118chemical elements have beenidentified and named officially byIUPAC . A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type ofatom which has a specific number ofprotons in itsatomic nucleus (i.e., a specificatomic number , orZ ).[ 1]
The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is theperiodic table of the elements , whosehistory along the principles of theperiodic law was one of the founding developments of modernchemistry . It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviatedchemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such asatomic weight ,density , andelectronegativity . For more detailed information about the origins of element names, seeList of chemical element name etymologies .
List of chemical elements
Z Sym. Element Name[ 2] [ 3] Group Period Block Atomic [ a] (Da ) Density [ b] [ c] (g / cm3 Melting [ d] (K ) Boiling [ e] (K ) Specific [ f] (J / g · K Electronegativity [ g] Abundance [ h] (mg / kg ) Origin[ i] Phase [ j] 1 H Hydrogen [ k] 1 1 s-block 089 88 400 primordial gas 2 He Helium [ l] 18 1 s-block 1785 –[ m] – primordial gas 3 Li Lithium [ n] 1 2 s-block primordial solid 4 Be Beryllium [ o] 2 2 s-block primordial solid 5 B Boron [ p] 13 2 p-block primordial solid 6 C Carbon [ q] 14 2 p-block primordial solid 7 N Nitrogen [ r] 15 2 p-block 2506 primordial gas 8 O Oxygen [ s] 16 2 p-block 429 000 primordial gas 9 F Fluorine [ t] 17 2 p-block 696 primordial gas 10 Ne Neon [ u] 18 2 p-block 9002 – primordial gas 11 Na Sodium [ v] 1 3 s-block 600 primordial solid 12 Mg Magnesium [ w] 2 3 s-block 300 primordial solid 13 Al Aluminium [ x] 13 3 p-block 300 primordial solid 14 Si Silicon [ y] 14 3 p-block 000 primordial solid 15 P Phosphorus [ z] 15 3 p-block 050 primordial solid 16 S Sulfur [ aa] 16 3 p-block primordial solid 17 Cl Chlorine [ ab] 17 3 p-block primordial gas 18 Ar Argon [ ac] 18 3 p-block 784 – primordial gas 19 K Potassium [ ad] 1 4 s-block 900 primordial solid 20 Ca Calcium [ ae] 2 4 s-block 500 primordial solid 21 Sc Scandium [ af] 3 4 d-block primordial solid 22 Ti Titanium [ ag] 4 4 d-block 650 primordial solid 23 V Vanadium [ ah] 5 4 d-block primordial solid 24 Cr Chromium [ ai] 6 4 d-block primordial solid 25 Mn Manganese [ aj] 7 4 d-block primordial solid 26 Fe Iron [ ak] 8 4 d-block 300 primordial solid 27 Co Cobalt [ al] 9 4 d-block primordial solid 28 Ni Nickel [ am] 10 4 d-block primordial solid 29 Cu Copper [ an] 11 4 d-block 357 .77primordial solid 30 Zn Zinc [ ao] 12 4 d-block primordial solid 31 Ga Gallium [ ap] 13 4 p-block primordial solid 32 Ge Germanium [ aq] 14 4 p-block 211 .40primordial solid 33 As Arsenic [ ar] 15 4 p-block [ as] primordial solid 34 Se Selenium [ at] 16 4 p-block primordial solid 35 Br Bromine [ au] 17 4 p-block primordial liquid 36 Kr Krypton [ av] 18 4 p-block 749 × 10−4 primordial gas 37 Rb Rubidium [ aw] 1 5 s-block primordial solid 38 Sr Strontium [ ax] 2 5 s-block primordial solid 39 Y Yttrium [ ay] 3 5 d-block primordial solid 40 Zr Zirconium [ az] 4 5 d-block primordial solid 41 Nb Niobium [ ba] 5 5 d-block primordial solid 42 Mo Molybdenum [ bb] 6 5 d-block primordial solid 43 Tc Technetium [ bc] 7 5 d-block – × 10−9 from decay solid 44 Ru Ruthenium [ bd] 8 5 d-block primordial solid 45 Rh Rhodium [ be] 9 5 d-block primordial solid 46 Pd Palladium [ bf] 10 5 d-block 828 .05primordial solid 47 Ag Silver [ bg] 11 5 d-block 234 .93primordial solid 48 Cd Cadmium [ bh] 12 5 d-block primordial solid 49 In