 2025Carried MAPP LV1, Micro-Nova, AstroAnt andYaoki rover, each built by different organisations.

Mars

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See also:List of Mars orbiters
MissionCountry/agencyOrbital insertionCurrent statusNotes
Mariner 9United States USA14 November 1971Deactivated 27 October 1972. In derelict orbit around Mars, expected to decay no sooner than 2022[13]Firstspacecraft to orbit another planet

FirstMars orbiter

Mars 2 orbiterSoviet Union USSR27 November 1971[14]Mission terminated 22 August 1972; spacecraft in derelict orbitFirstSoviet spacecraft to orbit Mars
Mars 3 orbiterSoviet Union USSR2 December 1971[14]Mission terminated on August 22, 1972
Mars 5 orbiter[15]Soviet Union USSR12 February 1974Contact lost on 28 February 1974 due to a loss of pressurization in the transmitter[16]
Viking 1 orbiterUnited States USA19 June 1976Mission terminated 17 August 1980, spacecraft in derelict high altitude orbit.
Viking 2 orbiterUnited States USA7 August 1976Mission terminated 25 July 1978, spacecraft in derelict high altitude orbit.
Phobos 2[17]Soviet Union USSR29 January 1989Contact lost 27 March 1989
Mars Global SurveyorUnited States USA11 September 1997Contact lost 2 November 2006; In derelict orbit around Mars, expected to decay no sooner than 2047[18]
2001 Mars OdysseyUnited States USA24 October 2001ActiveLongest-surviving, continuously active spacecraft in orbit around another planet
Mars ExpressESA20 December 2003Active
Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterUnited States USA10 March 2006Active
MAVENUnited States USA22 September 2014Active
Mars Orbiter MissionIndia India24 September 2014Contact lost April 2022[19]India's first interplanetary mission
ExoMars Trace Gas OrbiterESA19 October 2016ActiveCarriedSchiaparelli EDM lander
Emirates Mars Mission
(Hope)		United Arab EmiratesUAE9 February 2021ActiveUnited Arab Emirates's first interplanetary mission
Tianwen 1China China10 February 2021ActiveTianwen-1 is China's first interplanetary mission, which consists of an orbiter, a lander, and a rover named Zhurong.

Venus

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MissionCountry/agencyOrbital insertionCurrent statusNotes
Venera 9Soviet Union USSR22 October 1975Mission terminated on March 22, 1976FirstVenus orbiter
Venera 10Soviet Union USSR23 October 1975Contact lost sometime in June 1976
Pioneer Venus OrbiterUnited States USA4 December 1978Contact lost 8 October 1992; Atmospheric entry disintegration on 22 October 1992.
Venera 15Soviet Union USSR10 October 1983Contact lost January 5, 1985
Venera 16Soviet Union USSR11 October 1983Contact lost June 13, 1984
MagellanUnited States USA7 August 1990Contact lost 13 October 1994. Deliberately deorbited into Venus' atmosphere.
Venus ExpressESA11 April 2006Contact lost 16 December 2014: Atmospheric entry disintegration in January 2015
AkatsukiJapan Japan7 December 2015Contact lost April 2024

Jupiter

[edit]
MissionCountry/agencyOrbital insertionCurrent statusNotes
GalileoUnited States USA8 December 1995Intentionally deorbited and incinerated in Jupiter's atmosphere 21 September 2003FirstJupiter orbiter
JunoUnited States USA4 July 2016Active
JUICE ESAJuly 2031 (planned)en routemission to study Jupiter's three icy moonsCallisto,Europa andGanymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.
Europa ClipperUnited States USA11 April 2030 (planned)en routeplanned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple times.

Saturn

[edit]
MissionCountry/agencyOrbital insertionCurrent statusNotes
Cassini-HuygensUnited States USA
ESA
ItalyASI		1 July 2004Intentionally deorbited and incinerated in Saturn's atmosphere 15 September 2017FirstSaturn orbiter

Mercury

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MissionCountry/agencyOrbital insertionCurrent statusNotes
MESSENGERUnited States USA18 March 2011Deliberately crashed into surface 30 April 2015. Impact probably around 54.4° N, 149.9° W, near the crater Janáček.FirstMercury orbiter
BepiColombo ESA

Japan Japan

November 2026 (planned)en routeConsists of two satellites, the ESA's Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and Japan's Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO).

Minor planets and comets

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MissionCountry/agencyObjectOrbital insertionCurrent statusNotes
NEAR ShoemakerUnited States USA433 Eros14 February 2000Landed 12 February 2001 on the surface ofEros.First spacecraft to orbit anasteroid
DawnUnited States USA4 Vesta16 July 2011Left Vesta orbit 5 September 2012
DawnUnited States USACeres9 March 2015Mission concluded 1 November 2018. In derelict orbit around Ceres, expected to decay no sooner than 2038[20]First spacecraft to achieve orbit around two separate objects and to orbit adwarf planet.
RosettaESA67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko6 August 2014On 30 September 2016, ended its mission by landing on the comet in its Ma'at region.First spacecraft to orbit a comet. Philae lander module successfully landed on 12 November 2014
OSIRIS-RExUnited States USA101955 Bennu31 December 2018Collected surface sample and departed from Bennu on 20 October 2020[21]Smallest body to be orbited by spacecraft and closest ever orbit[22][23]
PsycheUnited States USA16 PsycheAugust 2029 (planned)enrouteSelected for mission #14 of NASA'sDiscovery Program to explore a metallic asteroid.
Hera, Milani and Juventas ESA65803 Didymos andDimorphos11 December 2026 (planned)enroutestudying effects ofDART's impact on the asteroid
OSIRIS-APEXUnited States USA99942 ApophisApril 2029 (planned)enroutestudy of a C-type asteroid in 2029

See also

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References

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  1. ^NSSDC - Luna 10
  2. ^NSSDC - Luna 11
  3. ^Where is LRO?
  4. ^Hendrix, Susan (25 March 2015)."Second ARTEMIS Spacecraft Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit".The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics.NASA.
  5. ^Chang, Kenneth (2019-12-06)."A Billion Pixels and the Search for India's Crashed Moon Lander".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved2019-12-07.
  6. ^"Chandrayaan-2: Isro, not losing hope, continues to make all-out efforts to restore link with lander 'Vikram'".The Times of India. September 9, 2019. Retrieved2019-09-09.
  7. ^"China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon".SpaceNews. 2021-09-06. Retrieved2021-09-08.
  8. ^Chang, Kenneth (23 February 2024)."Moon Lander Is Lying on Its Side but Still Functional, Officials Say".The New York Times. Retrieved24 February 2024.
  9. ^Jones, Andrew (2024-03-14)."Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly".SpaceNews. Retrieved2024-03-14.
  10. ^Jones, Andrew (2024-08-20)."Chinese spacecraft appear to reach lunar orbit despite launch setback".SpaceNews. Retrieved2024-08-20.
  11. ^Jones, Andrew (2024-03-28)."China appears to be trying to save stricken spacecraft from lunar limbo".SpaceNews. Retrieved2024-03-29.
  12. ^abJones, Andrew (10 January 2024)."China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission".SpaceNews. Retrieved10 January 2024.
  13. ^NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9Archived 2013-05-14 at theWayback Machine, November 29, 2011 — Vol. 4, Issue 9
  14. ^ab"NASA Mars log". Archived fromthe original on 2014-11-13. Retrieved2013-01-09.
  15. ^Historic Spacecraft - Mars Probes
  16. ^"Mars 5". US National Space Science Data Centre. Retrieved12 April 2013.
  17. ^Encyclopedia Astronautica Fobos 1FArchived 2011-10-10 at theWayback Machine
  18. ^Dunn, Marcia (27 October 1996)."NASA Takes No Dirty Chances With Mars Rover".Los Angeles Times. Retrieved12 September 2021.
  19. ^"Update on the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mom)".
  20. ^Chang, Kenneth (November 1, 2018)."NASA's Dawn Mission to the Asteroid Belt Says Good Night - Launched in 2007, the spacecraft discovered bright spots on Ceres and forbidding terrain on Vesta".The New York Times. RetrievedNovember 2, 2018.
  21. ^Chang, Kenneth (20 October 2020)."Seeking Solar System's Secrets, NASA's OSIRIS-REX Mission Touches Bennu Asteroid - The spacecraft attempted to suck up rocks and dirt from the asteroid, which could aid humanity's ability to divert one that might slam into Earth".The New York Times. Retrieved21 October 2020.
  22. ^"NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Arrives at Asteroid Bennu". NASA. 2018-12-03. Retrieved2018-12-20.
  23. ^"NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission Breaks Another Orbit Record". NASA. 2019-06-13. Retrieved2019-06-22.

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