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Historical demographics
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Demographic history
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World population estimates
List of countries by population
1700	1800	1900

This is alist of countries by population in 1800. Estimate numbers are from the beginning of the year, and exact population figures are for countries that were having a census in the year 1800 (which were on various dates in that year). The bulk of these numbers are sourced from Alexander V. Avakov's Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1, pages 21 to 24, which cover population figures from the year 1800 divided into modern borders. Avakov, in turn, cites a variety of sources, mostly Angus Maddison. Italian sub figures are derived from elsewhere.^[1] Other figures come from Jan Lahmeyer's website,^[2] which in turn is based on a variety of sources.^[3]

This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(September 2025)

Rank	Country/Territory	Populationc. 1800	Percentage of World Population
–	World	1,035,908,890	–
1	Qing China[2] subdivisions China Proper – 297,623,950 Taiwan – 2,000,000 Mongolia – 619,000[4] Xinjiang – 475,000[5] Hong Kong – 20,000	300,150,000	29.0%
2	Maratha Confederacy[6][note 1]	~116,000,000	~11.2%
3	Britain and possessions[7][2][8][note 2] subdivisions Kingdom of Great Britain[9][10] – 10,481,401 British East India Company[11] – 30,765,640 constituents Bengal Presidency – 28,796,640 Northern Circars – ? Kingdom of Mysore – 1,969,000 Hyderabad State – ? Kingdom of Ireland – 5,200,000 Cape Colony (occupied by British forces) – 1,550,000 British Caribbean – 436,643 constituents Jamaica – 250,000 Barbados – 81,000 Guyana – 50,000 Grenada – 20,000 Trinidad & Tobago – 17,643 The Bahamas – 8,000 Canada (Upper &Lower) – 300,000 Surinam (occupied by British forces) – 54,000 Belize – 15,000 Gibraltar – 5,339 Australia – 5,200[12][13][note 3] Bermuda – 4,000 Hannover – ~16,470	~49,907,000	~4.7%
4	Holy Roman Empire[14] subdivisions Bohemian Crown – 5,516,000 Archduchy of Austria and related territories – 3,370,000 Electorate of Bavaria – 3,200,000 Margraviate of Brandenburg – 1,500,000 Duchy of Württemberg – 1,350,000 Duchy of Milan – 1,100,000[15] Electorate of Saxony – 1,050,000 Grand Duchy of Tuscany – 1,000,000 Margraviate of Baden – 912,000 Duchy of Styria – 912,000 Hanover – 777,000 Thuringian states – 612,000 County of Tyrol – 610,000 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt – 520,000 Duchy of Parma – 500,000 Duchy of Carniola – 400,000 Duchy of Modena and Reggio – 350,000 Duchy of Holstein – 350,000 Prince-Bishopric of Münster – 350,000 Electorate of Mainz – 336,000 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – 318,000 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – 300,000 Nassau – 270,000 Duchy of Magdeburg – 269,000 Austrian Silesia – 250,000 Bishopric of Würzburg – 250,000 Electorate of Trier – 240,000 Electorate of Cologne – 238,000 Electoral Palatinate – 228,000 Archbishopric of Salzburg- 220,000 Duchy of Oldenburg – 159,000 Hamburg – 150,000 Principality of Reuss Elder Line – 76,308 Principality of Lippe – 70,540 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – 70,000 Anhalt-Dessau – 52,000 Arenberg – 48,000 Free City of Lübeck – 45,000 Imperial Free City of Trieste – 40,000 Anhalt-Bernburg – 35,000 Anhalt-Köthen – 33,000 Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe – 20,132 Liechtenstein – 5,400 Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg – ? Saxe-Lauenburg – ? Hesse-Homburg – ? Schleswig – ? Bishopric of Lübeck – ? Principality of Ansbach – 215,000	~41,050,000	~4.0%
5	France and possessions[16][2] subdivisions French Republic – 26,758,000 Belgium – 4,000,000 Subalpine Republic – 2,661,000 Ligurian Republic – 2,011,000 Helvetic Republic – 1,600,000 Cisalpine Republic – 1,300,000 Saint-Domingue – 657,000 French India – 175,000 Luxembourg – 140,000 Mauritius[8] – 70,000 Malta – 60,000 Louisiana – 44,116 French Guiana – 14,500 Principality of Andorra – 5,000 Saint Pierre and Miquelon – ?	~39,600,000	~3.8%
6	Russian Empire[2] subdivisions Russia – 21,248,000 Ukraine[note 4] – 7,800,000 Belarus – ? Russian Poland – 3,200,000 Governorate of Livonia andCourland Governorate – 725,000 Governorate of Estonia – 650,000 Grand Duchy of Lithuania – 600,000 Septinsular Republic – 120,000 Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti – 320,000	35,005,000	3.4%
7	Tokugawa Japan[2]	29,000,000	2.8%
8	Spain and possessions[2][17] subdivisions Kingdom of Spain – 10,541,000 New Spain – 5,945,000 New Granada – 2,300,000 Río de la Plata – 2,082,000 Philippines – 1,800,000 Peru – 1,400,000 Chile – 800,000 Guatemala – 425,000 Cuba – 300,000 Puerto Rico – 136,000 Louisiana – 44,116 Yucatán – ? Provincias Internas – ?	26,500,000	2.6%
9	Ottoman Empire[2][18] subdivisions Anatolia – 8,400,000 Egypt Eyalet – ~4,000,000[19] -[20] 4,394,000[4] Beylik of Tunis – ? Ottoman Algeria – 3,000,000[21] Bulgaria – 2,700,000 Ottoman Tripolitania – ? Iraq- ? Greece – 500,000 Habesh Eyalet – ? Serbia – ? Syria – ? Sidon Eyalet – ? Albania – ? Palestine – 250,000 Cyprus – ? Bosnia – ? Crete – ? Childir Eyalet – ? vassal states Principality of Wallachia – 1,000,000[22] Principality of Moldavia - 900,000[22] Kingdom of Imereti – 200,000 Principality of Mingrelia – 110,000 Principality of Abkhazia – 65,000 Principality of Guria – 30,000 Septinsular Republic – ?	26,000,000	2.5%
10	Habsburg monarchy[2] subdivisions Archduchy of Austria – 1,820,000 Kingdom of Hungary – 6,300,000 Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – 3,900,000 Kingdom of Bohemia – 2,810,000 Venetian Province – 1,845,000 Principality of Transylvania – 1,500,000 Margraviate of Moravia – 1,260,000 Duchy of Styria – 800,000 County of Tyrol – 610,000 Military Frontier – 565,000 Kingdom of Croatia – 400,000 Duchy of Carniola – 400,000 Duchy of Carinthia – 300,000 Dalmatia – 300,000 Austrian Silesia – 250,000 Duchy of Bukovina – 130,000 Imperial Free City of Trieste – 40,000 Kingdom of Slavonia – 285,000 County of Gorizia and Gradisca – 120,000	23,145,000	2.2%
11	Joseon[23]	~18,500,000	~1.8%
12	Sikh Empire[24]	12,000,000	1.2%
13	Kingdom of Prussia subdivisions Margraviate of Brandenburg – 1,500,000	8,700,000[25]	0.9%
14	Carnatic Sultanate[26]	10,000,000	1%
15	Durrani Afghan Empire[7]	9,780,000	0.9%
16	Portuguese Empire[2] subdivisions Kingdom of Portugal – 2,970,000 Viceroyalty of Brazil – 3,600,000 Mozambique – 1,250,000 Angola – 1,010,000 Timor – 300,000 Portuguese India – 210,000 constituents Goa – ? Dadra and Nagar Haveli – ? Cape Verde – ? Guinea – ? Portuguese Macau – ?	~9,400,000	~0.9%
17	Tây Sơn dynasty (Đại Việt)[27]	7,291,000	0.7%
18	Kingdom of Naples[16] subdivisions Kingdom of Naples – 5,000,000 Kingdom of Sicily – 1,700,000	7,000,000	0.7%
19	Batavian Republic subdivisions Batavian Republic – 1,850,000 Dutch East Indies – 4,200,000 Dutch Gold Coast – ? Curaçao and Dependencies – ? Aruba – ? Dutch Bengal – ? Dutch Suratte – ? Dutch Coromandel – ?	~6,050,000	~0.6%
20	Qajar Iran[28]	6,010,000	0.6%
21	United States of America[29]	5,509,879	0.5%
22	Morocco[7]	5,000,000	0.3%
23	Konbaung dynasty (Burma)[30]	4,200,000	0.4%
24	Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam)[31][32]	4,050,000[note 5]	0.1%-0.4%
25	Talpur Sindh[33]	4,000,000	0.4%
26	Sweden[34]	3,347,000	0.3%
27	Kazakh Khanate[35]	2,985,000	0.3%
28	Ethiopian Empire[36]	2,950,000	0.3%
29	Kingdom of Sardinia	2,900,000[1]	0.30%
30	Papal States[37]	2,300,000	0.2%
31	Denmark–Norway[34][2] subdivisions Denmark – 929,000 Norway- 883,000 Holstein – 350,000 Iceland- 46,000 Danish West Indies – 40,000 Greenland – 5,000 Schleswig – ? Danish India – ?	~2,200,000	~0.2%
32	Oyo Empire[38][39][note 6]	~2,175,016	0.2%
33	Emirate of Diriyah[7] subdivisions Trucial Sheiks – 41,000	2,132,000	0.2%
34	Cambodia[7]	2,090,000	0.2%
35	Southern Vietnam under Nguyễn Ánh[40]	1,770,000	0.2%
36	Grand Duchy of Tuscany[16]	1,224,000	0.13%
37	Emirate of Bukhara[41]	1,200,000	0.12%
38	Parma[16]	415,000	0.042%
39	Sultanate of Oman[7] subdivisions Oman – 300,000 Bahrain – 63,000	363,000	0.037%
40	Aro Confederacy[38][42][note 7]	~349,081	0.036%
41	Ankole[43][note 8]	205,800	0.021%
42	Ryukyu Kingdom[44] (Japanese vassal)	155,650	0.016%
43	Hawaiian Kingdom[note 9]	145,000 (est.)[45][note 10]	0.015%
44	Republic of Lucca[16]	120,000	0.012%
45	Republic of Ragusa[2]	30,000	0.012%
46	Dendi Kingdom[43][note 11]	~17,243	0.0018%
47	Kingdom of Tahiti[note 12]	16,000[47][note 13]	0.0016%
48	Qatar[7]	14,000	0.0014%
49	Liechtenstein	5,800[48]	0.00059%
50	San Marino	5,490[48]	0.00056%
51	Andorra	2,650[48]	0.00027%

The aggregate populations will exceed the total population because some states existed in multiple entities. For example, theKingdom of Prussia and theHabsburg monarchy had holdings that were also part of theHoly Roman Empire (though not all of thePrussian andHabsburg territories shared this aspect). In another case, the province ofWallachia was a vassal of theOttoman sultan, but also a tributary of theRussian Empire.

• List of countries by population
• List of countries by population in 1700
• List of countries by population in 1900
• List of countries by population in 2000
• List of countries by population in 2005

• Kurt Witthauer. Bevölkerung der Erde (1958)
• Calendario atlante de Agostini, anno 99 (2003)
• The Columbia gazetteer of the world (1998)
• Britannica book of the year : world data (1997)

• 1800
• Lists of countries by population and year

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles with self-published sources from January 2019
• All articles with self-published sources
• Incomplete lists from September 2025