Indium [ bi] 13 5 p-block primordial solid 50 Sn Tin [ bj] 14 5 p-block primordial solid 51 Sb Antimony [ bk] 15 5 p-block primordial solid 52 Te Tellurium [ bl] 16 5 p-block primordial solid 53 I Iodine [ bm] 17 5 p-block primordial solid 54 Xe Xenon [ bn] 18 5 p-block 894 × 10−5 primordial gas 55 Cs Caesium [ bo] 1 6 s-block primordial solid 56 Ba Barium [ bp] 2 6 s-block primordial solid 57 La Lanthanum [ bq] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 58 Ce Cerium [ br] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 59 Pr Praseodymium [ bs] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 60 Nd Neodymium [ bt] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 61 Pm Promethium [ bu] f-block groups 6 f-block – × 10−19 from decay solid 62 Sm Samarium [ bv] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 63 Eu Europium [ bw] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 64 Gd Gadolinium [ bx] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 65 Tb Terbium [ by] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 66 Dy Dysprosium [ bz] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 67 Ho Holmium [ ca] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 68 Er Erbium [ cb] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 69 Tm Thulium [ cc] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 70 Yb Ytterbium [ cd] f-block groups 6 f-block primordial solid 71 Lu Lutetium [ ce] 3 6 d-block primordial solid 72 Hf Hafnium [ cf] 4 6 d-block primordial solid 73 Ta Tantalum [ cg] 5 6 d-block primordial solid 74 W Tungsten [ ch] 6 6 d-block primordial solid 75 Re Rhenium [ ci] 7 6 d-block × 10−4 primordial solid 76 Os Osmium [ cj] 8 6 d-block primordial solid 77 Ir Iridium [ ck] 9 6 d-block primordial solid 78 Pt Platinum [ cl] 10 6 d-block 041 .4primordial solid 79 Au Gold [ cm] 11 6 d-block 337 .33primordial solid 80 Hg Mercury [ cn] 12 6 d-block primordial liquid 81 Tl Thallium [ co] 13 6 p-block primordial solid 82 Pb Lead [ cp] 14 6 p-block 2+ )primordial solid 83 Bi Bismuth [ cq] 15 6 p-block primordial solid 84 Po Polonium [ cr] 16 6 p-block [ a] – × 10−10 from decay solid 85 At Astatine [ cs] 17 6 p-block – × 10−20 from decay unknown phase 86 Rn Radon [ ct] 18 6 p-block 73 × 10−13 from decay gas 87 Fr Francium [ cu] 1 7 s-block – [ 5] × 10−18 from decay unknown phase 88 Ra Radium [ cv] 2 7 s-block × 10−7 from decay solid 89 Ac Actinium [ cw] f-block groups 7 f-block × 10−10 from decay solid 90 Th Thorium [ cx] f-block groups 7 f-block primordial solid 91 Pa Protactinium [ cy] f-block groups 7 f-block – × 10−6 from decay solid 92 U Uranium [ cz] f-block groups 7 f-block 405 .3primordial solid 93 Np Neptunium [ da] f-block groups 7 f-block – × 10−12 from decay solid 94 Pu Plutonium [ db] f-block groups 7 f-block – × 10−11 from decay solid 95 Am Americium [ dc] f-block groups 7 f-block – – synthetic solid 96 Cm Curium [ dd] f-block groups 7 f-block – – synthetic solid 97 Bk Berkelium [ de] f-block groups 7 f-block – – synthetic solid 98 Cf Californium [ df] f-block groups 7 f-block [ b] – – synthetic solid 99 Es Einsteinium [ dg] f-block groups 7 f-block – – synthetic solid 100 Fm Fermium [ dh] f-block groups 7 f-block [ b] [ 6] [ 7] – – – synthetic unknown phase 101 Md Mendelevium [ di] f-block groups 7 f-block – – – synthetic unknown phase 102 No Nobelium [ dj] f-block groups 7 f-block – – – synthetic unknown phase 103 Lr Lawrencium [ dk] 3 7 d-block – – – synthetic unknown