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List of battles by casualties

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This article is about list of specific battles by casualties. For list of wars, seeList of wars by death toll.
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The following is alist of the casualties count in battles or offensives inworld history. The list includes bothsieges (not technically battles but usually yielding similar combat-related or civilian deaths) and civilian casualties during the battles.

Large battle casualty counts are usually impossible to calculate precisely, but few in this list may include somewhat precise numbers. Many of these figures, though, are estimates, and, where possible, a range of estimates is presented. Figures display numbers for all types of casualties when available (killed,wounded,missing, and sick) but may only include number killed due to a lack of total data on the event. Where possible, the list specifies whether or notprisoners are included in the count.

This list does not include bombing campaigns/runs (such as theattack on Pearl Harbor and thebombing of Tokyo) or massacres such as theRape of Nanjing, which, despite potentially massive casualties, are not typically classified as "battles", since they are usually one-sided engagements or the nation attacked is not officially at war with the attackers. Tactical or strategic strikes, however, may form part of larger engagements which are themselves battles, small campaigns or offensives.

Sieges and urban combat

[edit]

This list, sorted by year, includes sieges as well as modern battles fought primarily in urban areas. Major military operations that included city fighting are listedbelow this.

SiegeYearConflictCasualties
(High est.)(Low est.)
Siege of Tyre332 BCWars of Alexander the Great39,000
(including 13,000 civilians and 2,000 executed soldiers)		34,000
Siege of Gaza332 BCWars of Alexander the Great14,00011,000
Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC)213-212 BCSecond Punic War40,000
(including Archimedes)		9,000
Siege of Carthage149-146 BCThird Punic War450,000
(including 50,000 civilians enslaved)		200,000
Siege of Athens and Piraeus87–86 BCMithridatic Wars (First Mithridatic War)400,000
(including prisoners)		200,000[1]
Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)63 BCMithridatic Wars (First Mithridatic War)12,000+5,000
Siege of Alesia52 BCGallic Wars200,000100,000
Siege of Constantinople626Sasanian–Byzantine wars95,00070,000
Siege of Constantinople717–718Arab–Byzantine wars170,000130,000[2]
Siege of Yongqiu756An Lushan Rebellion100,00065,000
Siege of Suiyang757An Lushan Rebellion200,000+160,000
Siege of Chandax960-961Arab–Byzantine wars74,00050,000
Siege of Yongzhou1076Lý-Song War140,000[3]78,000[4]
Siege of Nicaea1097First Crusade11,0004,000
Siege of Ma'arra1098First Crusade45,000
(including civilians and soldiers executed and cannibalized)		25,000
Siege of Antioch1097-1099First Crusade74,00050,000
Siege of Jerusalem1099First Crusade90,00070,000
Siege of Tripoli1099-1102First Crusade90,000105,000
Siege of Bukhara1220Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire30,00015,000
Siege of Gurganj1221Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire1,200,00090,000
Siege of Baghdad1258Mongol invasions and conquests2,000,000[5]90,000[6][7]
Siege of Acre1291Fall of Outremer20,00010,000
Siege of Caffa1345-1347Genoese–Mongol Wars60,00015,000
Siege of Golubac1428Ottoman–Hungarian wars20,00010,000
Siege of Constantinople1453Byzantine–Ottoman wars54,000+34,000+
Siege of Vijaya1471Champa–Đại Việt War (1471)300,000+130,000+
Siege of Tenochtitlan1521Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire240,000100,000[8][9]
Siege of Szigetvár1566Ottoman wars in Europe33,00023,000
Siege of Chittorgarh1567–1568Mughal-Rajput Wars (1558–1576)40,00035,000
Siege of Ulsan1598Imjin War30,00013,000
Siege of Nagykanizsa1601Long Turkish War37,00025,000
Siege of Ostend1601–1604Eighty Years' War115,00090,000
Siege of Osaka1614-1615Edo Period500,000110,000
Siege of La Rochelle1627–1628Huguenot rebellions35,00027,000
Capture of Maastricht1632Eighty Years' War14,0009,500
Siege of Candia1648–1669Cretan War149,739149,739
Battle of Vienna1683Great Turkish War83,00099,000
Siege of Buda (1686)1686Great Turkish War23,00023,000
Siege of Jinji1690–1698Deccan wars16,000[10]
First siege of Anandpur1700Hill States-Sikh Wars150,000+150,000+
Siege of Belgrade (1717)1717Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)50,00050,000
Siege of Izmail1790Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)50,000+~41,500
Siege of Toulon1793War of the First Coalition21,4007,400
Battle of Praga[11]1794Kościuszko Uprising27,000~21,500
Siege of Mantua1796–1797War of the First Coalition51,00051,000
Siege of Genoa1800War of the Second Coalition28,00028,000
Siege of Danzig1807War of the Fourth Coalition17,90017,900
Second siege of Zaragoza1808–1809Peninsular War64,000[12]64,000
First siege of Sevastopol1854–1855Crimean War230,000[13]230,000
Third Battle of Nanking1864Taiping Rebellion100,000[14]100,000
Siege of Petersburg1864–1865American Civil War70,000[15]70,000
Siege of Vicksburg1863American Civil War36,00020,000
Battle of Gettysburg1863American Civil War50,00050,000
Siege of Paris1871Franco-Prussian War332,142229,000
Siege of Plevna1877Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)75,000[16]75,000
Siege of Port Arthur1904–1905Russo-Japanese War100,000[17]100,000
Siege of Adrianople1912–1913First Balkan War93,282[18]93,282
Siege of Liege1914World War I25,3006,000
Siege of Przemyśl1914World War I253,000253,000
Siege of Maubeuge1914World War I94,00051,000
Siege of Antwerp1914World War I58,00036,000
Siege of Kut1915-1916World War I50,00036,000
Battle of Taiyuan1937Second Sino-Japanese War130,000[19]130,000
Battle of Xinkou1937Second Sino-Japanese War200,000[citation needed]200,000
Battle of Shanghai1937Second Sino-Japanese War426,140[20]363,700[21]
First Battle of Changsha1939Second Sino-Japanese War80,000+80,000+[22]
Battle of Nanchang1939Second Sino-Japanese War75,328[23]75,328
Siege of Warsaw (1939)1939World War II206,000206,000
Battle of Dunkirk1940World War II88,000[24]88,000
Siege of Malta (World War II)1940-1942World War II21,00021,000
Battle of South Shanxi1941Second Sino-Japanese War120,000+120,000+[25]
Siege of Tobruk1941World War II18,60016,500
Siege of Odessa1941World War II133,813[26]133,813
Battle of Kiev1941World War II761,783[26]761,783
Second siege of Sevastopol1941–1942World War II236,437236,437
Third Battle of Changsha1942World War II84,862[27]84,862
First Battle of Voronezh1942World War II662,847662,847
Battle of Stalingrad1942–1943World War II4,172,000[28][29]1,250,000[30]
Battle of Changde1943World War II100,000100,000[31]
Battle of West Hubei1943World War II115,830115,830[32]
Siege of Leningrad1941–1944World War II4,000,000[33]1,117,000[34][35]
Warsaw Uprising1944World War II200,000+200,000+[36]
Siege of Budapest1944–1945World War II422,000422,000[37]
Battle of Berlin1945World War II1,286,367
(including civilians)		1,057,665[38]
Battle of Okinawa1945World War II240,000130,000
Battle of Manila1945World War II500,000[39][40]100,000[41][42]
Battle of the Bulge1944–1945World War II218,900161,370[43]
Siege of Changchun1948[44]Chinese Civil War425,000[45]78,808[46][47][48]
Siege of Basra1987Iran–Iraq War85,00085,000
First Battle of Grozny1994–1995First Chechen War33,19232,000
Battle of Aleppo2012–2016Syrian Civil War45,000[49]31,273[50]
Battle of Mosul2016–2017War in Iraq (2013–2017)71,355[51][52][53]18,200[54]
Siege of Mariupol2022Russian Invasion of Ukraine85,200[55][56][57]8,034[58][59][60][56]
Battle of Bakhmut2022–2023Russian Invasion of Ukraine165,600[61]146,050[61]
Battle of Avdiivka2023–2024Russian Invasion of Ukraine54,000[62][63]21,000[63]
Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip2023-2025Gaza War186,000 (June 2024)[64]53,939 and 122,797 wounded[65]

