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List of dishes from the Caucasus

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Shashlyk is a dish of skewered and grilled cubes of meat that is known traditionally, by various other names, in theCaucasus andCentral Asia.[1][2]

The following dishes and beverages are part of the cuisine of theCaucasus, includingArmenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia and theNorth Caucasus.

Traditional dishes

[edit]

Cheese

[edit]
A spread of traditionalArmenian cheeses served at anArmenian restaurant
Armeniantel panir
  • Ktor panir (կտոր պանիր) — is anArmenian traditional soft cheese made from sheep's, cow's milk, or a mixture of both.
  • Ashvlagwan(Ашвлагуан)Abkhaz smoked cheese, similar tosulguni.
  • Chechil(Չեչիլ) — String (often smoked) cheese, made inArmenia.[3]: 47 
  • Adyga kwae(Адыгэ Къуае) — Mild cheese, made inCircassia.
  • Yeghegnadzor(Եղեգնաձոր) also known asHorats panir (հորած պանիր) — is a traditionalArmeniansemi-soft cheese originating from the town ofYeghegnadzor in theVayots Dzor Province of Armenia.
  • Chkinti(ჭყინტი) — Salty cheese made originally inImereti.
  • Chanakh(չանախ) — Armenian brined cheese with a sharp, salty flavor and dense texture
  • Dambalkhacho(დამბალხაჭო) — "Rotten" cheese made inPshavi andMtiuleti.
  • Motal(մոթալ) — Armenian brined cheese made from sheep's or goat's milk, traditionally produced in theSyunik andArtsakh regions.
  • Guda(გუდა) — Cheese made from sheep milk inTusheti. Its preparation takes 20 days.
    Armenianmotal cheese being sold at a store
    Circassian cheese
Ossetian cheese
Armenianyehegnadzor cheese
  • Earon tsykht(Ирон Цыхт) — Cheese made inOssetia.
  • Kanach panir(կանաչ պանիր) — Mold-ripened Armenian cheese fromShirak, with a greenish look, crumbly texture, and sharp flavor.
  • QatikFermented milk product popular amongTurks.
  • Sulguni(სულგუნი) — One of the most famous cheeses fromMingrelia, made from cow or buffalo milk.
  • Lori(լոռի) — Armenian semi-soft cheese made from pasteurized cow's milk.
  • To-beram(ТIо-берам)Cottage cheese mixed with sour cream, made traditionally inChechnya and inIngushetia.
  • Tel panir(թել պանիր) — Armenianstring cheese made from fermented milk, braided into fine threads and typically preserved in brine.