phase 104 Rf Rutherfordium [ dl] 4 7 d-block – – – synthetic unknown phase 105 Db Dubnium [ dm] 5 7 d-block – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 106 Sg Seaborgium [ dn] 6 7 d-block – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 107 Bh Bohrium [ do] 7 7 d-block – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 108 Hs Hassium [ dp] 8 7 d-block – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 109 Mt Meitnerium [ dq] 9 7 d-block – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 110 Ds Darmstadtium [ dr] 10 7 d-block – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 111 Rg Roentgenium [ ds] 11 7 d-block – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 112 Cn Copernicium [ dt] 12 7 d-block ± 11)± 10)[ b] – – – synthetic unknown phase 113 Nh Nihonium [ du] 13 7 p-block – – – synthetic unknown phase 114 Fl Flerovium [ dv] 14 7 p-block ± 0.3)± 50)[ b] – – – – synthetic unknown phase 115 Mc Moscovium [ dw] 15 7 p-block – – – synthetic unknown phase 116 Lv Livermorium [ dx] 16 7 p-block – – – synthetic unknown phase 117 Ts Tennessine [ dy] 17 7 p-block – – – synthetic unknown phase 118 Og Oganesson [ dz] 18 7 p-block ± 15)± 10)– – – synthetic unknown phase
^a b Standard atomic weight orA r °(E)' '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope ^a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions ^ Density (sources ^ Melting point inkelvin (K) (sources ^ Boiling point inkelvin (K) (sources ^ Heat capacity (sources ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic ^ Phase atStandard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa) ^ Greek rootshydro- -gen water -forming'^ Greekhḗlios sun ' ^ Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm. ^ Greeklíthos stone ' ^ Beryl , mineral (ultimately afterBelur, Karnataka , India?)[ 4] ^ Borax , mineral (fromArabic :bawraq Middle Persian : *bōrag )^ Latin carbo coal '^ Greeknítron -gen niter -forming' ^ Greekoxy- -gen acid -forming' ^ Latinfluo ^ Greeknéon ^ Coined byHumphry Davy who first isolated it, from Englishsoda (specificallycaustic soda ), via Italian from Arabicṣudāʕ ^ Magnesia region, easternThessaly ,Greece ^ Alumina , from Latinalumen aluminis alum '^ Latinsilex flint ' (originallysilicium ) ^ Greekphōsphóros ^ Latin ^ Greekchlōrós ^ Greekargós inert ) ^ Neo-Latin potassa potash ', frompot +ash ^ Latincalx lime ' ^ LatinScandia Scandinavia ' ^ Titans , children ofGaia andOuranos ^ Vanadis , a name for Norse goddessFreyja ^ Greekchróma color ' ^ Corrupted frommagnesia negra magnesium ^ English, fromProto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood' ^ German Kobold goblin '^ Nickel, a mischievoussprite in German miner mythology ^ English, from Latincuprum Cyprus ^ Most likely GermanZinke Persian sang ^ LatinGallia France ' ^ LatinGermania Germany ' ^ Middle English, fromMiddle French arsenic arsenikón arsenikós West Asian wanderword ultimately fromOld Persian : *zarniya-ka ,lit. ^ Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure. ^ Greekselḗnē moon ' ^ Greekbrômos ^ Greekkryptós ^ Latinrubidus ^ Strontian , a village inScotland , where it was found^ Ytterby ,Sweden , where it was found; seeterbium ,erbium ,ytterbium ^ Zircon , mineral, fromPersian zargun ^ Niobe , daughter of kingTantalus in Greek myth; seetantalum ^ Greekmolýbdaina lead ', frommólybdos galena (PbS) ^ Greektekhnētós ^ Neo-LatinRuthenia Russia ' ^ Greekrhodóeis rose-colored ', fromrhódon rose ' ^ Pallas , asteroid, then considered a planet^ English, from Proto-Germanic ^ Neo-Latincadmia calamine ', from KingCadmus , mythic founder of Thebes ^ Latinindicum indigo ', the blue color named afterIndia and observed in its spectral lines ^ English, from Proto-Germanic ^ Latinantimonium of unclear origin :folk etymologies suggest Greekantí mónos Old French anti-moine ʾiṯmid ^ Latintellus ^ Frenchiode ioeidḗs ^ Greekxénon xénos 'strange, foreign' ^ Latincaesius ^ Greekbarýs ^ Greeklanthánein ^ Ceres (dwarf planet) , then considered a planet^ Greekprásios dídymos ^ Greeknéos dídymos ^ Prometheus , aTitan ^ Samarskite , a mineral named afterV. Samarsky-Bykhovets , Russian mine official^ Europe ^ Gadolinite , a mineral named afterJohan Gadolin , Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist^ Ytterby , Sweden, where it was found; seeyttrium ,erbium ,ytterbium ^ Greekdysprósitos ^ Neo-LatinHolmia Stockholm ' ^ Ytterby , where it was found; seeyttrium ,terbium ,ytterbium ^ Thule , the ancient name for an unclear northern location^ Ytterby , where it was found; seeyttrium ,terbium ,erbium ^ LatinLutetia Paris ' ^ Neo-LatinHafnia Copenhagen ' (fromDanish havn ^ KingTantalus , father of Niobe in Greek myth; seeniobium ^ Swedishtung sten ^ LatinRhenus Rhine ' ^ Greekosmḗ smell ' ^ Iris , Greek goddess of rainbow^ Spanish platina plata ^ English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow' ^ Mercury , Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility^ Greekthallós ^ English, fromProto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow' ^ GermanWismut psimúthion ^ LatinPolonia Poland ', home country of discovererMarie Curie ^ Greekástatos ^ Radium emanation , originally the name of222 Rn^ France , home country of discovererMarguerite Perey ^ Coined in French by discovererMarie Curie , from Latinradius ray ' ^ Greekaktís ^ Thor , the Norse god of thunder^ English prefixproto- prôtos actinium ; protactinium decays into actinium. ^ Uranus , the seventh planet^ Neptune , the eighth planet^ Pluto , dwarf planet, then considered a planet^ Americas , where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with itshomolog europium ^ Pierre andMarie Curie , physicists and chemists^ Berkeley, California , where it was first synthesized^ California , where it was first synthesized inLBNL ^ Albert Einstein , German physicist^ Enrico Fermi , Italian physicist^ Dmitri Mendeleev , Russian chemist who proposed theperiodic table ^ Alfred Nobel , Swedish chemist and engineer^ Ernest Lawrence , American physicist^ Ernest Rutherford , chemist and physicist from New Zealand^ Dubna , Russia, where it was discovered inJINR ^ Glenn Seaborg , American chemist^ Niels Bohr , Danish physicist^ Neo-LatinHassia Hesse ', a state in Germany ^ Lise Meitner , Austrian physicist^ Darmstadt , Germany, where it was first synthesized in theGSI labs^ Wilhelm Röntgen , German physicist^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Polish astronomer^ Japanese Nihon Japan ', where it was first synthesized inRiken ^ Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part ofJINR , where it was synthesized; itself named afterGeorgy Flyorov , Russian physicist ^ Moscow , Russia, where it was first synthesized inJINR ^ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory inLivermore, California ^ Tennessee , US, home toORNL ^ Yuri Oganessian , Russian physicistAtoms made thinkable , an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared
