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List of engineering branches

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Disciplines into which the field of engineering is conventionally divided

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Engineering is the discipline and profession that appliesscientific theories, mathematical methods, andempirical evidence to design, create, and analyze technological solutions, balancing technical requirements with concerns or constraints on safety, human factors, physical limits, regulations, practicality, and cost, and often at an industrial scale. In thecontemporary era, engineering is generally considered to consist of the major primary branches ofbiomedical engineering,chemical engineering,civil engineering,electrical engineering,materials engineering andmechanical engineering.^[1] There are numerous other engineering sub-disciplines and interdisciplinary subjects that may or may not be grouped with these major engineering branches.

Biomedical engineering

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Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare applications (e.g., diagnostic or therapeutic purposes).

Subdiscipline	Engineering scope	Major specialties
Bioinformatics	Data science within the scope of digital tools to collect and analyze biomedical data, such asDNA	Information engineering Computational biology Genomics Molecular modelling Systems analysis Database management
Bioinstrumentation	Electronics &Measurement within the scope of devices and tools that are used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, often overlapping withbiotechnology	Neuroscience Biomechatronics Photonics Instrumentation Biosensors Medical devices
Biomaterials	Materials science related to interfacing materials with or within the body	Ceramic engineering Polymer engineering Metalworking Biocompatibility Implant design Drug delivery
Biomechanics	Mechanical systems involving kinematics, material deformation, artificial organs, transport of chemical substances across biological membranes, and flow related to biological substances inside and outside the body	Military engineering Sports engineering Rehabilitation engineering Ergonomics Prosthetics Fluid dynamics Accident reconstruction
Biomolecular engineering	Biological systems	Genetic engineering Chemical engineering Molecular engineering Chemistry Synthetic biology Systems biology Nanotechnology
Clinical engineering	Healthcare systems within the scope of hospital-related functions, including data management, instruments, and monitoring systems	Facilities engineering Radiation protection Project engineering Healthcare technology management Logistics Cybersecurity
Medical imaging	Visualization systems for biological systems, such asMRI,EEG,PET, andCT	Image processing Computer vision Signal processing Medical physics 3D reconstruction Artificial intelligence
Neural engineering	Brain–computer interface related to recording and processing signals from brain activity for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, often with the goal of replacing/restoring lost sensorimotor abilities	Neuromodulation Neuroprosthetics Cognitive engineering Signal processing Biosignal processing Neurochips Neurorobotics
Pharmaceutical engineering	Process architecture within the scope of pharmaceuticals and drug delivery	Process engineering Project engineering Manufacturing Drug design Quality control Scalability
Regenerative medicine	Tissue systems	Tissue engineering Cellular engineering Tissue culture 3D bioprinting Stem cell therapy

Chemical engineering

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Chemical engineering is the application of chemical, physical, and biological sciences to developing technological solutions from raw materials or chemicals.

Subdiscipline	Engineering scope	Major specialties
Electrochemical engineering	Large-scale electrosynthesis of chemicals, electrowinning and chemical energy storage
Explosives engineering
Molecular engineering	Chemical behavior and interactions at a molecular level	Biomolecular engineering – for biological systems Genetic engineering – modification and manipulation of genes
Process engineering	Chemical processes at an industrial level

Civil engineering

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Civil engineering comprises the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and natural built environments.

Subdiscipline	Engineering scope	Major specialties
Environmental engineering	Applications ofenvironmental science	Ecological engineering – design, monitoring, and construction of ecosystems Fire protection engineering – as applied to the outdoor environment andwildfires Natural resources engineering Sanitary engineering – separation and removal of community sewage; increasingly interdisciplinary as a branch of environmental engineering
Geotechnical engineering	The behavior of earth materials and soil and rock mechanics, often in preparation of a project site	Mining engineering – extracting and processing mineral ore from a natural environment
Municipal or urban engineering	The coordination and management ofmunicipal infrastructure networks
Structural engineering	Structures that support or resiststructural loads.	Architectural engineering – building design and construction Construction engineering – construction procedures and management Earthquake engineering – structures subject toseismic loading Ocean engineering – offshore structures Pavement engineering – road structures subject to dynamic loading Wind engineering – structures subject to wind effects Tropical cyclone engineering – hurricane-force winds and emergency preparedness
Transport engineering	Facilities and infrastructure for any form of transportation of people and cargo	Railway engineering – rail transport Traffic engineering – roadways Bicycle transportation engineering – cycling infrastructure Highway engineering – major roadways
Water resources engineering	Technical application ofhydrology	Coastal engineering – construction within the coastal zone, often directed at combating erosion and storm surges Hard andsoft engineering of shorelines Groundwater engineering – modifying groundwater by withdrawing or adding fluids Hydraulic engineering – supply and drainage of fluids River engineering – modification of a river's course, flow, or other characteristics

