Acoup d'état, often abbreviated tocoup, is the overthrow of a lawful government through illegal means. If force or violence are not involved, such an event is sometimes called asoft or bloodless coup. In another variation known as aself-coup, a ruler who came to power through legal means may try to stay in power through illegal means, thus preventing the next legal ruler from taking power. This is a chronological list of such coups and coup attempts, from ancient times to the present.
876,Kingdom of Israel:Zimri, a military commander of Israel, killedKing Elah and became king himself. Soon after, he committed suicide to avoid being overthrown by his own commander,Omri.
767,Duchy of Rome: Amidst the political turmoil of theFrankish-Byzantine rivalry for control over the Papacy,Pope Paul I contracted a fatal illness and died on June 28. Before a successor could be chosen, Roman nobles led byToto of Nepi launched a military coup, installing Toto's brother asAntipope Constantine II.
1622,Janissaries' Revolt in the Ottoman Empire: Janissaries revolted againstOsman II and imprisoned him in theSeven Towers. He was murdered shortly afterwards.
1648,Pride's Purge in England: Members of Parliament who wished to continue political negotiations withCharles I were ejected from theHouse of Commons. Those remaining—known as the Rump—went on to agree that the king should be put on trial for his life.
1774,Nana Fadnavis, along with 11 other influentialSardars of theMaratha Empire, formed the Barbhai Counsil and overthrewPeshwaRaghunath Rao, who had seized the throne after killing his own nephew,Narayanrao. After his removal, Nana Fadnavis proclaimed 40-day-old son of Narayanrao,Madhavrao II as the next Peshwa, with himself acting asregent.
1844 Haitian coup d'état: While Haitian presidentCharles Rivière-Hérard led a campaign against the Dominican Republic, a coup deposed him and brought GeneralPhilippe Guerrier to power.[26]
Haiti: GeneralSylvain Salnave, opponent of the deposedPresident Geffrard, seizes power and proclaims himself "Protector of the Republic" after pressure from a mutiny of his adherents.[30]
1904 Honduran coup d'état: On February 8, Manuel Bonilla, with the support of the American mercenaryLee Christmas, carries out a self-coup against theNational Congress of Honduras.[37]
1905 Dominican self-coup attempt: On 24 December,Carlos Morales Languasco plans a self-coup, but only a fraction of Dominican forces had arrived following his order. The plot is discovered by the President's opponents, which leads to Languasco's resignation.[40]
Goudi coup inGreece: A secret society of military officers called the Military League issued apronunciamiento, resulting in the replacement of Prime MinisterDimitrios Rallis government and various reforms.
31 March Incident in theOttoman Empire: Shortly after theYoung Turk Revolution, members of the military convened onSultan Ahmet Square to demand reestablishment ofSharia. After a brief period of rival groups claiming to represent the legitimate government, the uprising was suppressed and the former government was ultimately restored.
United Kingdom: During thesuffragette bombing and arson campaign,Special Branch detectives discovered that theWSPU had plans to create a suffragette "army" known as the "People's Training Corps" and informally as "Mrs Pankhurst's Army".[45] The army was intended to proceed in force toDowning Street to imprison ministers until they conceded women's suffrage.[45] After the discovery of the plans, they were aborted.[45]
Ethiopia: While touring the city ofHarar,Lij Iyasu was deposed by a cabal of aristocrats in favor of his auntZewditu. Forces loyal to him were defeated atSegale, and Lij Iyasu wandered northwesternEthiopia with a small band of loyal followers until captured five years later.
Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch trial.Ludendorff is fifth from the left, withHitler to the right.Ernst Röhm is to the right and in front of Hitler. Note that only two of the defendants, Hitler andFrick, were dressed in civilian clothing.
September uprising (14–29 September 1923). The September Uprising (Bulgarian: Септемврийско въстание, Septemvriysko vastanie) was an armed insurgency staged in September 1923 by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) under Comintern pressure and attempted to overthrow Alexander Tsankov's new government of Bulgaria that had come to power with the coup d'état of 9 June. Besides its communist base, the uprising was also supported by agrarians and anarchists. The uprising's goal was the "establishment of a government of workers and peasants" in Bulgaria.