Major operations

[edit]

This list includes major operations and prolonged battles or operations fought over a large area or for a long time. The durations of some operations, like theBattle of Moscow, are disputed, so casualty numbers may differ for that reason alone.

OperationYearConflictCasualties
Flanders and Rhine campaign1713War of the Spanish Succession190,442[citation needed]
Montenotte Campaign1796War of the First Coalition8,000+
Ulm Campaign1805War of the Third Coalition62,000
French invasion of Russia1812Napoleonic Wars920,000–1,040,000[66]
German Campaign1813War of the Sixth Coalition745,000
Six Days' Campaign1814War of the Sixth Coalition80,000[67]
Hundred Days1815War of the Seventh Coalition241,525
Peninsula Campaign1862American Civil War36,463[68]
Battle of Chancellorsville1863American Civil War30,000[69]–30,500[70]
Overland Campaign1864American Civil War87,000[71]–92,000[12]
Appomattox Campaign1865American Civil War16,500[15]
Battle of Liaoyang1904Russo-Japanese War33,100
Battle of Shaho1904Russo-Japanese War62,500
Battle of Mukden1905Russo-Japanese War160,000[72]
Battle of Sandepu1905Russo-Japanese War22,400
Battle of Lule Burgas1912First Balkan War42,162+[73]
First Battle of Çatalca1912First Balkan War22,000[74]
Battle of Bregalnica1913Second Balkan War36,620[18]
Battle of Kilkis-Lachanas1913Second Balkan War15,700
Serbian campaign1914–1915World War I790,000–1,587,000+
Battle of the Frontiers1914World War I664,191
Battle of Tannenberg1914World War I145,000[75]–160,000[76]
Battle of Galicia1914World War I645,000–700,000
Battle of Cer1914World War I58,500–65,500
First Battle of the Marne1914World War I513,000[77]
First Battle of the Aisne1914World War I263,541+
Battle of the Yser1914World War I18,500+
First Battle of Ypres1914World War I210,000[78]
Battle of Łódź1914World War I270,000–390,000[79]
Battle of the Drina1914World War I70,000
Battle of the Vistula River1914World War I214,480
Battle of Limanowa1914World War I251,120
First Battle of Champagne1914–1915World War I139,532
Battle of Sarikamish1914–1915World War I60,000—85,000[80]
Carpathian Front1915World War I930,751
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes1915World War I216,200
Second Battle of Ypres1915World War I104,208[81]–107,000[82]
Gallipoli Campaign1915World War I503,000[81]–552,000[83]
Second Battle of Artois1915World War I186,000[81]
Battle of Neuve Chapelle1915World War I23,000
Second Battle of Champagne–Third Battle of Artois1915World War I75,000[82]–440,000[81]
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive1915World War I300,000–1,087,000[81]
Great Retreat (Russian)1915World War I1,943,800+
Serbian Campaign1915World War I331,000 including prisoners[84]
Erzurum offensive1916World War I80,000—85,000[80]
Battle of Erzincan1916World War I63,000
Battle of Mont Sorrel1916World War I14,000
Battle of Verdun1916World War I755,000[85]–976,000[81]
Battle of Asiago1916World War I250,000[81]
Brusilov offensive1916World War I1,500,000–2,500,000[86]
Battle of the Somme1916World War I1,120,000[87]–1,215,000[81]
Monastir Offensive1916World War I111,000[88]
Romanian Campaign1916–1917World War I240,000[81][dubious –discuss]–933,000, including prisoners
Nivelle Offensive1917World War I354,000[89]
Second Battle of the Aisne1917World War I350,000–463,000
Battle of Arras1917World War I278,000–288,000
Battle of Messines1917World War I42,000[90][91]
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo1917World War I200,000[92]
Third Battle of Ypres1917World War I585,000+[93]
Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo1917World War I273,000
Battle of Caporetto1917World War I60,000[94]
Battle of Cambrai1917World War I95,000[94]
German spring offensive1918World War I1,539,000[95]
Battle of Amiens1918World War I150,000
Operation Michael1918World War I494,616
Battle of the Lys1918World War I204,300–228,340
Third Battle of the Aisne1918World War I257,000
Second Battle of the Piave River1918World War I131,494 killed and wounded, 73,729 prisoners
Second Battle of the Marne1918World War I288,000[95]
Battle of Soissons1918World War I287,259
Battle of Saint-Mihiel1918World War I27,500
Hundred Days Offensive1918World War I2,240,000[95]
Meuse–Argonne offensive1918World War I318,000
Battle of Warsaw1920Polish–Soviet War130,000, approximately, not including prisoners[96]
Invasion of Manchuria1931Second Sino-Japanese War35,000[citation needed]
Asturias Offensive1937Spanish Civil War50,000
Battle of Jarama1937Spanish Civil War40,000
Battle of Guadalajara1937Spanish Civil War12,000[97]
Aragon Offensive1937–1938Spanish Civil War205,000, including prisoners
Battle of Teruel1937–1938Spanish Civil War110,000[98]
Levante Offensive1938Spanish Civil War25,000
Battle of the Ebro1938Spanish Civil War106,500[98]
Battle of Xuzhou1938Second Sino-Japanese War130,000[99]
1938 Yellow River Flood1938Second Sino-Japanese War800,000[100]
Battle of Wuhan1938Second Sino-Japanese War550,000–700,000[101][102]
Battles of Khalkhin Gol1939Soviet–Japanese border conflicts42,000–75,000[103][104]
Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang1939Second Sino-Japanese War49,000
Invasion of Poland1939World War II310,000[105]–914,000[106]
Battle of the Bzura1939World War II232,000[107]–234,000[107]
Winter Offensive1939–1940World War II100,000+[108]
Operation Weserübung1940World War II12,800[105]
Battle of France1940World War II469,000[109]
Battle of Britain1940World War II38,800[a][110][b]
Hundred Regiments Offensive1940Second Sino-Japanese War62,900[111]
Battle of Keren1941World War II12,600+ killed
Battle of Greece1941World War II46,295[112]
Battle of Shanggao1941Second Sino-Japanese War42,000
Battle of Crete1941World War II16,007[113]
Operation Barbarossa1941World War II5,318,000[114]–8,050,000[115]
Battle of Białystok–Minsk1941World War II429,886 including prisoners[116]
Battle of Smolensk1941World War II595,606 killed, captured, and missing
300,000 Soviet prisoners
Battle of Uman1941World War II223,853
Battle of Kiev (included in Barbarossa)1941World War II761,783 killed, captured, and missing
Battle of Bryansk1941World War II700,000 Soviet killed, captured and missing
German casualties unknown.
Battle of Moscow (included in Barbarossa)1941World War II1,000,000[117]
Battle of Hong Kong1941World War II18,000 including prisoners[118]
Battle of Malaya/Battle of Singapore1941–1942World War II143,800, and 60,000 prisoners[119]
Battle of Bataan/Battle of Corregidor1942World War II30,000 killed[120]
Battle of Lyuban1942World War II365,135
Battle of the Kerch Peninsula1942World War II176,000+[121]
Demyansk Pocket1942World War II300,000
Second Battle of Kharkov1942World War II300,000[121]
Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign1942Second Sino-Japanese War356,000[122]
Battle of Gazala1942World War II148,000[123]
First Battle of El Alamein1942World War II30,000
Kokoda Track campaign1942World War II13,000
Case Blue1942World War II1,400,000
Battle of the Caucasus1942–1942World War II625,000
Guadalcanal Campaign1942–1943World War II29,100[124]–31,100[125]
Battles of Rzhev1942–1943World War II2,900,000–3,080,000
Second Battle of El Alamein1942World War II39,400[123]–82,500[126]
Operation Iskra1943World War II129,332[127]
Battle of Kursk1943World War II1,028,617[128][129]–2,037,000[130]
Operation Kutuzov1943World War II516,344
Allied invasion of Sicily1943World War II36,000+ killed, and over 100,000 Italian POWs[131]
Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation1943World War II202,654–280,634
Battle of Smolensk1943World War II522,059
Dnieper Campaign1943World War II1,582,000–2,480,000
Operation Husky1943World War II16,000
Allied invasion of Italy1943World War II17,092[132]
Bougainville Campaign1943–1945World War II21,929 killed, and 23,571 Japanese prisoners[133]
Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive1943–1944World War II1,442,956
Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive1944World War II385,604
Battle of Monte Cassino1944World War II185,000[134]
Battle of Narva1944World War II550,000 all causes[135]
Battle of Anzio1944World War II52,200 killed[136]
First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive1944World War II195,000[137]
Operation Ichi-Go1944Second Sino-Japanese War1,300,000+[138]
Battle of Normandy1944World War II650,600[139][140]–795,400[141][140]
Battle of Cherbourg1944World War II60,000
Battle for Caen1944World War II178,000
Operation Dragoon1944World War II169,600
Battle of Saipan1944World War II43,500 killed, including mass suicides[142]
Operation Bagration1944World War II1,430,000[143]
Lvov–Sandomierz offensive1944World War II463,129
Falaise Pocket1944World War II140,000[144]
Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive1944World War II485,424, including prisoners[145]
Operation Market Garden1944World War II27,200[146]
Moro River Campaign1944World War II20,000
Baltic offensive1944World War II280,120 Soviet casualties; German casualties unknown
Battle of Aachen1944World War II21,000
Gothic Line offensive1944-1945World War II92,000
Battle of Hürtgen Forest1944–1945World War II63,000[147]
Courland Pocket1944–1945World War II278,819
Battle of Leyte Gulf1944World War II12,000 killed[148]
Battle of the Bulge1944–1945World War II161,370[43][149]–218,900
Vistula–Oder Offensive1945World War II636,191 including prisoners
Battle of Luzon1945World War II332,330–345,330, including sick[150]
Battle of the Rhineland1945World War II82,000 and 250,000 prisoners[151]
Battle of Iwo Jima1945World War II44,821[152]–48,700[153]
East Prussian Offensive1945World War II806,778 including prisoners
Battle of Okinawa1945World War II113,920[154]–158,400[155]
Burma campaigns1942–1945World War II700,000[156]
Battle of West Hunan1945World War II50,000
Second Guangxi campaign1945World War II1,000,000[citation needed]
Liaoshen campaign1948Chinese Civil War542,000, including captured[157]
Huaihai campaign1948Chinese Civil War689,000, including captured[158]
Pingjin campaign1948–1949Chinese Civil War560,000, including captured[159]
Shanghai Campaign1949Chinese Civil War213,073[160]
Battle of Inchon1950Korean War17,429[161]
UN offensive into North Korea1950Korean War51,700[162]
Battle of Chosin Reservoir1950Korean War66,000
Battle of Dien Bien Phu1954First Indochina War31,500, not including prisoners[163]
Tet Offensive1968Vietnam War65,000[164]
Operation OAU1968Nigerian Civil War30,000[164]
Easter Offensive1972Vietnam War150,000[164]
Operation Dawn 51984Iran–Iraq War75,000
Battle of the Marshes1984Iran–Iraq War55,000
Russian invasion of Ukraine2022–pres.Russo-Ukrainian War300,000[165]–500,000[166]