Electrical engineering

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Electrical engineering comprises the study and application ofelectricity,electronics andelectromagnetism.

Subdiscipline	Engineering scope	Major specialties
Broadcast engineering	Radio and television broadcasting	Radio-frequency engineering – radio-band signal devices
Computer engineering	Electronic computing devices	Computational engineering – computational engineering models (CEM) Cybersecurity engineering Data engineering – systems which collect and use vast amounts of data Hardware engineering – physical computer equipment Information engineering – generation, distribution, analysis, and use of information in systems Network engineering Software engineering – application ofcomputer science to software^[2] Teletraffic engineering – transportation traffic theory applied to telecommunications
Electronic engineering	Low-power electrical circuits using ofactive components such assemiconductor devices	Control engineering – regulation of automated systems through sensors and corrective feedback Electronics denotes a broad engineering field that covers subfields such asanalog electronics,digital electronics,consumer electronics,embedded systems andpower electronics. Electronics engineering deals with the implementation of applications, principles, and algorithms developed within many related fields, for examplesolid-state physics,radio engineering,telecommunications,control systems,signal processing,systems engineering,computer engineering,instrumentation engineering,electric power control,robotics, and many others^[vague] Instrumentation engineering – automated measurements Signal processing – analysis, modifying and synthesizing electronic signals Telecommunications engineering – processing and transmitting information through wired or wireless communications
Microwave engineering	Devices operating at microwave frequencies
Optical engineering	Technologies that utilize light	Optoelectronics Optomechanics Photonics
Power engineering	Generation and distribution of electric power	High voltage engineering, involves the understanding of electromagnetic phenomena of large voltages and currents (such aspartial discharge), as applied to the holistic power system design and its components, such astransformers,electric motors,electric generators,switchgear, to create coordination and harmony Power plant engineering Power system design, the development of a specific solution to address a power need, such as a new substation, a new power line,power system protection and so on Power system operations and control, involves plant and system operation, where protocols for the safe and continuous operation of individual equipment, subsystems, power plants, or the whole power system are developed and applied Power system planning, involves the modelling of power systems to analyse the management of current and future electricity demand Protection and control, involves the design ofpower system protection, measurements,metering,telecommunications, and so on

Material engineering

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Materials engineering is the application ofmaterial science and engineering principles to understand the properties of materials. Material science emerged in the mid-20th century, grouping together fields which had previously been considered unrelated. Materials engineering is thus much more interdisciplinary than the other major engineering branches.

Subdiscipline	Engineering scope	Major specialties
Biomaterial	Materials implanted in the body
Ceramic engineering	Inorganic, non-metallic materials
Composite material engineering	Composite materials, materials with two or more macroscopic phases
Computational materials science	The use of modeling, simulation, theory, andinformatics to understand materials	Electronic structure – analysis of electron energies and spatial distribution Density functional theory – method of calculating material properties Molecular dynamics – simulation of atomic movements and resulting material changes Phase field models – continuum treatments of interfaces, properties and their evolution
Corrosion engineering	Management and measurement of corrosion
Electronic materials	Semiconductors and other electronic materials
Forensic materials engineering	Analysis of material evidence to identify materials, determine the cause of failure, or reconstruct a crime or accident
Material characterisation	Methods of investigating material structure and properties	Electron diffraction Electron Microscopy Spectroscopy X-ray diffraction
Metallurgical engineering	Metals includingalloys, typically excludingpolymer orceramics	Metal alloys – combinations of elements that results in a metal Metal working – industrial fabrication of metallic materials
Nanotechnology	Nanoscale materials, dimensions less than100 nm	Biomedical nanoengineering –nanomedicine Electronic nanoengineering –nanoelectronics Instrumentation engineering – as applied tonanosensors Materials nanoengineering –nanomaterials Nanoengineering – application of nanotechnology to traditional engineering fields
Polymer engineering	Polymer materials
Surface engineering	Surfaces of solid materials	Tribology – friction and wear of surfaces in relative motion

