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List of capitals in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
All types of U.S. capital cities
For a list of capitol buildings, seeList of state and territorial capitols in the United States.

Alaska capital inJuneau
Hawaii capital inHonolulu

This is a list ofcapital cities of theUnited States, including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals.

Washington, D.C. has been thefederal capital of the United States since 1800. EachU.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of itsinsular areas. Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as theRepublic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments.

Population tables
of U.S. cities
New York City skyline
The skyline ofNew York City, the most populous city in theUnited States
Cities
Population
Urban areas
Populous cities and metropolitan areas
Metropolitan areas
Megaregions

National capitals

[edit]
See also:§ Colonies of British America

The buildings in cities identified in the chart below served either as official capitals of the United States under theUnited States Constitution, or, prior to its ratification, sites where theSecond Continental Congress orCongress of the Confederation met. The United States did not have a permanent capital under theArticles of Confederation.

TheU.S. Constitution was ratified in 1787, and gave the Congress the power to exercise "exclusive legislation" over a district that "may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance ofCongress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States."[1] The1st Congress met atFederal Hall inNew York.[2] In 1790, it passed theResidence Act, which established the national capital at a site along thePotomac River that would becomeWashington, D.C.[3] For the next ten years,Philadelphia served as the temporary capital.[4] There, Congress met atCongress Hall.[5] On November 17, 1800, the6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D.C.[4] Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution;[6] and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of theSeptember 11 attacks.[7] Both meetings were ceremonial.

CityBuildingStart dateEnd dateDurationRef
Second Continental Congress
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaIndependence HallJuly 4, 1776[a]December 12, 17765 months and 8 days[8]
Baltimore, MarylandHenry Fite HouseDecember 20, 1776February 27, 17772 months and 7 days[9]
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaIndependence HallMarch 5, 1777September 18, 17776 months and 13 days[10]
Lancaster, PennsylvaniaCourt HouseSeptember 27, 1777September 27, 17771 day[10]
York, PennsylvaniaCourt HouseSeptember 30, 1777June 27, 17788 months and 28 days[10]
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCollege Hall[b]July 2, 1778July 13, 177811 days[11][12][13]
Independence HallJuly 14, 1778March 1, 17812 years, 7 months and 15 days[11]
Congress of the Confederation
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaIndependence HallMarch 2, 1781June 21, 17832 years, 3 months and 19 days[14]
Princeton, New Jersey[c]Nassau HallJune 30, 1783November 4, 17834 months and 5 days[14]
Annapolis, MarylandMaryland State HouseNovember 26, 1783August 19, 17848 months and 24 days[14]
Trenton, New JerseyFrench Arms TavernNovember 1, 1784December 24, 17841 month and 23 days[14]
New York, New YorkFederal HallJanuary 11, 1785October 6, 17883 years, 11 months and 5 days[14]
Fraunces Tavern,Walter Livingston HouseOctober 6, 1788March 3, 17894 months and 25 days[14]
United States Congress
New York, New YorkFederal HallMarch 4, 1789December 5, 17901 year, 9 months and 1 day[14]
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCongress HallDecember 6, 1790May 14, 18009 years, 5 months and 8 days[d][14]
Washington, D.C.United States CapitolNovember 17, 1800[e]August 24, 1814[f]13 years, 9 months and 7 days[14]
Blodgett's HotelSeptember 19, 1814December 7, 18151 year, 2 months and 18 days[17]
Old Brick CapitolDecember 4, 1815March 3, 18193 years, 2 months and 27 days[18]
United States CapitolMarch 4, 1819Present206 years, 11 months and 12 days[19]

State capitals

[edit]
States (highlighted in purple) whose capital city is also their most populous
States (highlighted in blue) that have changed their capital city at least once

Each state has a capital that serves as the seat ofits government. Ten of the thirteen original states and 15 other states have changed their capital city at least once; the last state to move its capital city was Oklahoma in 1910.

In the following table, the "Since" column shows the year that the city began serving as the state's capital (or the capital of the entities that preceded it). The MSA/μSA and CSA columns display the population of the metro area the city is a part of, and should not be construed to mean the population of the city's sphere of influence or that the city is an anchor for the metro area. Fields coloredlight yellow denote that the population is a micropolitan statistical area.

StateCapitalSinceAreaPopulation (2020 US Census)City rank in state
CityMSA/μSACSA
AlabamaMontgomery1846159.8 mi2 (414 km2)200,603386,047476,2073
AlaskaJuneau19062,716.7 mi2 (7,036 km2)32,25532,2553
ArizonaPhoenix1889517.6 mi2 (1,341 km2)1,608,1394,845,8324,899,1041
ArkansasLittle Rock1821116.2 mi2 (301 km2)202,591748,031912,6041
CaliforniaSacramento185497.9 mi2 (254 km2)524,9432,397,3822,680,8316
ColoradoDenver1867153.3 mi2 (397 km2)715,5222,963,8213,623,5601
ConnecticutHartford187517.3 mi2 (45 km2)121,0541,213,5311,482,0864
DelawareDover177722.4 mi2 (58 km2)39,403181,8517,379,7002
FloridaTallahassee182495.7 mi2 (248 km2)196,169384,2988
GeorgiaAtlanta1868133.5 mi2 (346 km2)498,7156,089,8156,930,4231
HawaiiHonolulu184568.4 mi2 (177 km2)350,9641,016,5081
IdahoBoise186563.8 mi2 (165 km2)235,684764,718850,3411
IllinoisSpringfield183754.0 mi2 (140 km2)114,394208,640308,5237
IndianaIndianapolis1825361.5 mi2 (936 km2)887,6422,111,0402,492,5141
IowaDes Moines185775.8 mi2 (196 km2)214,133709,466890,3221
KansasTopeka185656.0 mi2 (145 km2)126,587233,1525
KentuckyFrankfort179214.7 mi2 (38 km2)28,60275,393746,04515
LouisianaBaton Rouge188076.8 mi2 (199 km2)227,470870,5692
MaineAugusta183255.4 mi2 (143 km2)18,899123,64210
MarylandAnnapolis16946.73 mi2 (17 km2)40,8122,844,5109,973,3837
MassachusettsBoston163089.6 mi2 (232 km2)675,6474,941,6328,466,1861
MichiganLansing184735.0 mi2 (91 km2)112,644541,2975
MinnesotaSaint Paul184952.8 mi2 (137 km2)311,5273,690,2614,078,7882
MississippiJackson1864104.9 mi2 (272 km2)153,701591,978671,6071
MissouriJefferson City182627.3 mi2 (71 km2)43,228150,30915
MontanaHelena187514.0 mi2 (36 km2)32,09183,0586
NebraskaLincoln186774.6 mi2 (193 km2)291,082340,217361,9212
NevadaCarson City1861143.4 mi2 (371 km2)58,63958,639657,9586
New HampshireConcord180864.3 mi2 (167 km2)43,976153,8088,466,1863
New JerseyTrenton17847.66 mi2 (20 km2)90,871387,34023,582,64910
New MexicoSanta Fe161037.3 mi2 (97 km2)87,505154,8231,162,5234
New YorkAlbany179721.4 mi2 (55 km2)99,224899,2621,190,7276
North CarolinaRaleigh1792114.6 mi2 (297 km2)467,6651,413,9822,106,4632
North DakotaBismarck188326.9 mi2 (70 km2)73,622133,6262
OhioColumbus1816210.3 mi2 (545 km2)905,7482,138,9262,544,0481
OklahomaOklahoma City1910620.3 mi2 (1,607 km2)681,0541,425,6951,498,1491
OregonSalem185545.7 mi2 (118 km2)175,535433,3533,280,7363
PennsylvaniaHarrisburg18128.11 mi2 (21 km2)50,099591,7121,295,2599
Rhode IslandProvidence190018.5 mi2 (48 km2)190,9341,676,5798,466,1861
South CarolinaColumbia1786125.2 mi2 (324 km2)136,632829,470951,4122
South DakotaPierre188913.0 mi2 (34 km2)14,09120,7459
TennesseeNashville1826?525.9 mi2 (1,362 km2)689,4471,989,5192,118,2331
TexasAustin1801305.1 mi2 (790 km2)961,8552,283,3714
UtahSalt Lake City1858109.1 mi2 (283 km2)199,7231,257,9362,701,1291
VermontMontpelier180510.2 mi2 (26 km2)8,07459,807285,3696
VirginiaRichmond178060.1 mi2 (156 km2)226,6101,314,4344
WashingtonOlympia185316.7 mi2 (43 km2)55,605294,7934,953,42123
West VirginiaCharleston188531.6 mi2 (82 km2)48,864258,859779,9691
WisconsinMadison183868.7 mi2 (178 km2)269,840680,796910,2462
WyomingCheyenne186921.1 mi2 (55 km2)65,132100,5121
[20][21][22]

Insular area capitals

[edit]

Aninsular area is aUnited States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district. Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below.

Capitals of United States Insular Areas
Insular areaCapitalSincePop. (2010)Notes
American SamoaPago Pago18993,656Pago Pago refers to both a village and a group of villages, one of which isFagatogo, the officialseat of government stated in the territory's constitution.
GuamHagåtña18981,051Dededo is the area's largestvillage.
Northern Mariana IslandsSaipan194748,220Since the entire island, of 46 sq mi (120 km2), is organized as a singlemunicipality, most publications designate the whole of Saipan as the Commonwealth's capital. Most government functions are based in theCapitol Hill village, except for the judicial branch which is located inSusupe.
Puerto RicoSan Juan1898395,326The oldest continuously inhabited U.S. state or territorial capital, San Juan was originally called Puerto Rico while the island was called San Juan Bautista.
U.S. Virgin IslandsCharlotte Amalie191718,481Like the rest of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Charlotte Amalie (located on the island ofSaint Thomas) has no local government and is directly administered by the territorial government. However, it has boundaries defined by the Virgin Islands Code and is recognized as a town by theU.S. Census Bureau.

Former national capitals

[edit]

Four of the 50 U.S. states, Hawaii, Texas, California, and Vermont, were oncede juresovereign states withdiplomatic recognition from theinternational community. California did not have a capital during its time as a sovereign nation.

Hawaii

[edit]

During its history as a sovereign nation (Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1893;Republic of Hawaii, 1894–1898), five sites served as the capital of Hawaii:

Honolulu twice served as the national capital of Hawaii and is now the state capital.

Annexed by the United States in 1898, Honolulu remained the capital, first of theTerritory of Hawaii (1900–1959), and then of the state (since 1959).

Texas

[edit]

During its history as a sovereign nation (Republic of Texas, 1836–1845), seven sites served as the capital of Texas:

Annexed by the United States in 1845, Austin remains the capital of the state of Texas.

Vermont

[edit]

Three sites have served as the capital of theVermont Republic:

When the state was admitted to the Union in 1791,Burlington was chosen to be the capital and it remained as such until 1805, when it was changed toMontpelier, where it remains today.

Native American capitals

[edit]
TheNavajo Nation Council Chamber inWindow Rock, Arizona is the center of government for theNavajo Nation

Some Native American tribes, in particular theFive Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style. Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status. Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense.

Cherokee Nation

[edit]

New Echota, now nearCalhoun,Georgia, was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee ChiefMajor Ridge. Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality inthe historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of theConasauga andCoosawattee rivers. The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of theSoutheastern ceremonial complex. Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court,Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation. Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding longstomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements.[23]

TheNew Echota Council House (since reconstructed)

The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee, on the Georgia state line, in order to evade the Georgia state militia. The log cabins, limestone springs, and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed toIndian Territory (Oklahoma) on theTrail of Tears.[23]

Tahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital ofthe original Cherokee Nation afterRemoval. After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a newNational Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick. The building served as the capitol until 1907, when theDawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat ofCherokee County, Oklahoma. The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modernCherokee Nation; it is also the capital of theUnited Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate ColonelWilliam Holland Thomas, along theOconaluftee River deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army, sent for the "round up", fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina, in order to remain in their homeland.[24] In the 20th century, their descendants organized as theEastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is atCherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlledQualla Boundary.

Muscogee Creek Nation

[edit]

After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. Because some Creeks fought with theConfederacy in theAmerican Civil War, the Union forced theCreeks to cede over 3,000,000-acre (1,200,000 ha) - half of their land in what is now Arkansas.[25]

Served as the National capital after the American Civil War. It was probably named afterOcmulgee, on theOcmulgee river inMacon, a principleCoosa and laterCreek town built with mounds and functioning as part of theSoutheastern ceremonial complex. However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal. The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with theTreaty of Indian Springs.

Iroquois Confederacy

[edit]

TheIroquois Confederacy orHaudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse", was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstateNew York.[26] These include theSeneca,Cayuga,Onondaga,Oneida,Mohawk, and, after 1722, theTuscarora Nations. Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation.[27] Now spread over reservations in New York andOntario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy."[28]

Seneca Nation of Indians

[edit]

TheSeneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years. Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of theAllegheny Reservoir. The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse inSteamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital.

Navajo Nation

[edit]

Window Rock (Navajo:Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of theNavajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America. It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line. Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings.

Unrecognized national capitals

[edit]

There have been a handful of self-declared or undeclared nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did havede facto control over their respective regions during their existence.

Colonies of British America

[edit]
Stadt Huys, the originalcity hall ofAlbany, New York and meeting place of theAlbany Congress in 1754.

Prior to the independence of the United States fromGreat Britain, declared July 4, 1776, in theDeclaration of Independence and ultimately secured in theAmerican Revolutionary War, several congresses were convened on behalf of some of the colonies ofBritish America. However, these bodies did not address the question of independence from England, and therefore did not designate a national capital. TheSecond Continental Congress encompassed the period during which the United States declared independence but had not yet established a permanent national capital.

CongressCityBuildingStart dateEnd dateDurationRef
Albany CongressAlbany, New YorkStadt HuysJune 19, 1754July 11, 175422 days[29]
Stamp Act CongressNew York, New YorkCity HallOctober 7, 1765October 25, 176523 days[30]
First Continental CongressPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaCarpenters' HallSeptember 5, 1774October 26, 17741 month and 21 days[31]
Second Continental CongressPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaIndependence HallMay 10, 1775July 4, 1776 ‡1 year, 1 month and 24 days[8]

‡ (continuing after independence until December 12, 1776)

State of Franklin

[edit]

TheState of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created not long after the end of the American Revolution from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government. Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee. Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years.

State of Muskogee

[edit]

TheState of Muskogee was aNative American state inSpanish Florida created by the EnglishmanWilliam Augustus Bowles, who was its "Director General", author of its Constitution, and designer of its flag.[32] It consisted of several tribes ofCreeks andSeminoles. It existed from 1799 to 1803. It had one capital:

Republic of West Florida

[edit]

TheRepublic of West Florida was a short-lived nation that broke away from the territory ofSpanish West Florida in 1810. It comprised theFlorida Parishes of the modern state ofLouisiana and theMobile District of the modern states ofMississippi andAlabama. (The Republic of West Florida did not include any part of the modern state ofFlorida.) Ownership of the area had been in dispute between Spain and the United States, which claimed that it had been included in theLouisiana Purchase of 1803. Within two months of the settlers' rebellion and the declaration of an independent nation, PresidentJames Madison sent American forces to peaceably occupy the new republic. It was formally annexed by the United States in 1812 over the objections of Spain and the land was divided between theTerritory of Orleans andTerritory of Mississippi. During its brief existence, the capital of the Republic of West Florida was:

Republic of Indian Stream

[edit]

TheRepublic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state ofNew Hampshire.

California Republic

[edit]

Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following theMexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself theCalifornia Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (seeBear Flag Revolt). The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself to join the advancing American army; its claimed territory later became part of the United States as a result of theMexican Cession.

The original of Todd'sBear Flag, photographed in 1890
Modern flag of the State of California

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation. The flag, featuring a silhouette of aCalifornia grizzly bear, a star, and the words "California Republic", became known as theBear Flag and was later the basis for the official state flag of California.

There was onede facto capital of the California Republic:

Confederate States

[edit]
Richmond served as the second capital of theConfederate States of America. The city has been Virginia's capital since 1780.

TheConfederate States of America (C.S.A.) had three capitals during its existence. The first capital was established February 4, 1861, inMontgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved toRichmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23.

The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in theUnion (U.S.A.), although as the advancingUnion Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along withsecessionist armies.

Free State of Jones

[edit]

In 1863 and 1864,Jones County, Mississippi revolted against Confederate rule and became practically independent under the nameFree State of Jones. The Free State fought a number of skirmishes with Confederate troops. By the spring of 1864 the Jones County rebels had taken effective control of the county from the Confederate government, raised an American flag over the courthouse in Ellisville, and sent a letter to Union General William T. Sherman declaring Jones County's independence from the Confederacy.[35]

Scholars have disputed whether the county truly seceded, with some concluding it did not fully secede. Lack of documentation makes the situation difficult to assess. The rebellion in Jones County has been variously characterized as consisting of local skirmishes to being a full-fledged war of independence.[35]

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals

[edit]

Most of the originalThirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during theAmerican Revolutionary War. State governments operated where and as they could. TheCity of New York was occupied byBritish troops from 1776 to 1783. A similar situation occurred during theWar of 1812, during theAmerican Civil War in manyConfederate states, and during thePueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 inNew Mexico.

St. Augustine served as Florida's capital from 1565 until the 1820s.[36]

Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic.Boston,Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously running capital in the United States.Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementionedPueblo Revolt. An even olderSpanish city,St. Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years.

The table below includes the following information:

  1. The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown inbold type. NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly theThirteen Colonies ofGreat Britain on theAtlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787United States Constitution. (SeeList of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union.)
  2. The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated.
  3. In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders. (Those cities are generally indicated with thetwo-letter abbreviation for theU.S. state in which the former administrative capital is now located.)
Historical capitals in the United States of America
StateCapitalDateNotes
Alabama[37]
Statehood in 1819		San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of theSpanish colony ofLa Florida.[g]
Savannah (GA)1733Capital of theBritishproprietaryColony of Georgia.
1755Capital of theBritishProvince of Georgia.
1776Capitals of theState of Georgia.
Augusta (GA)1778
Heard's Fort (GA)1780
Augusta (GA)1781
Savannah (GA)1782
Ebenezer (GA)1782
Savannah (GA)1784
Augusta (GA)1786
Louisville (GA)1796
Natchez (MS)1798Capitals of theMississippi Territory.
Washington (MS)1802
St. Stephens1817Capital of theAlabama Territory.
Huntsville1819Capitals of theState of Alabama.
Cahawba1820
Tuscaloosa1826
Montgomery1846Capital of theState of Alabama.
(Capital of theConfederate States of America in 1861.)
Alaska[38]
Statehood in 1959		Novo-Arkhangelsk
Sitka		1808Capital of theRussian colony ofAlaska.
1867Capital of theDepartment of Alaska.
1900Capitals of theDistrict of Alaska.
Juneau1906
1912Capital of theTerritory of Alaska.
1959Capital of theState of Alaska.
Arizona[39]
Statehood in 1912		Santa Fe (NM)1848Capital of the U.S. provisional government ofNew Mexico 1848–1850.
1850Capital of the U.S.Territory of New Mexico 1850–1912.
Mesilla (NM)1862Capital of theConfederateTerritory of Arizona (southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862).
San Antonio (TX)1862Capital of the government-in-exile of theConfederateTerritory of Arizona 1862–1865.
Fort Whipple1864Capitals of the U.S.Territory of Arizona.
Prescott1864
Tucson1867
Prescott1877
Phoenix1889
1912Capital of theState of Arizona.
Arkansas[40]
Statehood in 1836		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofLa Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (under the authority of theIndiana Territory).
1805Capital of theLouisiana Territory.
1812Capital of theMissouri Territory.
Arkansas Post1819Capitals of theArkansaw Territory.[h]
Little Rock1821
1836Capital of theState of Arkansas.[h]
(Washington was theConfederate state capital 1863–1865.)
California[41]
Statehood in 1850		Loreto (BCS)1770Capitals of theSpanishVirreinato de la Nueva España colonies oflas Californias.
Presidio Reál de San Carlos de Monterey


Monterey

1777
1804Capital of theSpanishVirreinato de la Nueva España province ofAlta California.
1821Capital of theMexican province ofAlta California.
1846Capital of theU.S. military government of California.
1849Capital of theProvisional Government of California.
Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe1850Capitals of theState of California.
Vallejo1852
Benicia1853
Sacramento[i]1854
Colorado[42]
Statehood in 1876		Denver City[j]1859Capitals of the extralegalTerritory of Jefferson.
Golden City1860
Denver City1861Capitals of theTerritory of Colorado.
Colorado City1862
Golden City1862
Denver[k]1867
1876Capital of theState of Colorado.
Connecticut
Statehood in 1776		Fort Amsterdam (NY)1625Capital of theDutch colony ofNieuw-Nederland.
Hartford1639Capital of theEnglishColony of Connecticut 1639–1686.
New-Haven1640Capital of theEnglishColony of New-Haven until its merger into the Connecticut Colony in 1662.
Boston (MA)1686Capital of theEnglishDominion of New-England in America.
Hartford1689Capital of theEnglishColony of Connecticut.
joint capitals1701Hartford andNew-Haven served as the "co-capitals" of theEnglishColony of Connecticut, with the Assembly holding its May session in Hartford and its October session in New-Haven.
1707Hartford andNew-Haven joint capitals of theBritishColony of Connecticut.
1776Hartford andNew Haven joint capitals of theState of Connecticut.
Hartford1875Capital of theState of Connecticut.
Delaware
Statehood in 1776		Fort Christina1638Capital of theSwedish colony ofNya Sverige.
Fort Amsterdam
Nieuw-Amsterdam
New-York
Nieuw-Oranje
New-York (NY)		1655Capital of theDutch province ofNieuw-Nederland.
1664Capital of theEnglishColony of New-York.
1673Capital of theDutch military government ofNieuw-Nederland.
1674Capital of theEnglishColony of New-York.
Philadelphia (PA)1682Capital of theEnglishColony of Pennsylvania.
New Castle1704Capital of theEnglishLower Counties on the Delaware.
1707Capital of theBritishLower Counties on the Delaware.
1776Capitals of theState of Delaware.
Dover1777
Florida[43]
Statehood in 1845		Fort de la Caroline1564Capital of theFrench colony ofLa Caroline 1564–1565.
San Agustín
St. Augustine		1565Capital of theSpanish province ofLa Florida 1565–1763.[g]
1763Capital of theBritish province ofEast Florida 1763–1783.
1783Capital of theSpanish province ofFlorida Oriental 1783–1821.
Santa María de Ochuse
Pensacola		1763Capital of theBritish province ofBritish West Florida 1763–1783.
1783Capital of theSpanish province ofFlorida Occidental 1783–1821.
Tallahassee1824Capital of theFlorida Territory.
1845Capital of theState of Florida.
Georgia[44]
Statehood in 1776		Fort de la Caroline1564Capital of theFrench colony ofLa Caroline 1564–1565.
San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of theSpanish province ofLa Florida.[g]
Savannah1733Capital of theBritishproprietaryColony of Georgia.
1755Capital of theBritishProvince of Georgia.
1776Capitals of theState of Georgia.
Augusta1778
Heard's Fort1780
Augusta1781
Savannah1782
Ebenezer1782
Savannah1784
Augusta1786
Louisville1796
Milledgeville1807
Macon1864
Milledgeville1865
Atlanta1868
Hawaii
Statehood in 1959		Lahaina1820Capitals of theKingdom of Hawaii.
Honolulu1845
1894Capital of theRepublic of Hawaii.
1898Capital of theTerritory of Hawaii.
1959Capital of theState of Hawaiʻi.
Idaho[45]
Statehood in 1890		Oregon City (OR)1843Capital of theProvisional Government of Oregon in theOregon Country.[46]
1848Capitals of theTerritory of Oregon (all of Idaho 1848–1853, southern Idaho 1853–1859).
Salem (OR)1851
Olympia (WA)1853Capital of theTerritory of Washington (northern Idaho 1853–1859, all of Idaho 1859–1863).
Lewiston1863Capitals of theTerritory of Idaho.
Boise1865
1890Capital of theState of Idaho.
Illinois[47]
Statehood in 1818		Marietta (OH)1788Capital of theTerritory Northwest of the River Ohio.
Vincennes (IN)1800Capital of theTerritory of Indiana.
Kaskaskia1809Capital of theTerritory of Illinois.
1818Capitals of theState of Illinois.
Vandalia1820
Springfield1839
Indiana
Statehood in 1816		Marietta (OH)1788Capital of theTerritory Northwest of the River Ohio.
Vincennes1800Capitals of theTerritory of Indiana.
Corydon1813
1816Capitals of theState of Indiana.
Indianapolis1825
Iowa[48]
Statehood in 1846		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofLa Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (under the authority of theIndiana Territory).
1805Capital of theLouisiana Territory.
1812Capital of theMissouri Territory (1812–1821).
Detroit (MI)1834Capital of theTerritory of Michigan.
Belmont (WI)1836Capitals of theTerritory of Wisconsin.
Burlington1837
1838Capitals of theTerritory of Iowa.
Iowa City1841
1846Capitals of theState of Iowa.
Des Moines1857
Kansas[49]
Statehood in 1861		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofLa Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (under the authority of theIndiana Territory).
1805Capital of theLouisiana Territory.
1812Capital of theMissouri Territory (1812–1821).
Pawnee1855Capital of theKansas Territory (July 2 – 6).
Shawnee Mission1855Capital of the Kansas Territory.
Lecompton1856Capitalde jure (pro-slavery) of theTerritory of Kansas.
TopekaCapitalde facto (anti-slavery) of the Territory of Kansas.
Minneola1858Declared capital by territorial legislature, although this action was later declared void.[50]
Topeka1861Capital of theState of Kansas.
Kentucky[51]
Statehood in 1792		Williamsburg (VA)1699Capital of theEnglishColony of Virginia.
1707Capital of theBritishColony of Virginia.
1776Capital of theCommonwealth of Virginia.
Richmond (VA)1780
Frankfort1792Capital of theCommonwealth of Kentucky.
(The government initially met atLexington but Frankfort was quickly named the capital.Bowling Green was the rivalConfederate state capital 1861–62).
Louisiana[l]
Statehood in 1812		San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of theSpanish province ofLa Florida.[g]
La Mobile (AL)1702Capitals of theFrench colony ofLa Louisiane.
Bilocci (MS)1720
La Nouvelle-Orléans
Nueva Orleans
New Orleans		1722
1763Capital of theSpanish district ofBaja Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofLa Basse-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theTerritory of Orleans.
1812Capitals of theState of Louisiana.
(After the Unioncaptured New Orleans in 1862, the Confederate seat of government relocated toOpelousas in 1862 and then toShreveport in 1863.)
Donaldsonville1830
New Orleans1831
Baton Rouge1849
New Orleans1864
Baton Rouge1882
Maine[52]
Statehood in 1820		Île Sainte-Croix1604Capitals of theFrench colony ofl'Acadie.
Port-Royal (NS)1605
Boston (MA)1630Capital of theEnglishColony of Massachusetts Bay.
1686Capital of theEnglishDominion of New-England in America.
1689Capital of the dissidentColony of Massachusetts Bay.
1691Capital of theEnglishProvince of Massachusetts Bay.
1707Capital of theBritishProvince of Massachusetts Bay.
1774Capital of the dissidentProvince of Massachusetts Bay.
1776Capital of theState of Massachusetts Bay.
1780Capital of theCommonwealth of Massachusetts.
Portland1820Capital of theState of Maine.
1827Capitalde facto of theState of Maine.
AugustaCapitalde jure of theState of Maine.
1832Capital of theState of Maine.
Maryland[53]
Statehood in 1776		St. Mary's City1634Capital of theEnglishproprietaryColony of Maryland.
Anne Arundel's Towne
Annapolis

1694Capital of theEnglishProvince of Maryland.
1707Capital of theBritishProvince of Maryland.
1776Capital of theState of Maryland.
(Capital of theUnited States of America 1783–1784.)
Massachusetts
Statehood in 1776		Plimouth1620Capital of theEnglishColony of New-Plimouth 1620–1686.
Boston1630Capital of theEnglishColony of Massachusetts Bay 1630–1686.
1686Capital of theEnglishDominion of New-England in America 1686–1689.
Plimouth1688Capital of the dissidentColony of New-Plimouth 1688–1692.
Boston1689Capital of the dissidentColony of Massachusetts Bay 1689–1692.
1692Capital of theEnglishProvince of Massachusetts Bay.
1707Capital of theBritishProvince of Massachusetts Bay.
1774Capital of the dissidentProvince of Massachusetts Bay.
1776Capital of theState of Massachusetts Bay.
1780Capital of theCommonwealth of Massachusetts.
Michigan[54]
Statehood in 1837		Marietta (OH)1788Capitals of theTerritory Northwest of the River Ohio (all of Michigan 1788–1800, eastern Michigan 1800–1803).
Chillicothe (OH)1800
Vincennes (IN)Capitals of theTerritory of Indiana (western Michigan 1800–1803; all of Michigan 1803–1805, a portion of theUpper Peninsula 1805–1816).
Corydon (IN)1813
Detroit1805Capital of theTerritory of Michigan (Lower Peninsula 1805–1818, all of Michigan 1818–1837).
(Detroit was occupied byBritish Armed Forces 1812–1813).
1837Capitals of theState of Michigan.
Lansing1847
Minnesota[55]
Statehood in 1858		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana 1765–1800.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofla Haute-Louisiane (west ofMississippi River 1800–1804).
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (west ofMississippi River under the authority of theIndiana Territory 1804–1805).
1805Capital of theTerritory of Louisiana (west ofMississippi River 1805–1812).
1812Capital of theTerritory of Missouri (west ofMississippi River 1812–1821).
Marietta (OH)1788Capital of theTerritory Northwest of the River Ohio (east ofMississippi River 1788–1800).
Vincennes (IN)1800Capital of theTerritory of Indiana (east ofMississippi River 1800–1809).
Kaskaskia (IL)1809Capital of theTerritory of Illinois (east ofMississippi River 1809–1818).
Detroit (MI)1818Capital of theTerritory of Michigan (east ofMississippi River 1818–1834, all of Minnesota 1834–1836).
Belmont (WI)1836Capitals of theTerritory of Wisconsin.
Burlington (IA)1837
1838Capital of theTerritory of Iowa (west ofMississippi River 1838–1841).
Madison (WI)Capital of theTerritory of Wisconsin (east ofMississippi River 1838–1848).
Iowa City (IA)1841Capital of theTerritory of Iowa (west ofMississippi River 1841–1846).
Saint Paul1849Capital of theTerritory of Minnesota.
1858Capital of theState of Minnesota.
Mississippi[56]
Statehood in 1817		San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of theSpanish province ofLa Florida.[g]
Savannah (GA)1733Capital of theBritishproprietaryColony of Georgia.
1755Capital of theBritishProvince of Georgia.
1776Capitals of theState of Georgia.
Augusta (GA)1778
Heard's Fort (GA)1780
Augusta (GA)1781
Savannah (GA)1782
Ebenezer (GA)1782
Savannah (GA)1784
Augusta (GA)1786
Louisville (GA)1796
Natchez1798Capitals of theTerritory of Mississippi.
Washington1802
Natchez1817Capitals of theState of Mississippi.
Jackson1821
Missouri
Statehood in 1821		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofLa Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (under the authority of theIndiana Territory).
1805Capital of theLouisiana Territory.
1812Capital of theMissouri Territory.
Saint Charles1821Capitals of theState of Missouri.
(AConfederate state government in exile operated fromNeosho 1861–1863, and fromMarshall, Texas, 1863–1865).
Jefferson City1826
Montana[57]
Statehood in 1889		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana (east ofContinental Divide 1763–1800.)
1800Capital of theFrench district ofla Haute-Louisiane (east ofContinental Divide 1800–1804).
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (east ofContinental Divide under the authority of theIndiana Territory 1804–1805).
1805Capital of theTerritory of Louisiana (east ofContinental Divide 1805–1812).
1812Capital of theTerritory of Missouri (east ofContinental Divide 1812–1821).
Fort Vancouver (WA)1825Capitalde facto of theOregon Country (west ofContinental Divide 1818–1843).
Oregon City (OR)1843Capital of theProvisional Government of Oregon (west ofContinental Divide 1843–1848).
1848Capitals of theTerritory of Oregon (west ofContinental Divide 1848–1853).
Salem (OR)1851
Olympia (WA)1853Capital of theTerritory of Washington (west ofContinental Divide 1853–1863).
Omaha (NE)1854Capital of theTerritory of Nebraska (east ofContinental Divide 1854–1861).
Yankton (SD)1861Capital of theTerritory of Dakota (east ofContinental Divide 1861–1863).
Lewiston (ID)1863Capital of theTerritory of Idaho.
Bannack1864Capitals of theTerritory of Montana.
Virginia City1865
Helena1875
1889Capital of theState of Montana.
Nebraska
Statehood in 1867		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofla Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (under the authority of theIndiana Territory).
1805Capital of theTerritory of Louisiana.
1812Capital of theTerritory of Missouri (1812–1821).
Omaha1854Capitals of theTerritory of Nebraska.
Lancaster
Lincoln		1867
1867Capital of theState of Nebraska.
Nevada[58]
Statehood in 1864		Fillmore (UT)1850Capitals of theTerritory of Utah.
Salt Lake City (UT)1858
Genoa1861Capital of theTerritory of Nevada.
Carson City1861Capital of theTerritory of Nevada.
1864Capital of theState of Nevada.
New Hampshire[59]
Statehood in 1776		Boston (MA)1630Capital of theEnglishColony of Massachusetts Bay.
Portsmouth1680Capital of theEnglishProvince of New Hampshire.
Boston (MA)1686Capital of theEnglishDominion of New-England in America.
Portsmouth1689Capital of the dissidentProvince of New Hampshire.
1691Capital of theEnglishProvince of New Hampshire.
1698Capital of theEnglishProvince of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of theProvince of Massachusetts Bay.
1707Capital of theBritishProvince of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of theProvince of Massachusetts Bay.
1741Capital of theBritishProvince of New Hampshire.
Exeter1775Capital of theRevolutionary War government ofNew Hampshire.
1776Capitals of theState of New Hampshire.
Concord1808
New Jersey
Statehood in 1776		Fort Amsterdam (NY)

New-York (NY)		1625Capital of theDutch colony ofNieuw-Nederland.
1652Capital of theDutch province ofNieuw-Nederland.
1664Capital of theEnglishProvince of New York.
Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth)1665Capital of theEnglishProvince of New Jersey.
Perth Amboy1673Capital of theEnglishProvince of East Jersey 1673–1688.
BurlingtonCapital of theEnglishProvince of West Jersey 1673–1688.
Boston (MA)1688Capital of theEnglishDominion of New-England in America 1688–1689.
Perth Amboy1689Capital of theEnglishProvince of East Jersey 1689–1702.
BurlingtonCapital of theEnglishProvince of West Jersey 1689–1702.
joint capitals1702East Jersey and West Jersey were re-united as theEnglishProvince of New Jersey in 1702. Perth Amboy and Burlington served jointly as the capital until 1784.
1707Joint capitals of theBritishProvince of New Jersey.
1776Joint capitals of theState of New Jersey.
Trenton1784Capital of theState of New Jersey.
(Capital of theUnited States of America in 1784).
New Mexico
Statehood in 1912		San Juan de los Caballeros1598Capitals of theSpanishVirreinato de la Nueva España province ofSanta Fe de Nuevo México.
La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís1610
El Paso del Norte (now Ciudad Juárez CHH)1680Capital of theSpanishVirreinato de la Nueva España province-in-exile ofSanta Fe de Nuevo México (Pueblo Revolt 1680–1692).
La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís

Santa Fe		1692Capital of theSpanishVirreinato de la Nueva España province ofSanta Fe de Nuevo México.
1821Capital of theMexican province ofSanta Fe de Nuevo México.
1824Capital of theMexican territory ofSanta Fe de Nuevo México.
1846Capital of theU.S. military government of New Mexico 1846.
1846Capital of theU.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1846–1850.
1850Capital of the U.S.Territory of New Mexico 1850–1912.
Santa Fe1912Capital of theState of New Mexico.
New York
Statehood in 1776		Fort Amsterdam
Nieuw-Amsterdam
New-York
Nieuw-Oranje
New-York		1625Capital of theDutch colony ofNieuw-Nederland (Novum Belgium).
1652Capital of theDutch province ofNieuw-Nederland.
1664Capital of theEnglishProvince of New York.
1673Capital of theDutch military government ofNieuw-Nederland.
1674Capital of theEnglishProvince of New York.
Boston (MA)1688Capital of theEnglishDominion of New-England in America.
New-York1689Capital of thedissident government of New-York.
1691Capital of theEnglishProvince of New York.
1707Capital of theBritishProvince of New York.
1776Capitals of theState of New York.
Kingston1777
Hurley1777
Poughkeepsie1777
New York1788Capital of theState of New York.
(Capital of theUnited States of America 1785–1788 and 1789–1790).
Albany1797Capital of theState of New York.
North Carolina
Statehood in 1776		San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of theSpanish province ofLa Florida.[g]
Charlestown (SC)[m]1670Capital of theEnglishProvince of Carolina.
1707Capital of theBritishProvince of Carolina.
New Bern1712Capital of theBritishProvince of North Carolina.
1776Capitals of theState of North Carolina.
Fayetteville1789
Raleigh1794
North Dakota
Statehood in 1889		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofla Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (under the authority of theIndiana Territory).
1805Capital of theTerritory of Louisiana.
1812Capital of theTerritory of Missouri (1812–1821).
Detroit (MI)1834Capital of theTerritory of Michigan (east ofMissouri River andWhite Earth River 1834–1836).
Belmont (WI)1836Capitals of theTerritory of Wisconsin (east ofMissouri River andWhite Earth River 1836–1838).
Burlington (IA)1837
1838Capitals of theTerritory of Iowa (east ofMissouri River andWhite Earth River 1838–1846).
Iowa City (IA)1841
Saint Paul (MN)1849Capital of theTerritory of Minnesota (east ofMissouri River andWhite Earth River 1849–1858).
Omaha (NE)1854Capital of theTerritory of Nebraska (west ofMissouri River orWhite Earth River 1854–1861).
Yankton (SD)1861Capitals of theTerritory of Dakota.
Bismarck1883
1889Capital of theState of North Dakota.
Ohio
Statehood in 1803		Marietta1788Capitals of theTerritory Northwest of the River Ohio.
Chillicothe1800
1803Capitals of theState of Ohio.
Zanesville1810
Chillicothe1812
Columbus1816
Oklahoma
Statehood in 1907		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofla Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (under the authority of theIndiana Territory).
1805Capital of theTerritory of Louisiana.
1812Capital of theTerritory of Missouri.
Arkansas Post (AR)1819Capitals of theTerritory of Arkansaw[h] (south of theparallel 36°30' north 1819–1824, southeastern Oklahoma 1824–1828).
Little Rock (AR)1821
Fort Gibson1824De facto capital of theIndian Territory.
Tahlequah1838Capital of theCherokee Nation.
Tuskahoma1838Capital of theChoctaw Nation.
Tishomingo1855Capital of theChickasaw Nation.
Wewoka1866Capital of theSeminole Nation.
Okmulgee1867Capital of theCreek Nation.
Pawhuska1872Capital of theOsage Nation.
Guthrie1889Capital of theTerritory of Oklahoma.
1907Capitals of theState of Oklahoma.
Oklahoma City1910
Oregon[61]
Statehood in 1859		Champoeg1843Temporary capital of the disputedOregon Country.
Oregon City1843Capital of theProvisional Government of Oregon in theOregon Country.[46]
1848Capitals of theTerritory of Oregon.
Salem1851
Corvallis1855
Salem1855
1859Capital of theState of Oregon.
Pennsylvania[62]
Statehood in 1776		Fort Christina1638Capital of theSwedish colony ofNya Sverige.
Philadelphia1682Capital of theEnglishproprietaryColony of Pennsylvania.
1707Capital of theBritishproprietaryColony of Pennsylvania.
1776Capital of theCommonwealth of Pennsylvania.
(Capital of theUnited States of America 1776, 1777, 1778–1783, and 1790–1800).
Lancaster1799Capital of theCommonwealth of Pennsylvania.
(Capital of theUnited States of America 1777).
Harrisburg1812Capital of theCommonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island
Statehood in 1776		Providence1636Capital of theEnglishColony of Providence 1636–1644.
Portsmouth1639Capital of theEnglishColony of Aquidneck Island 1639–1644.
1644Capital of theEnglishColony of Rhode Island.
Providence1644Capital of theEnglishColony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Boston (MA)1686Capital of theEnglishDominion of New-England in America.
Providence1689Capital of theEnglishColony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
1707Capital of theBritishColony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
five capitals1776From 1776 to 1853, the legislature of theState of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations rotated among the county seats of the state's five counties:Providence,Newport,East Greenwich,South Kingstown, andBristol.
joint capitals1854From 1854 to 1899, the legislature of theState of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations alternated sessions between Providence and Newport.
Providence1900Capital of theState of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
2020Capital of theState of Rhode Island.
South Carolina
Statehood in 1776		Charlesfort (SC)1562Capital of theFrench colony ofFloride françoise.
San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of theSpanish province ofLa Florida.[g]
Charlestown[m]1670Capital of theEnglishProvince of Carolina.
1707Capital of theBritishProvince of Carolina.
1712Capital of theBritishProvince of South Carolina.
1776Capitals of theState of South Carolina.
Columbia1786
South Dakota
Statehood in 1889		Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of theSpanish (though predominantlyFrancophone) district ofAlta Louisiana.
1800Capital of theFrench district ofla Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of theDistrict of Louisiana (under the authority of theIndiana Territory.)
1805Capital of theTerritory of Louisiana.
1812Capital of theTerritory of Missouri (1812–1821).
Detroit (MI)1834Capital of theTerritory of Michigan (east ofMissouri River 1834–1836).
Belmont (WI)1836Capitals of theTerritory of Wisconsin (east ofMissouri River 1836–1838).
Burlington (IA)1837
1838Capitals of theTerritory of Iowa (east ofMissouri River 1838–1846).
Iowa City (IA)1841
Saint Paul (MN)1849Capital of theTerritory of Minnesota (east ofMissouri River 1849–1858).
Omaha (NE)1854Capital of theTerritory of Nebraska (west ofMissouri River 1854–1861).
Yankton1861Capitals of theTerritory of Dakota.
Bismarck (ND)1883
Pierre1889Capital of theState of South Dakota.
Tennessee[63]
Statehood in 1796		New Bern (NC)1712Capital of theBritishProvince of North Carolina.
1776Capital of theState of North Carolina.
Rocky Mount1790Capitals of theTerritory South of the River Ohio.
White's Fort
Knoxville		1791
1796Capital of theState of Tennessee.
Kingston1807Capital of theState of Tennessee for one day in 1807 to fulfill treaty obligations with theCherokee Nation.
Knoxville1807Capitals of theState of Tennessee.
Nashville1812
Knoxville1817
Murfreesboro1818
Nashville1826
Texas
Statehood in 1845		Los Adaes (LA)1729Capitals of theSpanish province ofTejas.
San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio)1772
Saltillo (COA)1824Capitals of theMexican province ofCoahuila y Tejas.
Monclova (COA)1833
San Felipe de Austin1835Capital of theProvisional Government of Texas.
Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos)1836Capitals of theRepublic of Texas.
Galveston1836
Harrisburg1836
Velasco1836
Columbia1836
Houston1837
Austin1839
1845Capital of theState of Texas.
Utah
Statehood in 1896		Salt Lake City1849Capital of the extralegalState of Deseret.
Fillmore1850Capitals of theTerritory of Utah.
Salt Lake City1858
1896Capital of theState of Utah.
Vermont[64]
Statehood in 1791		Westminster1777Capitals of theRepublic of New Connecticut.
Windsor1777
1777Capital of theVermont Republic.
1791Capitals of theState of Vermont.
Montpelier1805
Virginia[65]
Statehood in 1776		San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of theSpanish province ofLa Florida.[g]
Jamestown1607Capitals of theEnglishColony of Virginia.
Middle Plantation
Williamsburg		1698
1707Capital of theBritishColony of Virginia.
1776Capital of theCommonwealth of Virginia.
Richmond1780Capital of theCommonwealth of Virginia.
(Capital of theConfederate States of America 1861–1865.)
(A rivalpro-Union state government operated fromWheeling 1861–1863 and fromAlexandria 1863–1865).
Washington[66]
Statehood in 1889		Champoeg (OR)1843Temporary capital of the disputedOregon Country.
Oregon City (OR)1843Capital of theProvisional Government of Oregon in theOregon Country.[46]
1848Capitals of theTerritory of Oregon.
Salem (OR)1851
Olympia1853Capital of theTerritory of Washington.
1889Capital of theState of Washington.
West Virginia
Statehood in 1863		Jamestown (VA)1619Capitals of theEnglishColony of Virginia.
Middle Plantation (VA)
Williamsburg (VA)		1698
1707Capital of theBritishColony of Virginia.
1776Capitals of theCommonwealth of Virginia.
Richmond (VA)1780
Wheeling1861Capital of the rivalpro-Union government of theCommonwealth of Virginia.
1863Capitals of theState of West Virginia.
Charleston1870
Wheeling1875
Charleston1885
Wisconsin[67]
Statehood in 1848		Marietta (OH)1788Capital of theTerritory Northwest of the River Ohio.
Vincennes (IN)1800Capital of theTerritory of Indiana.
Kaskaskia (IL)1809Capital of theTerritory of Illinois.
Detroit (MI)1818Capital of theTerritory of Michigan.
Belmont1836Capitals of theTerritory of Wisconsin.
Burlington (IA)1837
Madison1838
1848Capital of theState of Wisconsin.
Wyoming[68]
Statehood in 1890		Lewiston (ID)1863Capital of theTerritory of Idaho.
Yankton (SD)1864Capital of theTerritory of Dakota.
Cheyenne1869Capital of theTerritory of Wyoming.
1890Capital of theState of Wyoming.