Classical formation battles

[edit]

These refer to battles in which armies met on a single field of battle and fought each other for anywhere from one to several days. This type of battle died out in favor of larger military operations.

This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(January 2018)
BattleYearConflictCasualties
Battle of Megiddo1457 BCThutmose III's first campaign in the Levant16,000+
Battle of Kadesh1274 BCSecond Syrian campaign of Ramesses II30,000+
Battle of Qarqar853 BCAssyrian conquest of Aram24,000+
Battle of Thymbra547 BCLydian–Persian War100,000[167]
Battle of Marathon490 BCGreco-Persian Wars5,000–8,000[168]
Battle of Thermopylae480 BCGreco-Persian Wars22,500[169]
Battle of Plataea479 BCGreco-Persian War51,500[169]–257,000[170]
Battle of Mycale479 BCGreco-Persian War70,000
Battle of Leuctra371 BCTheban–Spartan War4,300
Battle of Mantinea362 BCTheban–Spartan War18,000
Battle of the Granicus334 BCWars of Alexander the Great7,000[c][171]
Battle of Issus333 BCWars of Alexander the Great20,000-40,000[172]
Battle of Gaugamela331 BCWars of Alexander the Great53,500[173]
Battle of the Persian Gate330 BCWars of Alexander the Great48,500
Battle of the Hydaspes326 BCWars of Alexander the Great23,310[173]
Battle of Sentinum295 BCThird Samnite War33,700[174]
Battle of Heraclea280 BCPyrrhic War11,000–26,000[174]
Battle of Asculum279 BCPyrrhic War9,500+
Battle of Beneventum275 BCPyrrhic War20,000
Battle of Messana264 BCFirst Punic War7,400+
Battle of Changping260 BCWarring States period700,000 (ancient source & includes prisoners)[175]
Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC)240 BCMercenary War8,000+
Battle of Telamon225 BCRoman–Gallic wars56,000+
Battle of Ticinus218 BCSecond Punic War9,500+
Battle of the Trebia218 BCSecond Punic War35,000[176]
Battle of Lake Trasimene217 BCSecond Punic War30,000[176]
Battle of Cannae216 BCSecond Punic War50,000+[177]
Battle of Silva Litana216 BCSecond Punic War24,000+
Battle of the Silarus212 BCSecond Punic War15,000 +
Battle of the Metaurus207 BCSecond Punic War12,000[178]
Battle of Julu207 BCChu–Han Contention400,000+ (including prisoners)
Battle of Wei River204 BCChu-Han contention200,000+
Battle of Utica203 BCSecond Punic War45,000+
Battle of Gaixia203 BCChu-Han contention100,000+
Battle of the Arius200 BCAntiochus's Bactrian Campaign3,750
Battle of Cynoscephalae197 BCSecond Macedonian War23,700
Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)191 BCRoman–Seleucid War14,000
Battle of Magnesia190 BCRoman–Seleucid War53,350[179]
Battle of Pydna168 BCThird Macedonian War21,000[179]
Battle of Noreia115 BCGermanic Wars (Cimbrian War)24,000
Battle of the Muthul109 BCJugurthine War25,000
Battle of Arausio105 BCGermanic Wars (Cimbrian War)85,000[180][181][182]
Battle of Aquae Sextiae102 BCGermanic Wars (Cimbrian War)90,000[183]
Battle of Chaeronea86 BCMithridatic Wars (First Mithridatic War)50,000[184]
Battle of the Colline Gate82 BCSulla's civil war50,000[185]
Battle of Saguntum (75 BC)71 BCSertorian War11,000
Battle of the Silarius River71 BCThird Servile War11,000
Battle of Chalcedon74 BCMithridatic Wars (Third Mithridatic War)19,000+
Battle of Tigranocerta69 BCMithridatic Wars (Third Mithridatic War)10,000+[186]
Battle of the Lycus66 BCMithridatic Wars (Third Mithridatic War)10,000+
Battle of Bibracte58 BCGallic Wars12,000+[187]
Battle of Axona57 BCGallic Wars11,000+
Battle of Carrhae53 BCRoman–Persian Wars24,000[188]
Battle of Pharsalus48 BCCaesar's Civil War17,000[189]
Battle of Philippi42 BCLiberators' civil war24,000[190]
Battle of Actium31 BCFinal War of the Roman Republic7,500+[191]
Battle of the Teutoburg ForestAD 9Roman–Germanic wars20,000[192]
Battle of IdistavisoAD 16Roman–Germanic wars20,000+[193]
Battle of Watling StreetAD 61Iceni Revolt80,400[194]
Battle of Mons GraupiusAD 84Roman conquest of Britain10,360[195]
Battle of AdamclisiAD 102Dacian Wars18,000+
Battle of SarmizegetusaAD 106Dacian Wars21,000+
Battle of CarnuntumAD 170Marcomannic Wars20,000+
Battle of Issus (194)194Year of the Five Emperors20,000
Battle of Lugdunum197Year of the Five Emperors90,000
Battle of Guandu200Three Kingdoms78,000[196]
Battle of Red Cliffs208Three Kingdoms100,000[196]
Battle of Barbalissos252Perso-Roman wars of 337–36160,000+[197]
Battle of Edessa260Perso-Roman wars of 337–36165,000+[198]
Battle of Emesa272Crisis of the Third Century61,000+
Battle of Châlons (274)274Crisis of the Third Century56,000+
Battle of Adrianople378Gothic War40,000+[199]
Battle of the Fei River383Sixteen Kingdoms period700,000+[200]
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains451Hunnic Invasion165,000 (ancient source)[201]
Battle of Zhongli507Northern and Southern dynasties200,000+ (ancient source)
Battle of Dara530Iberian War8,000+[202]
Battle of Callinicum531Iberian War28,000+
Battle of Taginae552Gothic War8,000+
Battle of the Volturnus554Gothic War18,000+
Battle of the Salsu612Goguryeo–Sui War302,300 (ancient source)[203]
Battle of Nineveh627Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–6289,000+
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah636Muslim conquest of Persia31,000[204]
Battle of Muzayyah633Muslim conquest of Persia10,000
Battle of Ullais633Muslim conquest of Persia35,000[205]
Battle of River633Muslim conquest of Persia15,000+[206]
Battle of Ajnadayn634Muslim conquest of the Levant55,000
Battle of Yarmouk636Muslim conquest of the Levant70,000[2]
Battle of Walaja636Muslim conquest of Persia22,000[207]
