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Thebattlecruiser was the brainchild ofAdmiral Sir John ("Jacky") Fisher, the man who had sponsored the construction of the world's first "all big gun" warship,HMS Dreadnought. He visualised a new breed of warship with thearmament of a battleship, but faster, lighter, and less heavily armoured. The first three battlecruisers, theInvincible class, werelaid down whileDreadnought was being built in 1906.^[1]

This design philosophy was most successful in action when the battlecruisers could use their speed to run down smaller and weaker ships. The best example is theBattle of the Falkland Islands whereInvincible andInflexible sank the German armoured cruisersSMS Scharnhorst andSMS Gneisenau almost without damage to themselves, despite numerous hits by the German ships.^[2] They were less successful against heavily armoured ships, as was demonstrated by the loss ofInvincible,Indefatigable, andQueen Mary during theBattle of Jutland in 1916. All three ships were destroyed by more heavily armoured German battlecruisers,^[3] with the British failure to prevent fires or explosions in thegun turrets from reaching themagazines also playing a role in the losses.^[2]

Of the battlecruisers built before theFirst World War, theInvincible class andIndefatigable class all had 6 inches (152 mm) of armour on theirwaterline, a top speed of 25knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), and eight 12-inch (305 mm) guns. The more advanced battlecruisers—the twoLion-class ships,Queen Mary, andHMS Tiger—all had an armourbelt of 9 inches (229 mm), speeds over 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph), and eight 13.5-inch (343 mm) guns.^[4] TheRenown andCourageous classes, built during the war, were begun when Admiral Fisher was appointedFirst Sea Lord for the second time in late 1914. Each of these classes in turn served as the fastestcapital ships in the world and were heavily armed with four or six 15-inch (381 mm) guns, but they paid for their speed and armament by having less armour than battleships.^[5]HMS Hood was laid down during the war, but was extensively reworked with more armour based on the experience gained at the Battle of Jutland, and was not completed until after the war.^[6]

Following the war, the British planned to build theG3 class, which had the same armament and armour as battleships of the time and were rated as battlecruisers only by comparison to the more heavily armoured and slower battleships also planned. They were cancelled as they exceeded the tonnage limits of theWashington Naval Treaty.^[7] Of the first nine battlecruisers, only HMSTiger survived the Washington Treaty and into the 1930s. The threeCourageous-class ships were converted toaircraft carriers during the 1920s and onlyRepulse,Renown andHood served in theSecond World War as battlecruisers. All three went through substantial refits between the wars.Hood was lost in thebattle of the Denmark Strait,Repulse was sunk by Japanese aircraft at the start of thewar in the Pacific, andRenown survived the war to bescrapped in 1948.^[8]

TheInvincible-class ships were the first battlecruisers^{[Note 1]} in the world. The design resembled that of HMSDreadnought, but sacrificed armour protection and onegun turret from the main battery for a 4-knot (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) speed advantage. During the First World WarInflexible andIndomitable participated in the unsuccessfulpursuit of the German shipsGoeben andBreslau in the Mediterranean.Inflexible was recalled home shortly afterwards, butIndomitable remained off the Dardanelles to bottle up the German ships for the rest of 1914 before returning to the UK.Invincible andInflexible were sent to the South Atlantic in late 1914 to hunt down the GermanEast Asia Squadron and destroyed it at theBattle of the Falkland Islands.Indomitable participated in theBattle of Dogger Bank in theNorth Sea in early 1915 whileInflexible was badly damaged during the opening stages of theDardanelles Campaign. The ships formed the3rd Battlecruiser Squadron atJutland whereInvincible was destroyed by the explosion of anartillery magazine. The two surviving ships spent the rest of the war conducting patrols of the North Sea, as theHigh Seas Fleet was forbidden by theKaiser to risk any more losses. They were put into reserve in early 1919 and sold for scrap on 1 December 1921.^[9]

The design of theIndefatigable class represented a modest reworking of the precedingInvincible-class battlecruisers, featuring increased endurance and an improved cross-deckarc of fire for their midshipswing turrets achieved by lengthening the hull. Like its predecessor, the design resembled thecontemporary dreadnought, but sacrificed armour protection and one turret from the main battery for a 4-knot speed advantage. OriginallyIndefatigable was the only ship of the class, butHMAS Australia andHMS New Zealand were later built as part of a scheme to improve the defense of theDominions by having each Dominion purchase a "fleet unit" of one battlecruiser, three light cruisers, and six destroyers. New Zealand agreed to fund one battlecruiser and chose a modifiedIndefatigable design rather than theLion-class battlecruiser then being built for the Royal Navy.^[16][17]

They spent most of the war patrolling the North Sea and participated in most of the battles there. Of the two, onlyNew Zealand was in the United Kingdom when the war began.Indefatigable was in theMediterranean, where she unsuccessfully pursued the German warshipsGoeben andBreslau as they sailed towardsTurkey.New Zealand participated in some of the early actions in the North Sea, including theBattle of Heligoland Bight and the inconclusiveScarborough Raid.Indefatigable andNew Zealand participated in the Battle of Jutland, where the former was destroyed by a magazine explosion after numerous hits from the battlecruiserSMS Von der Tann.New Zealand patrolled uneventfully after Jutland, watching for the next appearance of the High Seas Fleet. She conducted AdmiralJellicoe on his tour of India and the Dominions after the war.New Zealand was sold for scrap in 1922 to comply with the Washington Naval Treaty.^[18]

TheLion class, nicknamed the "Splendid Cats",^[20] were a significant improvement over their predecessors of theIndefatigable class in speed, armament, and armour. TheLion-class ships were 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) faster, exchanged the 12-inch (305 mm) guns of the older ships for 13.5-inch (343 mm) guns, and had awaterline belt 9 inches (229 mm) thick versus the 6 inches (152 mm) of theIndefatigables. These improvements were in response to the GermanMoltke class, Germany's second class of battlecruisers, which were larger and more powerful than the first British battlecruisers of theInvincible class.^[21]

HMSLion served as theflagship of theGrand Fleet's battlecruisers throughout the First World War, except when she was being refitted or under repair.^[22] She sank the Germanlight cruiserCöln during the Battle of Heligoland Bight and served asVice AdmiralBeatty's flagship at the battles of Dogger Bank and Jutland. She was so badly damaged at the first of these battles that she had to be towed back to port byHMS Indomitable and was under repair for more than two months. During the Battle of Jutland she suffered a serious propellant fire that destroyed one gun turret, which had to be removed and rebuilt while the ship was under repair for several months.^[23]

Princess Royal served in the Battle of Heligoland Bight a month after the war began and then was sent to the Caribbean to prevent the East Asia Squadron from using the Panama Canal. After the East Asia Squadron was sunk at the Battle of the Falkland Islands by the twoInvincible-class battlecruisers,Princess Royal rejoined the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. During the Battle of Dogger Bank she scored only a few hits, although one directly crippled the Germanarmoured cruiserBlücher, which allowed the enemy vessel to be caught and sunk by the concentrated fire of the British battlecruisers. Shortly afterwardsPrincess Royal became the flagship of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, under the command ofRear AdmiralOsmond Brock. She was moderately damaged during the Battle of Jutland and required a month and a half of repairs. Both ships spent the rest of the war on uneventful patrols in the North Sea, although they did provide distant cover during theSecond Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917. In 1920 they were both put into reserve and were sold for scrap a few years later under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.^[23]

HMSQueen Mary was similar to theLion-class battlecruisers, though she was slightly larger and given more powerful engines to achieve the same speed as the earlier ships. Her secondary guns were better protected and some of her belt armour was redistributed. She was the last battlecruiser completed before the beginning of the war, and she participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight shortly after the war began. As part of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, she unsuccessfully attempted to intercept a German force that bombarded the North Sea coast of England in December 1914. She was refitting during the Battle of Dogger Bank in early 1915, but participated in the next major fleet action of the war, the Battle of Jutland in mid-1916.Queen Mary hit the German battlecruiserSMS Seydlitz early in the battle and burnt out one of that ship's rear turrets.Seydlitz later knocked out one ofQueen Mary's main guns. The German battlecruiserSMS Derfflinger, in the meantime, had lost sight of her previous target in the haze and switched toQueen Mary. Within 10 minutes,Queen Mary was hit twice, exploding shortly afterwards.^[24]