Mechanical engineering

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Mechanical engineering comprises the design and analysis of heat and mechanical power for the operation of machines and mechanical systems.^[3]

Subdiscipline	Engineering scope	Major specialties
Acoustical engineering	Analysis and control of vibration and sound	Architectural acoustics Bioacoustics – sound production and reception in animals Noise control Psychoacoustics Underwater acoustics Vibration control
Energy engineering	Energy systems, with an emphasis on efficiency and sustainability
Industrial plant engineering	Industrial machines and equipment^[4]^{[better source needed]}	Air compressors Conveyors Escalators Fans andblowers Hydraulics Piping systems Pneumatics Pumps
Manufacturing engineering	Technologies, practices and systems for manufacturing	Cutting Electrical discharge machining Metalworking Woodworking
Optomechanical engineering	Mechanical aspects of optical systems^[5]	Cameras Fiber optics Laser systems Optical instrumentation Telescopes
Power plant engineering	Field of engineering that designs, constructs, and maintains different types ofpower plants. Serves as the prime mover to produce electricity.	Coal-fired power plants Geothermal power plants Hydroelectric power plants Diesel engine (ICE) power plants Solar power plants Tidal power plants Wind turbine power plants
Sports engineering	Sports equipment
Thermal engineering	Heating or cooling of processes, equipment, and enclosed environments	Air conditioning Heating,ventilating Refrigeration
Vehicle engineering	Systems and equipment that propel and control vehicles	Aerospace engineering Automotive engineering Naval andmarine engineering Railway engineering