Battle of Nahavand642Muslim conquest of Persia28,500[208]
Battle of Guadalete711Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula20,000+
Battle of Marj Ardabil730Second Arab-Khazar War25,000+
Battle of Tours732Umayyad invasion of Gaul13,000[209]
Battle of Akroinon740Arab–Byzantine Wars13,200+
Battle of Talas751Muslim conquest of Transoxiana50,000+
Battle of Xiangji Temple757An Lushan Rebellion110,000+
Battle of Pliska811Byzantine–Bulgarian wars29,000
Battle of Ashdown871Viking activity in the British Isles9,000
Battle of Brenta899Hungarian invasions of Europe14,000+
Battle of Lechfeld955Hungarian invasions of Europe15,000
Battle of Arcadiopolis970Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria27,000
Battle of the Gates of Trajan986Byzantine–Bulgarian wars27,000
Battle of Kleidion1014Byzantine–Bulgarian wars45,000
Battle of Gwiju1019Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War90,000+
Battle of Dandanaqan1040Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars35,000+
Battle of Fulford1066Viking invasions of England5,000
Battle of Stamford Bridge1066Viking invasions of England13,000
Battle of Hastings1066Norman Conquest6,000[c][210]
Battle of Manzikert1071Byzantine-Seljuk Wars25,000
Battle of Langensalza (1075)1075Saxon Revolt of 1073-10758,600[c]
Battle of Nhu Nguyet river1077Lý–Song War150,000[211][212]
Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)1081First Norman invasion of the Balkans5,000+
Battle of Civetot1096People's Crusade50,000+
Battle of Dorylaeum1097First Crusade7,000+
Battle of Ascalon1099First Crusade13,000+
Battle of Nakło (1109)1109???30,000+
Battle of Ager Sanguinis1119Crusades12,000
Battle of Azaz1125Crusades6,000+
Battle of Crug Mawr1135Norman invasion of Wales13,000
Battle of Legnano1177Guelphs and Ghibellines9,000+
Battle of Montgisard1177Ayyubid–Crusader War25,850[c]
Battle of Hattin1187Ayyubid–Crusader War17,000–20,000[213]
Battle of Philomelion (1190)1190Third Crusade5,100
Battle of Arsuf1191Third Crusade8,000+
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa1212Reconquista60,000[214]
Battle of Yehuling1212Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty150,000[c]
Battle of Muret1213Albigensian Crusade16,500[c]
Battle of Bouvines1214Anglo-French War9,000
Battle of Parwan1221Mongol invasion of Central Asia65,000+
Battle of the Kalka River1223Mongol invasion of Rus'50,000[c][215]
Battle of Sanfengshan1232Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty125,000
Battle of Legnica1241Mongol invasion of Poland30,000[216]
Battle of Mohi1241Mongol invasion of Europe15,000[217]
Battle of Mansurah1250Seventh Crusade21,000
Battle of Ain Jalut1260Mongol invasions of the Levant21,000
Battle of Kōan1281Mongol invasions of Japan150,000+
Third battle of Bach Dang river1288Mongol invasion of Vietnam85,000[218]
Battle of Jaran Manjur1298Mongol invasions of India20,000+
Battle of Yamen1279Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty100,000
Battle of Kili1299Mongol invasion of India130,000
Battle of Bapheus1302Byzantine–Ottoman wars3,000
Battle of Amroha1305Mongol invasion of India34,000
Battle of Bannockburn1314First War of Scottish Independence19,000[219]
Battle of Demotika1352Byzantine civil war of 1352–13578,000
Battle of Vijaya1377Champa–Đại Việt War (1367–1390)95,000
Battle of Kulikovo1380Great Troubles136,000
Battle of Roosebeke1382Hundred Years' War27,600
Battle of Maritsa1389Serbian-Ottoman wars57,000
Battle of Kosovo1389Serbian-Ottoman wars60,000
Battle of the Terek River1395Tokhtamysh–Timur war100,000[220]
Battle of Nicopolis1396Ottoman wars in Europe30,000
Conquest of Delhi1398Timur'sIndian campaign100,000[221][222]
Battle of Ankara1402Ottoman–Timur War15,000+[223]
Battle of Grunwald1410Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War13,000[224]
Battle of Agincourt1415Hundred Years' War14,000[citation needed]
Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động1426Lam Sơn uprising30,000[225]
Battle of Hermannstadt1442Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–1442)24,000
Battle of Zlatitsa1443Crusade of Varna22,000+
Battle of Varna1444Crusade of Varna60,000+
Battle of Kosovo (1448)1448Ottoman–Wallachian wars /Ottoman–Hungarian wars27,000
Tumu Crisis1449Ming–Mongol War200,000+[citation needed]
Battle of Castillon1453Hundred Years' War4,000[226]
Battle of Chojnice1454Thirteen Years' War9,000
Battle of Towton1461Wars of the Roses28,000[227]
Second Battle of St Albans1461Wars of the Roses2,000[228]
Night Attack at Târgoviște1462Wallachian-Ottoman Wars20,000[229]
Battle of Vaslui1475Moldavian-Ottoman Wars40,000+[citation needed]
Battle of Valea Albă1476Moldavian–Ottoman Wars30,000+[citation needed]
Battle of Breadfield1479Habsburg–Ottoman wars13,000+
Battle of Kabul1504Campaigns of Babur20,000+[230]
Battle of Ravenna1512War of the League of Cambrai13,500[231]
Battle of Flodden1513War of the League of Cambrai15,500
Battle of Chaldiran1514Ottoman–Persian Wars7,000
Battle of Orsha1514Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512-1522)21,000–45,000
Battle of Marignano1515War of the League of Cambrai11,000–15,000[232]
Battle of Ridaniya1517Ottoman wars in the Near East13,000[233]
La Noche Triste1520Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire4,800+
Battle of Pavia1525Italian War of 1521–152613,000
First Battle of Panipat1526Mughal Conquest20,000–50,000[234]
Battle of Mohács1526Ottoman–Hungarian wars30,000[c][235]
Battle of Sződfalva1527Hungarian campaign of 1527–152821,000
Battle of Ghaghra1529Mughal Conquest13,000[236]
Battle of Gorjani1537Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)22,000
Battle of Mühlberg1547Schmalkaldic War9,500
Battle of Molodi1572Russo-Crimean Wars29,000–33,000 or 100,000[237]
Battle of Nagashino1575Sengoku period18,000[238]: 80–82 
Battle of Alcácer Quibir1578Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts19,000
Battle of Gembloux1578Eighty Years' War6,000
Battle of Chungju1592Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)8,000–16,000[239] 100,000[240][241]
Battle of Călugăreni1595Long War (Ottoman War)11,000–16,000[citation needed]
Battle of Keresztes1596Long Turkish War30,000
Battle of Sacheon1598Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)30,000[242]
Battle of Sekigahara1600Sengoku period30,000+[243]
Battle of Nieuwpoort1600Eighty Years' War6,700+
Battle of Kircholm1605Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)8,400
Battle of Klushino1610Polish–Muscovite War5,400
Battle of Wisternitz1619Thirty Years' War6,700
Battle of White Mountain1620Thirty Years' War3,450
Battle of Shen-Liao1620Qing conquest of the Ming75,000
Battle of Rohilla1621Early Mughal-Sikh Wars14,000
Battle of Lutter1626Thirty Years' War9,700
Battle of Wolgast1628Thirty Years' War3,100
First Battle of Breitenfeld1631Thirty Years' War31,900
Battle of Lahira1631Early Mughal-Sikh Wars36,773[244]
Battle of Fürth1632Thirty Years' War5,000
Battle of Lützen1632Thirty Years' War11,160[245]
Battle of Amritsar1634Early Mughal-Sikh Wars7,000
Battle of Nördlingen1634Thirty Years' War17,000[246]
Battle of Kartarpur1635Early Mughal-Sikh Wars50,700-97,000[247][248]
Battle of the Downs1639Eighty Years' War15,000+[249]
Battle of Song-Jin1641Qing conquest of the Ming60,000[citation needed]
Second Battle of Breitenfeld1642Thirty Years' War14,000[250]
Battle of Rocroi1643Thirty Years' War19,000[251]
Battle of Freiburg1644Thirty Years' War12,000
Battle of Jankau1645Thirty Years' War15,500[252]
Battle of Lens1648Thirty Years' War9,500
Battle of Zusmarshausen1648Thirty Years' War5,000
Battle of Berestechko1651Khmelnytsky Uprising30,000–40,000[253]
Battle of the Dunes1658Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)9,600
Battle of Samugarh1658Mughal Conquest32,000[249]
Battle of Khajwa1659Mughal Conquest20,000[249]
Battle of Saint Gotthard1664Battle of Saint Gotthard12,000
Battle of Khotyn (1673)1673Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)32,000
Battle of Lund1676Scanian War14,000[254]
Battle of Vienna1683Ottoman–Habsburg wars19,500[255]
Battle of Mohács (1687)1687Ottoman–Habsburg wars12,500
Battle of Fleurus1690War of the Grand Alliance10,600−28,000[256][257]
Battle of Slankamen1691Ottoman–Habsburg wars28,000
Battle of Landen1693War of the Grand Alliance28,000[10]
Battle of Zenta1697Ottoman–Habsburg wars30,300[258]
Battle of Narva1700Great Northern War19,900[259][260]
Battle of Schellenberg1704War of the Spanish Succession11,000[10]
Battle of Blenheim1704War of the Spanish Succession32,000[10]
Battle of Chamkaur1705Mughal-Sikh Wars112,500
Battle of Fraustadt1706Great Northern War16,500[261]
Battle of Ramillies1706War of the Spanish Succession15,600[262]
Battle of Almansa1707War of the Spanish Succession22,000
Battle of Lesnaya1708Great Northern War11,000[263][264]
Battle of Poltava1709Great Northern War14,300[265]
Battle of Malplaquet1709War of the Spanish Succession95,000[262]
Battle of Helsingborg1710Great Northern War10,700[266]
Battle of Villaviciosa1710War of the Spanish Succession12,000
Battle of Gulnabad1722Hotaki-Safavid War17,000
Battle of Hohenfriedberg1745War of the Austrian Succession18,530
Battle of Fontenoy1745War of the Austrian Succession14,000[267]
Battle of Lobositz1756Seven Years' War7,000+
Battle of Leuthen1757Seven Years' War11,800[268]
Battle of Prague1757Seven Years' War27,570+
Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf1757Seven Years' War10,000+
Battle of Rossbach1757Seven Years' War10,000[269]
Battle of Breslau (1757)1757Seven Years' War12,000
Battle of Zorndorf1758Seven Years' War30,000[citation needed]
Battle of Krefeld1758Seven Years' War5,200
Battle of Kunersdorf1759Seven Years' War35,000[270]
Battle of Minden1759Seven Years' War12,700
Battle of Torgau1760Seven Years' War32,560+
Third Battle of Panipat1761Marathas andAfghans129,000+[271][272]
Battle of Kup1762Afghan-Sikh Wars20,000[c][273]
Battle of Villinghausen1761Seven Years' War13,000+
Battle of Freiberg1762Seven Years' War10,500
Battle of Kagul1770Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)21,000[274]
Battle of Porto Novo1781Second Anglo-Mysore War9306
Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút1785Siamese-Vietnamese Wars50,000[275]
Battle of Rymnik1789Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)21,000[276]
Battle of Jemappes1792War of the Second Coalition3,500
Battle of Mardanpur1794Maratha andPatiala8,333-52,333[277]
Battle of Loano1795War of the First Coalition10,000
Battle of Arcole1796War of the First Coalition11,000[278]
Battle of Rivoli1797War of the First Coalition17,500
Battle of Trebbia1799War of the Second Coalition17,000–23,000[279]
Battle of Novi1799War of the Second Coalition19,500[280]
Battle of the Pyramids1798War of the Second Coalition10,000+
Battle of Stockach1800War of the Second Coalition9,800
Battle of Marengo1800War of the Second Coalition16,400[281]
Battle of Montebello1800War of the Second Coalition7,275
Battle of Pozzolo1800War of the Second Coalition13,000+
Battle of Höchstädt1800War of the Second Coalition7,000
Battle of Hohenlinden1800War of the Second Coalition16,000+
Ulm campaign1805War of the Third Coalition62,000[281]
Battle of Dürenstein1805War of the Third Coalition10,000
Battle of Austerlitz1805War of the Third Coalition45,300[282]
Battle of Schöngrabern1805War of the Third Coalition5,000
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt1806War of the Fourth Coalition52,000, including prisoners later killed[283]
Battle of Lübeck1806War of the Fourth Coalition18,800
Battle of Eylau1807War of the Fourth Coalition40,000[283]
Battle of Friedland1807War of the Fourth Coalition28,000–50,000[284]
Battle of Bailen1808Peninsular War21,000
Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros1808Peninsular War6,600
Battle of Gamonal1808Peninsular War3,600
Battle of Aspern-Essling1809War of the Fifth Coalition42,900[285]
Battle of Landshut1809War of the Fifth Coalition9,000
Battle of Eckmühl1809War of the Fifth Coalition13,700
Battle of Abensberg1809War of the Fifth Coalition8,200
Battle of Ebelsberg1809War of the Fifth Coalition15,340
Battle of Piave River1809War of the Fifth Coalition7,000
Battle of Wagram1809War of the Fifth Coalition77,000[283]–79,000[286]
Battle of Znaim1809War of the Fifth Coalition9,000
Battle of Raab1809War of the Fifth Coalition14,300
Battle of Talavera1809Peninsular War13,900[287]
Battle of Somosierra1808Peninsular War2,500
Battle of Bussaco1810Peninsular War5,900
Battle of Slobozia1811Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)20,000[288]
Battle of Salamanca1812Peninsular War18,800[289]
Battle of Smolensk1812French invasion of Russia24,000[290]
Battle of Shevardino1812French invasion of Russia10,000
Battle of Borodino1812French invasion of Russia74,000[291]
Second Battle of Polotsk1812French invasion of Russia22,000
Battle of Maloyaroslavets1812French invasion of Russia16,000
Battle of Vyazma1812French invasion of Russia9,500
Battle of Wolkowisk1812French invasion of Russia6,000
Battle of Krasnoi1812French invasion of Russia28,000
Battle of Berezina1812French invasion of Russia60,000[291]
Battle of Vitoria1813Peninsular War13,000[289]
Battle of Lützen1813War of the Sixth Coalition31,155–52,000[292][293]
Battle of Bautzen1813War of the Sixth Coalition45,000
Battle of Hanau1813War of the Sixth Coalition15,000
Battle of Dresden1813War of the Sixth Coalition48,000[282]
Battle of Wartenburg1813War of the Sixth Coalition4,000
Battle of Großbeeren1813War of the Sixth Coalition5,000
Battle of Dennewitz1813War of the Sixth Coalition33,000[294]
Battle of Leipzig1813War of the Sixth Coalition124,000[67]
Battle of Orthez1814Peninsular War5,100
Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube1814War of the Sixth Coalition8,000
Battle of Wavre1815Hundred Days5,000
Battle of Quatre Bras1815Hundred Days10,000
Battle of Ligny1815Hundred Days28,000[295]
Battle of Waterloo1815Hundred Days47,000+ (not including prisoners and missing)[296][297]
Battle of Tolentino1815Neapolitan War5,000
Battle of Ayacucho1824Peruvian War of Independence3,400+
Battle of Jamrud1837Afghan-Sikh Wars11,000+
Battle of Inkerman1854Crimean War15,857[298]
Battle of Choloki1854Crimean War5,500
Battle of Kurekdere1854Crimean War3,409
Battle of Alma1854Crimean War9,100+
Battle of Magenta1859Second Italian War of Independence14,900+
Battle of Solferino1859Second Italian War of Independence39,500+
Battle of Jiangnan1860Taiping Rebellion140,000+
First Battle of Bull Run1861American Civil War4,690
Battle of Shiloh1862American Civil War24,000[299]
Battle of Antietam1862American Civil War23,000[70]–26,193[300]
Battle of Fredericksburg1862American Civil War17,300[70]–17,962[301]
Battle of Richmond1862American Civil War5,900+
Battle of Gaines' Mill1863American Civil War15,000+
Battle of Gettysburg1863American Civil War51,000[302][303]
Battle of Salem Church1863American Civil War9,500+
Battle of Chickamauga1863American Civil War34,624[304]
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House1864American Civil War30,000[305]
Battle of Stones River1862–1863American Civil War24,000[306]
Battle of the Wilderness1864American Civil War28,700
Battle of Cold Harbor1864American Civil War18,000
Battle of Changzhou1864Taiping Rebellion35,000
Battle of Hubei1864Taiping Rebellion60,000+
Battle of Königgrätz1866Austro-Prussian War47,500[307]
Battle of Münchengrätz1866Austro-Prussian War3,000
Battle of Tuyutí1866Paraguayan War7,000–16,000[308]
Battle of Curupayty1866Paraguayan War4,300
Battle of Ytororó1868Paraguayan War3,300+
Battle of Acosta Ñu1869Paraguayan War5,102[citation needed]
Battle of Piribebuy1869Paraguayan War2,210
Battle of Mars-la-Tour/Battle of Gravelotte1870Franco-Prussian War34,000[307]
Battle of Sedan1870Franco-Prussian War26,000[309]
Second Battle of Orleans1870Franco-Prussian War8,740
Battle of Le Mans1871Franco-Prussian War30,000
Battle of Tabaruzaka1877Satsuma Rebellion8,400
Battle of Isandlwana1879Anglo-Zulu War6,300
Battle of Kambula1879Anglo-Zulu War2,134
Battle of Arica1880War of the Pacific3,600+
Battle of Adwa1896First Italo-Ethiopian War17,300[310]
Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican1896Philippine Revolutionary War2,000–15,000[311]
Battle of Omdurman1898Mahdist War20,430[312]
Battle of Sakarya1921Greco–Turkish War of 1919–2261,000[313][314]
  1. ^including approximately 35,000 civilian casualties due to bombing
  2. ^including approximately 35,000 civilian casualties due to bombing
  3. ^abcdefghiEstimated casualty figure