Dough

[edit]
MultipleArmenianzhingyalov hats

Starters and snacks

[edit]
Ajapsandali
Kanachi, a side-dish consiting of fresh herbs and vegetables

Soups and stews

[edit]
Armenianspas soup
Armenian khash

Main courses

[edit]
Armenianghapama in a restaurant
Vine leaf dolma, the most popular variation of dolma
Jijig-Galnash
  • Tabaka Qatami(ტაბაკა ქათამი) — Georgian roastedchicken withadjika, traditionally made inMingrelia.
  • Plov(Plov / Փլավ / ფლავი / Плов) — Rice dish, mostly cooked with meat and vegetables.
  • Karmir pilaf (կարմիր փիլավ) — Armenian red rice dish made with butter, rice, onions, herbs, spices (especiallysumac),tomato paste and sometimes meat. The word karmir means “red” inArmenian, referring to the red colour of the dish.[30]
  • Dzhed(Джед)Circassian chicken in a sauce, similar tosatsivi.
  • Amich [ru](Ամիչ) — Armenian dish made with poultry, typicallyturkey or chicken, stuffed with rice, herbs, spices and dried fruits. Historically, it was prepared withpheasant. The dish is mentioned in the 5th-century works of Armenian historiansFaustus of Byzantium andYeghishe.
  • Jijig-Galnash (Жижиг-Галнаш) — Chechen and Ingush dish consisting of Galnash (boiled dough) with meat and itsbroth.
  • Khokhob (խոխոբ) — Armenianpoultry dish made with eitherduck (most popular variation),pheasant, chicken, orturkey. The meat is cooked with tart fruits likebarberries,apricots, orraisins,kanachi herbs, nuts, and warm spices. Khokhob is often served with vegetables, potatoes, or bread. Itis often served in a garlic, walnut and pomegranate sauce.[31][32]
  • Satsivi(საცივი) — Georgian poultry meat (turkey or chicken) based dish with walnut sauce.
  • Panrkhash (պանրխաշ) —Armenian dish that consists oflavash bread,cheese,onions, andboiledwater.[33][34] The dish is prepared by layering thechechil and lavash in a ramekin or clay bowl, then addingsautéed onions and hot water before baking the mixture until golden brown.[35]
  • Khoyagusht (Хоягушт) — Meat pie from the cuisine ofMountain Jews, Made of eggs, turmeric, slow cooked meat (usually sheep or goat) and its broth.
  • Tjvjik (տժվժիկ) — Armenian dish made fromoffal (mostlyliver), fried with onions and optionally tomatopurée. It is simmered until tender and served withparsley.
  • Kofta (Küftə / Քուֆթա / გუფთა) — Spiced meatballs, made inTranscaucasia.
  • Kchuch (Կճուճ) — Armenian dish made of vegetables, spices, herbs (mostlygarlic), tail fat, meat and/or fish. It is served with lavash andturshi.
  • Kuchmachi (კუჭმაჭი) — Fried chicken livers withpomegranate seeds.
  • Kyalla (քյալլա) — Armenian dish fromGyumri, made by slow-cooking a cleaned sheep or cow head, often in atonir, until the meat becomes tender. The cooked meat and skin are chopped, seasoned with spices, as well as herbs and placed in the head. The dish is then served with garlic,torshi andlavash.[36]
  • Khali-Nukun (ХIали-Нукьун) —Dargin dish consisting of a fat-tailedlards withoatmeal.
    Khinkali
    Armenian boraki
  • Khinkali (ხინკალი) — Georgian dumpling stuffed with meat, vegetables orcottage cheese.
  • Boraki (Բորակի) —Armenian dumplings typically filled with spiced ground meat and onions, wrapped in thin dough, and often baked, or fried. Boraki are formed as small cylinders with an open top, the cylinders are lightly boiled in broth and then baked, or fried. Thed usually sit in anArmenian sauce calledlecho, which consists ofbell peppers,tomatoes, onions, garlic, oil, salt,hot peppers and sometimesvinegar. Boraki are served garnished withmatzoon and chopped garlic.[37][38]
  • Joshpara(جوش‌پَرَ/Düşbərə) - SmallIranian, Turkic and Azerbaijanidumplings served with mutton andvegetables in itsbroth.
  • Manti(մանթի) — Dumplings popular inArmenia that are usually served with herbs and spoces infusedmatzoon orsour cream (ttvaser), garlic and lecho, or another tomato based sauce.
  • Holtmash (ХьолтӀмаш) — Chechen and Ingush dumplings made fromcornmeal stuffed withnettles.
  • Gürzə — Azerbaijani dumplings.
  • Kurze (Курзе) — Long shaped dumplings stuffed with meat, popular among Dagestanis.
  • Mataz (Мэтазэ) —Circassian dumplings stuffed with various fillings (meat, cottage cheese, potato).
Fish basedLevengi
Marinatedsevan trout ready to be grilled

Condiments and sauces

[edit]
Armenian matzoon with herbs
  • Ajika(აჯიკა / Аџьыка) — Spicy paste made frompeppers,garlic,herbs,spices,walnuts andsalt. It originated in WesternGeorgia, in the regions ofMingrelia andAbkhazia, but it is used in almost all regions of the Caucasus.
  • Grape syrup (դոշաբ / pekmez) — Syrup/molasses made fromgrapes that is popular inArmenia and by extension Azerbaijan. This syrup is used in multiple foods, likestuffed apples,matzoon, or desserts such asgata and as a medicine.
  • Matzoon(Մածուն / მაწონი) — Fermented milk, similar toyoghurt. It is of Armenian origin and consumed inArmenia and Georgia. In Armenia, It is combined with spices and herbs to use it as a standalone condiment.
  • Pomegranade molasses (նուռի մածուկ / narşərab / نارشارَب) — Pomegranade-based condiment, made and used in Armenia, Azerbaijan andIran.
  • Ashtarak sauce (Աշտարակի սոուս) — Armenianwalnut andgarlic sauce fromAshtarak. It is made with walnuts, garlic, vinegar or lemon juice, and salt.[45][failed verification]
  • Bazhe(ბაჟე) — Georgianwalnut sauce with spices.
  • Mulberry syrup (թութի դոշաբ) — Armenian syrup/molasses made frommulberries and used in multiple dishes.[46]
  • Tkemali(ტყემალი) — Georgiancherry plum-based sauce.
  • Lecho (լեչո) — is a popular Armenian sauce made frombell peppers, tomatoes, onions, garlic, oil, salt, and sometimes sugar or vinegar.[38]
  • Urbech(Урбеч) — Urbech is a dagestani paste made of ground seeds or nuts.
  • Kaymak (սար; սերուցք / კაიმაღი; qaymaq) — Creamydairy food similar toclotted cream, made from themilk ofwater buffalo,cows,sheep, orgoats. Often used for desserts, It is popular in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.

Breads

[edit]
Armenian lavash
Armenian breadmatnakash

Desserts

[edit]
Armeniansharots fromGarni
Georgianchurchkhela fromKakheti

Beverages

[edit]

Alcoholic

[edit]
A bottle of ArmenianArarat brandy
  • Ararat(Հայկական կոնյակ) — FamousArmenianbrandy made from white grapes and spring water.
  • Armenian wines(Հայկական գինիներ) — Most famous include : Voski, Karasi, Yeraz Areni, Khndoghni (Sireni), Haghtanak, Milagh, Aghavnadzor, Voskehat, Kangun, Garan Dmak, Mskhali, Nazeli, Chilar.
  • Bagany(Бæгæны) — Ossetianbeer made fromwheat, barley andmaize.
  • Pomegranate wine(նռան գինի) — Armenian wine made frompomegranates.[55]
  • Makhsima(Мэхъсымэ)Circassian alcohol made fromcorn flour and wheat. Similar to boza but has higher alcohol content.
  • Arak(Арахъ)Ossetianvodka made fromcereals such aswheat orbarley. However, some are made withfruits especially by theSouth Ossetians.
  • Oghi(օղի) — Armeniandistilledspirit made from fermented fruits. Mulberries are mostly used, butgrapes,apricots,plums,cherries andpeaches are also sometimes used to make it.
  • Chacha(ჭაჭა)Georgianvodka made frompomace (grape) or other fruits which is often homemade.
  • Noy(Նոյ) — Armenianbrandy produced by theYerevan Brandy Company. It is made using Armenian grapes and spring water, aged in oak barrels.
  • Georgian wines(ქართული ღვინოები) — Most famous include :Saperavi, Tsinandali, Akasheni, Kindzmarauli, Kvanchkara, Lykhny (made in Abkhazia), etc. Most of the wines are made in the region ofKakheti.
  • Armenian beers(Հայկական գարեջուր) — Brewed from spring water, malted barley, hops, and yeast using traditional fermentation methods. Popular brands include Կիլիկիա (Kilikia), Դիլիջան (Dilijan), Լվիվ (Lviv), and Արարատ (Ararat).

Non-alcoholic

Armenianraspberrykompot
A bottle of Georgiantarkhuna
  • Kompot(կոմպոտ / Компот) — Sweet beverage made from local fruits. The fruits its made from are in the same jar as the juice itself. The most popular fruits used to make Armenian kompot with areapricots,raspberries,cherries,peaches,plums,mulberries, andquinces.
  • Tarkhuna(ტარხუნა / թարխուն)CarbonatedGeorgianlemonade withtarragon flavour that is also popular inArmenia.
  • Pear juice(տանձի հյութ / მსხლის წვენი)Carbonated beverage made frompears popular inArmenia and Georgia. Armenian pear juice is said to taste slightly likebubble gum.
  • Lagidzis water(ლაღიძის წყლები) — Georgian fruit, orchocolate-infused water, often sold in streets.
  • Tan(Թան) — Armenianmatzoon-based drink made by dilutingmatzoon with cold water and adding salt. Served chilled, often withmint or cucumber in summer.
  • AyranYogurt-based salty beverage, popular throughout theTurkic people of theNorth Caucasus andAzerbaijan.
  • Armenian coffee (հայկական սուրճ) — Strong, finely ground coffee brewed slowly in a special pot called a srjeb (սրճեփ) over low heat. It is traditionally made with coffee grounds, water,cardamom and in some versions, sugar.[56] It is served alongside desserts.[57]
  • Nogai Tea(Ногай Шай) — Salty tea brought inNorthern Caucasus by theNogais (Popular among theDagestanis).
  • Sharbat(շարբաթ / شربت / Şerbet) — Beverage made from herbs (such asmint), or fruits, popular in Armenia, Iran and Azerbaijan.
  • Tach(ТӀач)Lakkissel made fromcereals.
  • Tea(Çay / Թեյ / ჩაი / Чай / Цай) — Tea is an important beverage in the Caucasus. It is often served withmurabba.
  • Jermuk(Ջերմուկ) — Carbonated mineral water fromJermuk (Armenia).
  • Borjomi(ბორჯომი) — Carbonated mineral water from theBorjomi Gorge.[58]

Gallery

[edit]
  • Khichin
    Khichin
  • Ossetian pie, Fidzhin
    Ossetian pie, Fidzhin
  • Dolma
    Dolma
  • Dovğa
    Dovğa
  • Mataz and Haliva
    Mataz and Haliva
  • Adjika (red)
    Adjika (red)
  • Tonis puri in Tone
    Tonis puri in Tone
  • Pakhlava
    Pakhlava
  • Ayran/Tan
    Ayran/Tan

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Pokhlebkin, William Vasilyevich (2004) [1978].Natsionalnye kukhni nashikh narodov(Национальные кухни наших народов) [National Cuisines of Our Peoples] (in Russian). Moskva: Tsentrpoligraf.ISBN 5-9524-0718-8.
  2. ^Culture and Life. Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. 1982 – via Google Books.The Russian term,shashlik, has an interesting etymology: it would seem natural for the word to be borrowed from one of the Caucasian languages. But no, the Georgian for it ismtsvadi, the Azerbaijani,kebab. Shashlik is aZaporozhye Cossack coinage from the Crimean Tatarsheesh (spit), brought to Russia in the 18th century, afterField-Marshal Mienich'sCrimean campaign. Prior to the 18th century, the dish was calledverchenoye, from the Russianvertel, spit.
  3. ^abcdefPetrosian, Irina; Underwood, David (2006).Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore. Bloomington, Indiana: Yerkir Publishing. p. 76.ISBN 978-1-4116-9865-9.
  4. ^Williams, S. (2015).The Ethnomusicologists' Cookbook, Volume II: Complete Meals from Around the World. Taylor & Francis. p. 157.ISBN 978-1-135-04008-6. Retrieved11 December 2019.
  5. ^Carol Helstosky (2008).Pizza: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 59–.ISBN 978-1-86189-630-8.
  6. ^"Entry: lahmacun".American Heritage Dictionary.Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved2020-01-07.
  7. ^Goldstein, D. (2013).The Georgian Feast: The Vibrant Culture and Savory Food of the Republic of Georgia. University of California Press. p. 13.ISBN 978-0-520-27591-1. Retrieved11 December 2019.
  8. ^"Armenian Chemen".The Spice Merchant.
  9. ^Bezjian, Nigol (2009-08-18)."Bezjian: Travels with Basturma".The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved2018-11-18.
  10. ^"Sabzi Khordan – Persian Fresh Herbs Assorted Platter | All You Ever Wanted to Know! | Fig & Quince". Figandquince.com. Archived fromthe original on 2019-07-12. Retrieved2015-09-26.
  11. ^""Pamidorov Dzvadzegh" - The Scrambled Eggs & Tomatoes Armenian Style".Phoenix Tour. 9 March 2022.
  12. ^"Spas".Curious Cuisiniere. 24 December 2018.
  13. ^"Nraneh: Soup with Lamb Meat".Food on the Move. 9 July 2023.
  14. ^"Aveluk - A Uniquely Armenian Dish".Phoenix Tour. 8 February 2022.
  15. ^"Arganak".worldfood.guide. Retrieved2025-07-14.
  16. ^"Arganak | Traditional Meat Soup From Armenia | TasteAtlas".www.tasteatlas.com. Retrieved2025-07-14.
  17. ^"Culinary Delights in Armenia".TACentral.
  18. ^"Vospapour".Taste Atlas.
  19. ^"Armenian Red Lentil and Apricot Soup Recipe".Tea and Mangos. 6 September 2018.
  20. ^"Krchik (Pickled Cabbage Soup)/Քրչիկ".Vegan Armenian Kitchen.
  21. ^"Putuk aka soup with mutton and chickpeas". 9 July 2023.
  22. ^"Khashlama (Armenian Lamb Stew)".Curious Cuisiniere. 17 February 2020.
  23. ^Davidson 2014, p. 37.
  24. ^William Pokhlyobkin (1978).Национальные кухни наших народов [The Ethnic Cuisines of our Peoples. Light and Food Industry] (in Russian). Центрполиграф.ISBN 978-5-9524-2783-9.
  25. ^Davidson, Alan (2014). Tom Jaine (ed.).The Oxford Companion to Food.Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 960.
  26. ^"Armenian Food and Drink".Caucasus Travel.
  27. ^"Khurjin Food: Where Tradition Meets Modern Gastronomy".Gata Tavern. 18 September 2023.
  28. ^"Find a Rare Armenian Delicacy Inside This North Hollywood Ghost Kitchen".Eater-Los Angeles. 25 May 2023.
  29. ^"Feel the taste of Armenia".Local Travel.
  30. ^"Karmir Pilaf - Armenian "Red Rice"".Food52.
  31. ^"Khokhob (Duck with Berries)".12 Tomatoes. 18 October 2021.
  32. ^"Traditional Armenian Dish Khokhob".Armenian Virtual College.
  33. ^Wilson, Breanna (15 December 2020)."The 17 Most Beautiful Places To Travel To In Spring".Forbes. Retrieved31 January 2025.
  34. ^Brehaut, Laura (15 January 2020)."Cook this: Panrkhash — lavash and cheese bake — from Lavash, the cookbook".National Post. Retrieved31 January 2025.
  35. ^Bassil, Mona (27 July 2024)."15 Dishes And Drinks From Armenia You Need To Try At Least Once".Tasting Table. Retrieved31 January 2025.
  36. ^"Gastro Tour in Gyumri: the Famous Kyalla".Armenian Geographic.
  37. ^"Бораки" [Boraki].Кулинарные Рецепты (Culinary Recipes) (in Russian).Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved12 September 2017.
  38. ^ab"Armenian Tomato Sauce Lecho Recipe".Heghineh. 28 August 2016.
  39. ^"Armenian Fish Dishes".Advantour.
  40. ^"LLake Sevan Sig: Another Delicious Fish To Try On Your Trip To Armenia".Phoenix Tour. 28 February 2022.
  41. ^Albala 2011, p. 4.
  42. ^"List of Armenian dishes".Gata Tavern.
  43. ^"Losh Kebabs (Armenian Grilled Meat Patties)".Serious Eats.
  44. ^"Bumbar".Gatapandok. 11 December 2024.
  45. ^"Соус Аштарак".
  46. ^"Doshab".Healthy Pharm.
  47. ^abArmenian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Armenian). p. 250.

    ԲԱՂԱՐՋ, հայկական տոնական և ծիսական հաց։ Լինում է աղի ու անալի, որոնք ժող․ հավատալիքներում ունեն մոգական նշանակություն։Bagharj — Armenian festive and ritual bread. It can be salty or unsalted, both of which hold magical significance in folk beliefs.

  48. ^"Armenian Watermelon Rind Preserves (Մուրաբա)".Earth to Veg. 3 July 2021.
  49. ^"Pickled Watermelon Recipe – Ձմերուկի Թթու".Heghineh. 23 August 2016.
  50. ^"Pumpkin Preserves – Դդումի Մուրաբա".Heghineh. 10 October 2015.
  51. ^"Սերկևիլի մուրաբա".Xohanoc.
  52. ^"Mulberries in Armenia: History, Harvesting, & How Armenians Use Them".Absolute Armenia. 27 May 2023.
  53. ^"Մրջնաբույնի բաղադրատոմս".Vanilla.
  54. ^"Shpot – Armenian Sweets Recipe".Heghineh. 13 April 2018.
  55. ^"Pomegranate Wine".Wine Origins. Retrieved2025-06-25.
  56. ^Armenia. Bradt Travel Guides. 2019. p. 104.ISBN 978-1-78477079-2.
  57. ^Roufs, Timothy G.; Smyth Roufs, Kathleen (29 July 2014).Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Abc-Clio. p. 11.ISBN 978-1-61069221-2.
  58. ^Barile, S.; Espejo, R.; Perko, I.; Saviano, M. (2018).Cybernetics and Systems: Social and Business Decisions. Routledge-Giappichelli Systems Management. Taylor & Francis. p. pt111.ISBN 978-0-429-94460-4. Retrieved11 December 2019.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCuisine of the Caucasus.
  • Beliaev, Edward; Oksana Buranbaeva (2005).Cultures of the World: Dagestan. Marshall Cavendish.ISBN 0-7614-2015-0.
  • Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper.A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (2nd ed.). London & New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks.ISBN 1-86064-603-4.
  • В. В. Похлебкин.Национальные кухни наших народов. Москва: Пищевая промышленность(in Russian), 1980.ISBN 978-5-9524-2783-9 (William Pokhlyobkin,Ethnic Cuisines of our Peoples. Moscow: Soviet Food Industry publishing house, 1980).
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