Beer Hall Putsch in Germany: A failed coup was attempted byNazi Party leaderAdolf Hitler inGermany against the leaders of the Weimar Republic. The Nazis were repelled by police, and Hitler was later charged with treason.
1924 Estonian coup attempt: Communists attempted a coup against the Estonian government, but their multiple attacks were repelled. Multiple organizers were executed; some escaped to the Soviet Union, but were later executed during theGreat Purge.
June Revolution in Albania: A coup d'état overthrew the pro-Ahmet Zogu government and established a leftist government led byFan Noli. On 24 December of that year, Zogu returned to power, and Noli and his government fled from the country.
1926 Lithuanian coup d'état: A military-organized coup resulted in the replacement of the democratically elected Lithuanian government with a conservative authoritarian government led byAntanas Smetona.
Bolivia: GeneralCarlos Blanco Galindo overthrew the ministerial cabinet, which had been operating as the Bolivian executive power since the resignation ofHernando Siles Reyes the month prior.
March Incident in Japan: The radical, ultranationalistSakurakai secret society attempted to start large-scale riots in Tokyo, which instigators hoped would lead to martial law and then a coup d'état by theImperial Japanese Army. Two attempts to start riots failed, and the leaders of the plot were arrested.
October incident in Japan: The Sakurakai again plotted a coup, this time to be instigated by assassinations of key statesmen and officials. The plot was foiled by some of the plotters abandoning the effort, and leaks that reached the War Minister of Japan.
Business Plot (also called the Wall Street Putsch or the White House Putsch) in the United States: RetiredMarine CorpsMajor GeneralSmedley Butler asserted that wealthy businessmen were plotting to create a fascist veterans' organization with Butler as its leader and use it in a coup d'état to overthrow Roosevelt. While historians have questioned whether or not a coup was actually close to execution, most agree that some sort of "wild scheme" was contemplated and discussed.
Mexico: In an internal coup,Lázaro Cárdenas deported and exiled PresidentPlutarco Elías Calles, effectively ending Calles' control over the Mexican government.
Xi'an Incident in China: GeneralChiang Kai-shek was kidnapped by his deputyZhang Xueliang, who demanded that Chiang stop fighting theChinese Communists and instead agree to a united resistance against theJapanese. His wife's and her brother's subsequent negotiation with Zhang ensured Chiang's release two weeks later.
La Camperada in Bolivia (also known as the Chapaco Putsch): On March 26, a group of Tarija's officers under the leadership of Antenor Ichazo rebelled against theQuintanilla government and President-electEnrique Peñaranda.[51]
Norway: The fascist politicianVidkun Quisling attempted to overthrow the Norwegian government in response to theGerman invasion of Denmark and Norway.
20 July plot in Germany: Part ofOperation Valkyrie, theGerman resistance and German Reserve Army attempted to kill Adolf Hitler and seize control of theThird Reich in order to negotiate peace with theAllies. The coup failed after it was found Hitler did not die in the bomb blast, and the Reserve Army began to refuse to take orders from the German resistance. 5,000 conspirators were given show trials and summarily executed.
King Michael's Coup in Romania: On 23 August, pro-German dictatorIon Antonescu was overthrown andKingMichael of Romania switched the nation from the Axis side of the war to join the Allies.
Lorković–Vokić plot: planned coup by members of the Croat Government and the Croatian Peasants Party to overthrow the Ustashe, and then establish a pro-Allied Government.
Manhattan Rebellion in Thailand: A coup attempt by officers of theRoyal Thai Navy against the government of Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram failed on 29–30 June.
Silent Coup (also called the Radio Coup) in Thailand: The Army-ledNational Military Council announced the dissolution of parliament, reinstatement of the 1932 constitution, and formation of a provisional government on 29 November.
1957 coup in Thailand: A coup by members of the Royal Thai Army, under the command of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, resulted in the ouster and exile ofPlaek Phibunsongkhram.
1959 Sudanese coup attempt: was on 9 November 1959 where a group of military officers attempted a coup to overthrow Lieutenant General Ibrahim Abboud. The coup attempt failed and conspirators were court martialled and the leaders were hanged.[63][64]
Bangkok Plot: an attempt to overthrow Norodom Sihanouk.