Raids and sacks

[edit]
ActionYearConflictCasualties
Sack of Rome (455)455fall of the Western Roman Empire400,000+[citation needed]
Sack of Thessalonica (1185)1185third Norman invasion of the Balkans10,000+
Sack of Berwick (1296)1296First War of Scottish Independence17,000
Sack of Rome (1527)1527War of the League of Cognac48,000
Raid on the Bay of Naples (1544)1544Ottoman–Habsburg wars50,000
Fire of Moscow (1571)1571Russo-Turkish wars60,000-120,000
Sack of Magdeburg1631Thirty Years' War26,900
Raid on the Medway1667Second Anglo-Dutch War650
Sand Creek massacre1864American Indian Wars600
Dieppe Raid1942World War II6,860

Naval battles

[edit]
Further information:Largest naval battle in history
Battle or ActionYearConflictCasualties
Battle of the Delta1179 BCLate Bronze Age collapse5000-10,000
Battle of Salamis480 BCSecond Persian invasion of Greece50,000
Battle of Cape Ecnomus256 BCFirst Punic War50,000
Battle of Actium31 ACWar of Actium7,500
Battle of the Masts655Arab–Byzantine wars20,000
Battle of Dan-no-ura1185Genpei War20,000
Battle of Yamen1279Song-Yuan Wars110,000
Third battle of Bach Dang river1288Mongol invasion of Vietnam85,000
Battle of Chaul1508Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts840
Battle of Lepanto1571Ottoman–Habsburg wars40,000
Battle of São Vicente1583Eighty Years' War166
Battle of Solebay1672Third Anglo-Dutch War3,100
Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue1692Nine Years' War10,000
Battle of Pondicherry1759Seven Years' War1,589
Battle of Chesma1770Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)12,000
Battle of Dogger Bank1781Fourth Anglo-Dutch War988
Battle of Vyborg Bay1790Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)6,000–12,000
Battle of the Nile1798French campaign in Egypt and Syria8,997
Battle of Copenhagen1801War of the Second Coalition2,800
Battle of Trafalgar1805War of the Third Coalition4,853
Battle of Navarino1827Greek War of Independence6,000
Battle of Sinop1853Crimean War3,366
Battle of Hampton Roads1862American Civil War392
Battle of Riachuelo1865Paraguayan War997
Battle of the Yalu River1894First Sino-Japanese War1,730
Battle of the Yellow Sea1904Russo-Japanese War566
Battle of Tsushima1905Russo-Japanese War5,162
Battle of Lemnos1913First Balkan War146
Battle of Coronel1914World War I1,660
Battle of the Falkland Islands1914World War I1,900
Battle of Dogger Bank1915World War I1,081
Battle of Jutland1916World War I12,000
Battle of Cape Machichaco1937Spanish Civil War35
Battle of Cape Palos1938Spanish Civil War765
Battle of the River Plate1939World War II196
Attack on Mers-el-Kébir1940World War II1,669
Operation Juno1940World War II1,662
Last battle of Bismarck1941World War II2,249
Battle of Cape Matapan1941World War II2,303
Battle of Cape Bon1941World War II817
Battle of the Java Sea1942World War II2,336
Battle of Midway1942World War II3,364
Battle of Santa Cruz Islands1942World War II766
Battle of Savo Island1942World War II1217
Naval Battle of Casablanca1942World War II636
Battle of the Bismarck Sea1943World War II2,903
Battle of Leyte Gulf1944World War II15,500
Battle of San Carlos1982Falklands War65

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Velleius Paterculus, Marcus.Historiae Romanae ad M. Vinicium Libri Duo, II, 23.3.
  2. ^abGrant, p. 74
  3. ^Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 43
  4. ^Cœdès, George (1966).The Making of South East Asia. University of California Press. p. 84.ISBN 9780520050617.
  5. ^Al-Hassan, A. Y. (2001),The Different aspects of Islamic culture, v. 4: Science and technology in Islam, p. 655,ISBN 92-3-103831-1, retrieved25 July 2020
  6. ^Sicker, Martin (2000).The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Praeger. p. 111.ISBN 978-0275968922.
  7. ^Gearon, Eamonn (9 February 2017)."The Mongol Sack of Baghdad in 1258".Wondrium Daily. Retrieved14 August 2023.
  8. ^Mann, p. 143
  9. ^Hassig
  10. ^abcdGrant, p. 159
  11. ^Only military casualties.
  12. ^abGrant, p. 230
  13. ^John Sweetman,Crimean War, Essential Histories 2, Osprey Publishing, 2001,
  14. ^Third Battle of Nanking, p. 678
  15. ^abGrant, p. 231
  16. ^Clodfelter M.Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland, 2002. P. 220
  17. ^Grant, p. 252
  18. ^abHall, p. 112
  19. ^陶纯 (2011).太原大会战. 贵州人民出版社.ISBN 978-7221096166.
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  244. ^Gurbilas Patashai 6 Chapter 20
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  252. ^William P. Guthrie (2003).The later Thirty Years War: from the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141
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  259. ^Grey, Ian (2015).Peter the Great. New Word City.ISBN 978-1-61230-922-4.
  260. ^Boris Grigorjev & Aleksandr Bespalov (2012). Kampen mot övermakten. Baltikums fall 1700–1710. pp. 38
  261. ^Sjöström, Oskar (2008).Fraustadt 1706. Ett fält färgat rött (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. pp. 145–146
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  263. ^Konovaltjuk & Lyth, Pavel & Einar (2009). Vägen till Poltava. Slaget vid Lesnaja 1708 (in Swedish). Svenskt Militärhistorisk Biblioteks Förlag. p. 233
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