Interdisciplinary

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Discipline	Engineering scope	Major specialties
Agricultural engineering	Farm power and machinery, biological material processes, bioenergy, farm structures, and agricultural natural resources.	Aquaculture engineering, cultured aquatic species and their production systems Biological systems engineering, a broad term to encompass aspects of agricultural and biological engineering Biomechanical engineering Bioprocess engineering, products from biological materials Bioresource engineering Biotechnological engineering Ecological engineering, ecosystems Food engineering, food processing, food machinery, packaging, ingredient manufacturing, instrumentation and control Forest engineering Natural resources engineering
Applied engineering	Systems integration, manufacturing and management.^[6]	Automation/control systems/mechatronics/robotics Computer-aided drawing and design (CADD) Construction Electronics Graphics Nanotechnology
Biological engineering	The application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products.	Bioacoustics Biochemical engineering, processes that involve biological organisms or molecules such asbioreactors Bioengineering Biological systems engineering, a broad term to encompass aspects of agricultural and biological engineering Biotechnical engineering Biomolecular engineering Bioresource engineering Bioprocess engineering Cellular engineering Food engineering Genetic engineering, manipulate genes in organisms Food and biological process engineering Microbiological engineering Molecular engineering Protein engineering, protein synthesis Systems biology Synthetic biology
Building services engineering	The design, installation, operation, and monitoring of the technical services in buildings in order to ensure a safe, comfortable, and environmentally friendly operation.	Architectural engineering Mechanical engineering Heating,ventilation andair conditioning Refrigeration Public health engineering:water services,drainage andplumbing Electrical engineering Lighting, including artificial and emergency lighting,low voltage systems, containment, distribution,distribution boards andswitchgear Lightning protection Security, video andalarm systems Escalators andlifts Fire engineering, including fire detection and fire protection Buildingfaçade engineering Energy supply –gas,electricity andrenewable sources
Electromechanics	Interaction of electrical and mechanical systems, e.g.: alternating-current electrical generators and motors
Energy engineering	Energy efficiency, energy services, facility management, plant engineering, environmental compliance, and energy production. Energy efficiency of buildings and manufacturing processes, employing advances in lighting, insulation, and heating/cooling properties.	Solar engineering, photovoltaic systems, solar thermal systems Wind engineering,wind turbines
Facilities engineering	Conditions of indoor environments	Aerobiological engineering – control of airborne pathogens and allergens Building services engineering – focus on human comfort and energy efficiency Fire protection engineering – as applied to the indoor environment
Geological engineering	Technical application ofgeology, often in support of a civil, mining, or environmental engineering project	Geophysical engineering – subsurface environments Geoenvironmental andhydrogeological engineering – effects ofman-made contamination of soil and water Mineral andhydrocarbon exploration engineering
Geomatics engineering	The design, development, and operation of systems for collecting and analyzing spatial information about the land, the oceans, natural resources, and manmade features.	Survey engineering Geodesy Geospatial
Information engineering	Generation, distribution, analysis, and use ofinformation,data andknowledge in systems.	Machine learning Data science Artificial intelligence Control theory Signal processing Telecommunications Image processing Information theory Computer vision Natural language processing Bioinformatics Medical image computing Autonomous robotics Mobile robotics
Industrial engineering	Integration, management and optimization of complex systems of people, information, resources and technology	Component engineering, optimal components to be subsequently assembled into products Construction engineering, buildings and other structures Manufacturing engineering, tools, equipment, and processes Methods engineering – roles of humans in the production process Operations engineering – logistics and production management Packaging engineering Production engineering – tools, equipment, and processes Project engineering – management of a complex project Quality engineering – quality assurance and control Reliability engineering – equipment service life Safety engineering Supply chain engineering orlogistics engineering Systems engineering – management of a complex system from design to decommissioning Usability engineering – design for learnability and error-free use
Mechatronics engineering	Automation and robotics	Automation engineering Robotics engineering Instrumentation engineering Optomechatronics engineering Biomechatronics engineering Avionics, the design of electronics and systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft
Military engineering	Fortifications, military transport routes and communication lines	Combat engineering
Mining engineering	An engineering discipline that involves the science, technology, and practice of extracting and processing minerals from a naturally occurring environment.
Quantum engineering	The application of quantum theory to the design of materials and devices. Now gaining recognition as its own branch of engineering, but more traditionally associated with sub-disciplines of electrical and computer engineering, communications engineering, solid-state and semiconductor materials engineering, optical engineering, and engineering physics.	Quantum properties ofnanomaterials,nanoelectronics and nano-scale devices Semiconductor materials andsemiconductor devices Photonics andquantum optics Quantum information systems andquantum cryptography Quantum computing
Nuclear engineering	Terrestrial and marine nuclear power plants	Medical physics Nuclear fuel Nuclear reactor design and control systems Radiation protection Fusion Energy
Petroleum engineering	A field ofengineering concerned with the activities related to the production ofHydrocarbons, which can be eithercrude oil ornatural gas. Petroleum engineers focus on studying subsurface formation properties and design and selection of equipment to maximize economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs.Petroleum geology andgeophysics focus on the provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water, and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.	Reservoir engineering, the flow of fluids in porous and permeable underground reservoirs and sub-surface stresses Drilling engineering, well-drilling, cementation, and casing Production engineering, design and selection of sub-surface equipment, surface facilities, and separation of well fluids
Project engineering	Project engineering includes all parts of the design of manufacturing or processing facilities, either new or modifications to and expansions of existing facilities. A "project" consists of a coordinated series of activities or tasks performed by engineers and designers. A small project may be under the direction of a project engineer. Large projects are typically under the direction of a project manager or management team. Project tasks typically consist of such things as performing calculations, writing specifications, preparing bids, reviewing equipment proposals and evaluating or selecting equipment, and developing and maintaining various lists (equipment and materials lists) and drawings (electrical, instrument, and piping schematics, physical layouts and other drawings used in construction). Some facilities have in-house staff to handle small projects, while some major companies have a department that does internal project engineering. Large projects are typically contracted out to project engineering companies. Staffing at engineering companies varies according to the workload and duration of employment may only last until an individual's tasks are completed.	Process engineering Instrumentation and control engineering Structural engineering Environmental engineering
Software engineering	Software engineering the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering andcomputer science to software.	Cryptographic engineering Cryptographic Engineering is the discipline of using cryptography to solve human problems. Cryptography is typically applied when trying to ensure data confidentiality, to authenticate people or devices, or to verify data integrity in risky environments Information technology engineering, (ITE) or information engineering methodology (IEM) is a software engineering approach to designing and developing information systems. It can also be considered as the generation, distribution, analysis, and use of information in systems Teletraffic engineering Telecommunications traffic engineering, teletraffic engineering, or traffic engineering is the application of traffic engineering theory to telecommunications. Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of statistics including queuing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements, and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks such as a telephone network or the Internet. These tools and knowledge help provide reliable service at a lower cost Web engineering focuses on the methodologies, techniques, and tools that are the foundation of Web application development and which support their design, development, evolution, and evaluation. Web engineering is multidisciplinary and encompasses contributions from diverse areas such as systems analysis and design, software engineering, hypermedia/hypertext engineering, requirements engineering, human-computer interaction, user interface, information technology engineering, information indexing and retrieval, testing, modeling and simulation, project management and graphic design and presentation
Supply chain engineering	Supply chain engineering concerns the planning, design, and operation ofsupply chains.^[7]^[8]	Logistics Pricing Production
Systems engineering	Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how to design and manage complex engineering projects over their life cycles. Issues, such as reliability, logistics and coordination of different teams, evaluation measurement, and other disciplines become more difficult when dealing with large or complex projects.	Systems engineering deals with work-processes, optimization methods, and risk management tools. It overlaps technical and human-centered disciplines such as control engineering, industrial engineering, organizational studies, and project management. Systems engineering ensures that all likely aspects of a project or system are considered and integrated into a whole
Textile engineering	Textile engineering courses deal with the application of scientific and engineering principles to the design and control of all aspects of fiber, textile, and apparel processes, products, and machinery. These include natural and man-made materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation, and waste and pollution control. Additionally, students are given experience in plant design and layout, machine and wet process design and improvement, and designing and creating textile products. Throughout the textile engineering curriculum, students take classes from other engineering disciplines including mechanical, chemical, materials, and industrial engineering.	Fabric engineering Industrial & production engineering Wet process engineering Yarn engineering

References

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^Julie Thompson Klein, Robert Frodeman, Carl Mitcham.The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinary.Oxford University Press, 2010. (pp. 149–150)
^Wiebe, A. J.; Chan, C. W. (April 2012). "Ontology driven software engineering".2012 25th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE). pp. 1–4.doi:10.1109/CCECE.2012.6334938.ISBN 978-1-4673-1433-6.S2CID 9911741.
^Clifford, Michael. An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering. Taylor & Francis Group LLC, 2006.ISBN 978-1-44411337-2
^Industrial Machines and Equipment
^University of Arizona OPTI 421/521: Introductory Optomechanical Engineering
^"ATMAE Membership Venn Diagram"Archived 2013-11-13 at theWayback Machine. atmae.org
^Ravindran, Ravi; Warsing, Donald Jr. (2017).Supply chain engineering : models and applications. CRC Press.ISBN 9781138077720.
^Goetschalckx, Marc (2011-08-11).Supply chain engineering. Springer.ISBN 978-1-4419-6512-7.

Engineering

History
Outline
List of engineering branches

Specialties
and
interdisciplinarity

Civil	Architectural Coastal Construction Earthquake Ecological Environmental Sanitary Geological Geotechnical Hydraulic Mining Municipal/urban Offshore River Structural Transportation Traffic Railway
Mechanical	Acoustic Aerospace Automotive Biomechanical Energy Manufacturing Marine Naval architecture Railway Sports Thermal Tribology
Electrical	Broadcast outline Control Electromechanics Electronics Microwaves Optical Power Radio-frequency Signal processing Telecommunications
Chemical	Biochemical/bioprocess Biological Bioresource Genetic Tissue Chemical reaction Electrochemical Food Molecular Paper Petroleum Process Reaction
Materials	Biomaterial Ceramics Corrosion Metallurgy Molecular Nanotechnology Polymers Semiconductors Surfaces
Computer	AI Computer Cybersecurity Data Networks Robotics Software

Engineering education

Movatterモバイル変換

Biomedical engineering

Chemical engineering

Civil engineering

Electrical engineering

Material engineering

Mechanical engineering

Interdisciplinary

See also

References