1960 Laotian coups: Phoumi Nosavan, who came to power after a coup the previous year, was overthrown in August 1960 by his former allyKong Le. A three-way conflict ensued, and an attempt byKouprasith Abhay to seize power from Kong Le failed. Following theBattle of Vientiane, Phoumi Nosavan regained power.
1963 Dominican coup d'état: The military overthrew PresidentJuan Bosch in September 1963, only seven months into his term as the first democratically elected president in the Dominican Republic since 1924. Bosch was replaced by ajunta until it was overthrown in 1965.[68]
1964 Gabonese coup d'état: Gabonese military officers overthrew PresidentLéon M'ba and established a provisional government withJean-Hilaire Aubame as president. The provisional government was toppled shortly afterwards with the help of France, and M'ba was reinstated.
Indonesia: Members of theIndonesian National Armed Forces calling themselves the30 September Movement began a coup attempt and assassinated six Indonesian Army generals. The attempted coup failed, and was blamed on theCommunist Party of Indonesia, which led to amass purge of actual and suspected members of the party and sympathizers. While who is behind the initial coup is still being debated, Major GeneralSuharto took advantage of the chaos to exile First Indonesian PresidentSukarno and install a dictatorship that would last until 1998.[citation needed]
1965 Laotian coups: Two simultaneous and independent January coups failed. One was led by GeneralPhoumi Nosavan, who had participated in four prior coup attempts against the Royal Lao Government; the other was led by ColonelBounleuth Saycocie.
1966 alleged Ceylonese coup attempt (also known as the Bathroom coup): 31 suspects, including the commander of the army, were arrested for allegedly plotting to overthrow the government ofDudley Senanayake. They were later unanimously acquitted.[72]
1966 Laotian coup d'état: GeneralThao Ma, who wished to reserve the transports Royal Lao Air Force for strictly military use, was forced into exile by fellow generals angling to use the transports for smuggling opium and gold.
1967 coups in Sierra Leone: On 21 March, BrigadierDavid Lansana led a bloodless military coup against Prime MinisterSiaka Stevens, who had taken office hours earlier after aclosely contested election. Lansana declared himself interim leader, placing Stevens under house arrest and later releasing him, at which point Stevens went into exile. On 23 March, BrigadierAndrew Juxon-Smith led a group of military officers to seize control of the government, arrest Lansana, and suspend the constitution. They established theNational Reformation Council and made Juxon-Smith the chairman.
Biafra:Biafran Army colonelVictor Banjo plotted a coup against Biafran PresidentOdumegwu Ojukwu. The coup plot was uncovered by an informant, and Banjo and two other conspirators were executed on 22 September.
1969 Libyan coup d'état (also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or the 1 September Revolution):Muammar al-Gaddafi led a group of military officers to overthrow the monarchy of KingIdris, resulting in the abolition of the Libyan monarchy and establishment of theLibyan Arab Republic.
1969 Panamanian coup attempt (also known as Loyalty Day): On December 16, a group of loyalists officers, includingManuel Noriega, warned GeneralOmar Torrijos to a coup plot during his Mexico trip, securing his return to power in Panama.[74]
Bolivia: Ajunta of commanders of the Bolivian army enact a coup, but the highly polarized military forces were split. PresidentAlfredo Ovando Candía sought asylum in a foreign embassy, believing all hope was lost, but leftist military forces reasserted control under the leadership of GeneralJuan José Torres. Embarrassed by his quick abandonment of the fight and exhausted by a grueling 13 months in office, Ovando agreed to leave the presidency in Torres's hands.
Mishima Incident in Japan: After barricading the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Japan Self-Defense Forces and tying the commandant to a chair,Yukio Mishima, the leader of theTatenokai, delivered a speech to soldiers gathered outside, intending to inspire a coup. After this failed, Mishima committedseppuku.
Chile: With the United States Central Intelligence Agency strongly invested in Salvador Allende not coming to power in the1970 Chilean presidential election, the CIA discussed several possible coup options.[75]
1971 Turkish military memorandum: The Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces delivered a memorandum demanding the formation of a "strong and credible government, which will neutralise the current anarchical situation".
Thailand: Prime MinisterThanom Kittikachorn launched a self-coup against his own government, dissolving parliament and appointing himself Chairman of the National Executive Council.
1971 Moroccan coup attempt: A coup attempt was organized by GeneralMohamed Medbouh and ColonelM'hamed Ababou and carried out by cadets during a diplomatic function at KingHassan II's summer palace inRabat. The King and important guests were detained, and plotters took control of Rabat's radio station to say that the king had been killed and a republic had been founded. Royalist troops regained the palace and ended the coup attempt.
1973 Laotian coup attempt: Exiled GeneralThao Ma took over a Laotian airfield and led air strikes on the office and home of GeneralKouprasith Abhay in an attempt to stave off a communist coalition government in Laos. Royalist forces retook the airfield, and shot down and executed Thao Ma when he returned after the bombings, which had failed to kill Kouprasith.
Bolivia:Hugo Banzer solidifies his regime with a self-coup formulated inSupreme Decree 11947. A military-only government and ban on political activities are declared.
1975 Australian constitutional crisis (also known as "the Dismissal"): A constitutional crisis occurred in Australia. It has been referred to by some, including author John Pilger, as a "soft coup" due to allegations of involvement by British and American intelligence agencies in the removal of then-Prime MinisterGough Whitlam.[78][79][80]
Coup of 25 November 1975:A coup attempt led by far-left military units failed, putting an end to PREC. The current Portuguese Constitution would be approved and come into force five months later.
1976 Central African Republic coup attempt: On 3 February, coup plotters orchestrated an assassination attempt onJean-Bédel Bokassa at Bangui airport by throwing a grenade in his direction, but the plan failed when the grenade did not detonate.[82]
Al-Ahdab coup in Lebanon (also known as the Television coup): On 11 March, Brigadier GeneralAziz Al-Ahdab [ar] staged an abortive coup in Lebanon, which he announced via Beirut's TV station, and which demanded the resignation of PresidentSuleiman Frangieh.[83]
Operation Galaxia in Spain: A plot to stop theSpanish transition to democracy was planned for 17 November. However, some officers present at the planning informed their superiors, and the plan was thwarted.
Bolivia: After the annulment of afraudulent election in which term-limitedHugo Banzer ensured the win of his surrogate,Juan Pereda, then denounced Pereda and blamed him for the rigged election, Pereda launched acoup and was sworn in as president. Pereda himself was overthrown several months later byDavid Padilla, who briefly served as president until new elections could be held.
Bolivia:Alberto Natusch enacted a coup against the interim government ofWálter Guevara, but resigned after just sixteen days. As a face-saving measure, Natusch secured an agreement that Guevara wouldn't return as president, andLidia Gueiler became interim president.
1980 Surinamese coup d'état (also known as the Sergeants' Coup): A group of military officers, led byDési Bouterse, overthrew the government of Prime MinisterHenck Arron. The coup began a military dictatorship that lasted until 1991.
1981 Spanish coup attempt (also known as 23-F or the Tejerazo): Lieutenant-ColonelAntonio Tejero attempted a coup in which members of the military entered theCongress of Deputies during the vote to elect aPresident of the Government. The officers held the parliamentarians and ministers hostage for 18 hours, but surrendered the next morning without killing anyone.
Assassination of Ziaur Rahman in Bangladesh: A faction of officers of the Bangladesh Army succeeded in assassinating PresidentZiaur Rahman, who had survived many prior assassination attempts. The army suppressed the coup, and Vice PresidentAbdus Sattar became acting president.
Suriname:Wilfred Hawker led an attempted coup against the government ofDési Bouterse, who had come to power in a coup the previous year. The coup failed, and Hawker was imprisoned and later executed.
1981 Seychelles coup attempt (also known as the Seychelles affair or Operation Angela): A South African-orchestrated coup attempt failed to overthrow the government of Prime MinisterFrance-Albert René in Seychelles and install the previous presidentJames Mancham to power.
1983 Upper Voltan coup attempt: A few months after the Somé-led coup deposed Zerbo, several army officers decided to kill members of the Council of Popular Salvation and restore Zerbo to power. The plotters were arrested before they were able to do so.
Grenada: In a military coup, Deputy Prime MinisterMaurice Bishop was placed under house arrest. Bishop, who enjoyed popularity among the Grenadian population, was freed by supporters, and Bishop and some of his co-conspirators were executed. After the execution, thePeople's Revolutionary Army (PRA) formed a military Marxist government with GeneralHudson Austin as chairman. TheUnited States invaded Grenada shortly after.