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^Convened May 10, 1775, prior to independence.
  2. ^Extensive damage to Independence Hall during the British Occupation of Philadelphia, necessitated this temporary meeting place.
  3. ^Congress was forced to move from Philadelphia due to a riot of angry soldiers. See:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
  4. ^Government officeswere evacuated to Trenton, New Jersey, from August to November 1799 following an outbreak ofyellow fever in Philadelphia.
  5. ^The District of Columbia was formed February 27, 1801, with theDistrict of Columbia Organic Act of 1801. The city of Washington was founded in 1791 and construction of the new capital began while it was still part of Maryland. PresidentJohn Adams moved to theWhite House on November 1, 1800 and the6th United States Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17, 1800.[15]
  6. ^PresidentJames Madison fled to the home ofCaleb Bentley inBrookeville, Maryland following theburning of Washington on August 24–25, 1814. As such, the town claims to have been the "U.S. Capital for a Day" despite the fact that Congress never met there.[16]
  7. ^abcdefghTheSpanish nameLa Florida originally referred to all of theAmerican continent north ofMexico. As otherEuropean nations colonized North America, the extent ofLa Florida shrank to encompass only the Spanish territorial claims in the southeastern portion of the presentUnited States.
  8. ^abcThe nameArkansas has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions. The region was organized as theTerritory of Arkansaw on July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to theUnion as theState of Arkansas on June 15, 1836. The name was historically pronounced/ˈɑːrkənsɔː/,/ɑːrˈkænzəs/, and several other variants. In 1881, theArkansas General Assembly passed the following concurrent resolution (Arkansas Statutes, Title 1, Chapter 4, Section 105):

    Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings.

    And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants.

    Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the Native Americans and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is an innovation to be discouraged.

    Citizens of theState of Kansas often pronounce theArkansas River/ɑːrˈkænzəs/ in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state.

  9. ^Due to flooding inSacramento,San Francisco served as a temporary capital from January 24, 1862 to May 15, 1862. See"California's State Capitols 1850–present"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on August 19, 2010. RetrievedMarch 14, 2013.
  10. ^From December 3, 1859, to December 3, 1861,Denver City was formally theCity of Denver, Auraria, and Highland.
  11. ^On November 15, 1902, theCity of Denver became theCity and County of Denver.
  12. ^Note: The Louisiana Capitals information may be incorrect or incomplete. See"Louisiana History". Archived fromthe original on June 15, 2006. RetrievedJune 28, 2006. and elsewhere.
  13. ^abThe modern spelling of 'Charleston' did not take hold until the 1780s.[60]

References

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  2. ^"Farewell to New York".U.S. Senate. Archived fromthe original on October 10, 2020. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  3. ^Drexler, Ken (April 21, 2020)."Residence Act: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction".Library of Congress Research Guides. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  4. ^abGonzález, Jennifer (November 17, 2015)."On This Day: Congress Moves to Washington, D.C. | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress".Library of Congress Blogs. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  5. ^"Congress Hall - Independence National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)".National Park Service. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  6. ^"Ceremonial Meeting of Congress in Philadelphia for Bicentennial of Constitution".US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  7. ^"A Special Session at Federal Hall in New York City".US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives. September 6, 2002. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  8. ^abRiley, Edward M. (1953). "The Independence Hall Group".Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.43 (1):7–42.doi:10.2307/1005661.ISSN 0065-9746.JSTOR 1005661.
  9. ^"Buildings of the Department of State Henry Fite's House, Baltimore Dec. 20, 1776—Feb. 27, 1777".Office of the Historian. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  10. ^abcKlein, Christopher (July 16, 2015)."8 Forgotten Capitals of the United States".HISTORY. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  11. ^ab"Meeting Places for the Continental Congresses and the Confederation Congress, 1774–1789".History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. RetrievedJanuary 30, 2022.
  12. ^"College Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: July 2, 1778 to July 20, 1778".United States Capitols.
  13. ^see alsoFord, Worthington C.; Hunt, Gaillard; Fitzpatrick, John C.; Hill, Roscoe R. (eds.)."Journals of the Continental Congress (JCC) 1774–1789".A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Databases, 1774–1875.1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 13, 104, 114 – via Library of Congress.
  14. ^abcdefghi"The Nine Capitals of the United States".U.S. Senate. Archived fromthe original on May 30, 2020. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
  15. ^Carter II, Edward C. (1971–1972), "Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington, 1798-1818",Records of the Columbia Historical Society: 139
  16. ^"A Brief History". Town of Brookeville, Maryland. 2006. Archived fromthe original on December 7, 2008. RetrievedOctober 7, 2008.
  17. ^"The Senate Convenes in Emergency Quarters".U.S. Senate. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.
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  20. ^"City and Town Population Totals: 2020".The United States Census Bureau. RetrievedNovember 9, 2020.
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  23. ^abEhle, John (1988).Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Anchor Books Doubleday.ISBN 0385239548.
  24. ^"Qualla Boundary | NCpedia".www.ncpedia.org. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2017.
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  27. ^"Haudenosaunee Confederacy".www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com. RetrievedJanuary 24, 2017.
  28. ^"Haudenosaunee Confederacy".www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com. RetrievedJanuary 24, 2017.
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  44. ^Jackson, Edwin L.Story of Georgia's Capitols and Capital CitiesArchived October 9, 2007, at theWayback Machine. Carl Vinson Institute of Government. University of Georgia. 1988
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Christian Montes.American Capitals: A Historical Geography (University of Chicago Press; 2014) 394 pages; scholarly study of geographic and other factors that have shaped the designation of capitals in all 50 states

External links

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