Romania: A tentativecoup d'état planned in October 1984 failed when the military unit assigned to carry out the plan was sent to harvest maize instead.[91]
The Carapintada uprising in Argentina: Lieutenant ColonelAldo Rico andCarapintada followers took up arms to make demands of the Argentine government. However, the public was sensitive to any military demands following decades of coups, and rallied around Alfonsin.
1987 Fijian coups d'état: Lieutenant ColonelSitiveni Rabuka overthrew the government of Prime MinisterTimoci Bavadra. After temporarily handing power to a council of ministers, in September that year, Rabuka seized control of the country again, deposedQueen Elizabeth II as head of state, and declared Fiji a republic.
Sierra Leone: On 23 March, police reported that a group of conspirators, including Vice PresidentFrancis Minah, was plotting to assassinate PresidentJoseph Saidu Momoh and stage a coup after they raided a house in Freetown and discovered a cache of weapons, including rocket launchers. Minah and seventeen other alleged conspirators were convicted of treason and sentenced to death.
Argentina: Aldo Rico, who had been imprisoned following a 1987 coup attempt, escaped prison and began a new attempt to overthrow PresidentRaúl Alfonsín. Rico surrendered after a brief combat with the Argentinian army.
Argentina: ColonelMohamed Alí Seineldín, backed by theCarapintadas, launched a coup attempt against President Alfonsin, but he and the other conspirators were jailed.
1988 Guatemalan coup attempt: On May 11, a faction of the Guatemalan army attempted a coup against PresidentVinicio Cerezo, but was unsuccessful.[92]
1988 Maldives coup attempt: A group of Maldivians, assisted by mercenaries, gained control of the capital and major government buildings, but the coup ultimately failed after intervention by Indian armed forces.
1989 Guatemalan coup attempt: On 9 May, a group of retired military officers attempted another coup against PresidentVinicio Cerezo, but was suppressed.[92]
1989 Ethiopian coup attempt: On 16 May, while PresidentMengistu Haile Mariam was out of the country for a four-day state visit to East Germany, senior military officials attempted a coup and the Minister of Defense, Haile Giyorgis Habte Mariam, was killed. Mengistu quickly returned, and nine generals, including the air force commander and the army chief of staff, died as the coup was crushed.
1989 Panamanian coup attempt: MajorMoisés Giroldi led a failed coup attempt, supported by a group of officers who had returned from aUnited Nations peacekeeping mission in Namibia. Although the plotters succeeded in capturing Panamanian dictatorManuel Noriega, the coup was quickly suppressed. Giroldi and nine others were executed, and another participant in the coup attempt died in prison after being tortured.
1990 Nigerian coup attempt: MajorGideon Orkar attempted to overthrow the government of GeneralIbrahim Babangida. Though successful in seizing military posts, a radio station, and the presidential residence, Orkar and others involved in the coup were captured by government troops, convicted of treason, and later executed.
Argentina:Mohamed Alí Seineldín and otherCarapintadas made a second attempt at overthrowing the Argentine government, now led by PresidentCarlos Menem. The coup failed, and Seineldín was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served until his 2003pardon.[94]
1990 Chadian coup d'état: The forces of thePatriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), aLibyan–backed rebel group under the leadership of GeneralIdriss Déby, entered the Chadian capitalN'Djamena unopposed. After three months of provisional government, the MPS approved a national charter on 28 February 1991, with Déby as president.
1990 Panamanian coup attempt: On December 5, Colonel Eduardo Herrera Hassan, a former officer in thePanama Defense Forces, led a police rebellion againstGuillermo Endara. Herrera's coup attempt was suppressed with U.S. support.[95]
1990 Surinamese coup d'état (also known as the Telephone Coup): Acting commander-in-chief of theSuriname National Army (SNL), Police ChiefIvan Graanoogst, dismissed PresidentRamsewak Shankar by telephone on 24 December. On 27 December, the government was dismissed, the National Assembly was dissolved, andJohan Kraag was appointed as president on 29 December. On 31 December,Dési Bouterse was reappointed as commander-in-chief of the SNL.
1992 Peruvian coup d'état: In a self-coup on 5 April, PresidentAlberto Fujimori dissolved the Peruvian congress and judiciary and assumed full legislative and judicial powers.
1992 Peruvian coup attempt: On 13 November, General Jaime Salinas Sedó led a group of military officers in attempting to overthrow President Fujimori, but was unsuccessful.
1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis: PresidentJorge Serrano Elías unsuccessfully launched a self-coup, illegally suspending the constitution and dissolving Congress and the Supreme Court. Facing protests and international pressure, Serrano resigned the presidency and fled the country. He was briefly replaced by Vice PresidentGustavo Adolfo Espina Salguero, but after Espina was found by the Supreme Court to have been involved in the coup, Congress replaced him withRamiro de León Carpio.
1994 Gambian coup d'état: A group of soldiers led by LieutenantYahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless coup on 22 July, oustingDawda Jawara, who had been President of the Gambia since its independence in 1965.
1996 Qatari coup attempt: Many members of theAl Thani family who were still allies of Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, who had been deposed in a coup the prior year, organized a coup to overthrow Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. However, the coup was discovered and thwarted.
1997 Turkish military memorandum (also known as the Post-modern coup): Military decisions issued in aNational Security Council meeting on 28 February have been described as a coup. Although the parliament was not dissolved, the military pressure resulted in the resignation of Prime MinisterNecmettin Erbakan.
On 16 October 1997 Cobra militia supported by tanks and a force of 1,000 Angolan troops cemented their control of Brazzaville, having oustedPascal Lissouba.Denis Sassou Nguessoassumed power on the following day, declaring himself president.
May 1998 riots of Indonesia: Mass violence, demonstrations, and civil unrest throughout Indonesia, triggered by economic problems including food shortages and mass unemployment, eventually led tothe resignation of PresidentSuharto and the fall of theNew Order.
1999 Tashkent bombings: In addition to terrorist attacks in different parts of the capital ofUzbekistan, there was an attempt to assassinateIslam Karimov and an explosion at the Cabinet of Ministers building before the government meeting. Some, including in the government of Uzbekistan, called it an attempted coup by Islamist forces.
2000 Fijian coup d'état: A civilian coup by hardline i-Taukei nationalists against the elected government of Prime MinisterMahendra Chaudhry occurred on 19 May. PresidentKamisese Mara attempted to assert executive authority on 27 May, but gave his resignation, possibly forced, on 29 May. An interim government headed by CommodoreFrank Bainimarama was set up, and handed power over to an interim administration headed byRatu Josefa Iloilo, as president, on 13 July.
2001 Burundian coup attempt: A group of junior army officers attempted a coup against PresidentPierre Buyoya, who was out of the country. The conspirators briefly occupied a state-run radio station before being removed by forces loyal to the president.
2002 Ivorian coup attempt: A coup may have been attempted on 19 September, the first night of theFirst Ivorian Civil War. Former presidentRobert Guéï was killed; state government claimed it had happened as he attempted to lead a coup, but it was widely claimed that Guéï and fifteen others had been murdered in his home and his body moved.
2002 Venezuelan coup attempt:PresidentHugo Chávez was ousted from office for 47 hours before being restored to power with the help of popular support (mostly labor unions) and members of the military.
Oakwood mutiny in thePhilippines: A group of military defectors who came to be known as theMagdalo (mutineers) forcibly occupied the Oakwood Premier apartments and demanded the resignation of PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo and other officials. They relinquished the apartments about 20 hours later after negotiations.
2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt (also known as the Wonga Coup): A plot was developed to replace PresidentTeodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo with exiled opposition politician,Severo Moto Nsá. However, the mercenaries who had been hired by mostly British financiers were arrested in Zimbabwe before they could carry out the plot.
Coup inMadagascar: the army seized one of the presidential palaces on 16 March 2009, at which presidentMarc Ravalomanana was not present. The proposal offered by the president for a referendum to solve the crisis was rejected. On 17 March 2009, Marc Ravalomanana resigned under pressure from the military.
On 24 April 2009, theEthiopian government claimed, through theEthiopian News Agency, that it had foiled a coup attempt led by members of Ginbot 7 to overthrow the government.[112] Ginbot 7 described the allegation that it had attempted a coup as a "baseless accusation" that fitted a pattern of distraction and scapegoating by the government.[113]
2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état:Harare,Zimbabwe. In the early hours of 15 November 2017, an army spokesman announced the military takeover of government. This was after the army had seized control of the state run television broadcasting station. During the night before they had stormed the president's private residence and placed the head of state, PresidentRobert Mugabe under house arrest. The military police also captured and detained some cabinet ministers whom they labelled criminals around the president. It would succeed with the resignation of Mugabe on 21 November 2017.[164]
In December anattempted coup against the government in Equatorial Guinea.[165]
2019 Amhara Region coup attempt: On 22 June 2019, factions of the security forces of Amhara Region,Ethiopia, attempted a coup against the regional government after a series of assassinations.
On September 20, 2019, 3 people were arrested for taking part in a coup plot in Ghana.[175]
On 20 October, a senior army officer inSudan announced that some retired members of the Popular Defence Forces and officers under leader Brigadier General Mohammed Ibrahim Abdul-Jalil had foiled a coup plot. TheSudanese government has not confirmed this claim.[179]
2021 Nigerien coup attempt: On 31 March, elements within the military attempted a coup. After gunfire at the presidential palace, Presidential Guard fended off the attack and many of its alleged perpetrators were later detained.[210][211]
2021 arrests in Jordan: On 3 April, Jordanian authorities arrested top officials and members of the royal family, including former CrownPrinceHamzah bin Hussein, for involvement in an attempted coup.[212]
October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état: On 25 October, the military forces of Sudan launched a successful coup against the government. The prime ministerAbdalla Hamdok was arrested, the government was dissolved and a state of emergency was declared byAbdel Fattah al-Burhan.[219] Hamdok was later reinstated in November but resigned in 2022 amid continuing protests.[220]
2021 Ukrainian coup d'état attempt: In November 2021, top Ukrainian government officials outlined allegations of a plot to overthrow the government ofUkraine which was to take place in early December. The coup plot was allegedly orchestrated by Russia. Some months later, Russia launched aninvasion of Ukraine, with the toppling of the Ukrainian government being one of its objectives.[224]
2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt: A coup d'état was attempted in Guinea-Bissau on 1 February 2022. President Umaro Sissoco Embalo said that "many" members of the security forces had been killed in a "failed attack against democracy".[227]
2022 Ukrainian coup d'état attempt: Russian intelligence agencyFSB and recruited ATO veterans were set to take control of various Ukrainian cities, install pro-Russian leaders in them and transfer those cities to the Russian army during theRussian invasion of Ukraine. However, as plans for coup were discovered by Ukrainian authorities, people who were set to participate in it were detained by SBU.[228][229]
2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt: An attempted coup d'état was reported to have taken place on the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe overnight on 24–25 November 2022.[232]
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^Ehsan Yar-Shater (1982).Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 165.Uzun Ḥasan successfully resumed the war with the Qara Qoyunlū and in the autumn of 856/1452 seized Āmed in a bloodless coup while Jahāngīr was away on a military expedition in Kurdistan.
^Costeloe, M. P. (2002). The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835-1846: 'Hombres de Bien' in the Age of Santa Anna. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Pg.256-261
^Hudson, Rex A.; Hanratty, Dennis M., eds. (1989). "Political Instability and Economic Decline, 1839–79".Bolivia: A Country Study.countrystudies.us (Report). Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress. Archived fromthe original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved1 September 2017.
^Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics".Armed Forces & Society.50 (4):1096–1117.doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667.S2CID257268269.
^Peyton, Buddy; Bajjalieh, Joseph; Shalmon, Dan; Martin, Michael; Bonaguro, Jonathan (2021): Cline Center Coup D'état Project Dataset. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.https://doi.org/10.13012/B2IDB-9651987_V3
^"The Gandhi Coup".The New York Times. 27 June 1975. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved6 July 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"Picking up the Pieces in the Central African Republic". 29 January 2021.The government is deeply aggrieved at the perceived failure of some opposition leaders to clearly distance themselves from the coup attempt mounted by Bozizé
^"Coup-Proofing: Russia's Military Blueprint to Securing Resources in Africa". 10 March 2021.These forces, joined by Rwandan troops, MINUSCA, and the country's Russian-trained military, retook three towns and major roads near the capital, successfully repelling the coup and allowing the election to move forward
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