HMSTiger was the most heavily armoured battlecruiser of the Royal Navy at the start of the First World War, although she was still being finished when the war began. The ship was assigned to the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron for the duration of the war and participated in the Battle of Dogger Bank in early 1915 even though she was stillshaking down and did not perform well. She next participated in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 where she was one of the British battlecruisers most often hit by German shells; she was only lightly damaged. She spent the rest of the war on uneventful patrols in the North Sea, although she did provide distant cover during the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight.^[26]

Tiger was the oldest battlecruiser retained by the Royal Navy after the tonnage limits of the Washington Naval Treaty came into effect in 1922.^[27] She became a gunnery training ship in 1924 and joined the Battlecruiser Squadron in 1929 while its flagship,HMS Hood, underwent a lengthy refit. UponHood's return to service in 1931,Tiger wasdecommissioned and sold for scrap in 1932 in accordance with the terms of theLondon Naval Treaty of 1930.^[27]

TheRenown-class ships were originally laid down as improved versions of theRevenge-class battleships. Construction was suspended at the outbreak of the war on the grounds they would not be ready in time. Admiral Lord Fisher, upon becoming First Sea Lord, gained approval to restart their construction as battlecruisers that could be built and enter service quickly. TheDirector of Naval Construction (DNC),Eustace Tennyson-d'Eyncourt, quickly produced an entirely new design to meet Admiral Lord Fisher's requirements and the builders agreed to deliver the ships in 15 months. They did not quite meet that ambitious goal, but they were delivered a few months after the Battle of Jutland in 1916.^[28] They were the world's fastest capital ships upon completion.^[29]

HMS Repulse was the only ship of the class to see combat in the First World War when she participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917. Both ships were reconstructed twice between the wars; their armour protection was increased along with other lesser improvements in the 1920s, while a much more thorough reconstruction was done in the 1930s, especially forHMS Renown. Both ships served during theSecond World War; they searched for theGerman cruiser Admiral Graf Spee in 1939, participated in theNorwegian Campaign of April–June 1940, and searched for theGerman battleship Bismarck in 1941.Repulse was sunk on 10 December 1941 in theSouth China Sea offKuantan,Pahang, by Japanese aircraft.^[30]

Renown spent much of 1940 and 1941 assigned toForce H atGibraltar escorting convoys, and she fought in the inconclusiveBattle of Cape Spartivento. She was briefly assigned to theHome Fleet and provided cover to severalArctic convoys in early 1942. The ship was transferred back to Force H forOperation Torch and spent much of 1943 refitting and transportingWinston Churchill and his staff to and from variousconferences with Allied leaders. In early 1944Renown was transferred to theEastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean, where she supported numerous attacks on Japanese-occupied facilities inIndonesia and various island groups in the Indian Ocean. The ship returned to the Home Fleet in early 1945 and was placed inreserve after the end of the war.Renown was sold for scrap in 1948.^[30]

TheCourageous class comprised threebattlecruisers, known as "large light cruisers", that were nominally designed to supportAdmiral of the Fleet Lord John Fisher'sBaltic Project, which was intended to land troops on the German Baltic Coast. The ships of thisclass were fast but very lightly armoured with only a few heavy guns. They were given a shallowdraught, in part to allow them to operate in the shallow waters of the Baltic but also reflecting experience gained earlier in the war. To maximize their speed, theCourageous class were the firstcapital ships of the Royal Navy to use gearedsteam turbines andsmall-tube boilers.^[34] This made them the fastest capital ships in existence, slightly faster than even theRenown-class ships.^[35]

The first two ships,HMS Courageous andHMS Glorious, were commissioned in 1917 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. They participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight and were present when the High Seas Fleet surrendered a year later. Theirhalf-sisterHMS Furious was designed with a pair of 18-inch (457 mm) guns, the largest guns ever fitted on a ship of the Royal Navy, but was modified during construction to take aflying-off deck and hangar in lieu of her forward turret andbarbette. After some patrols in the North Sea her rear turret was removed and another flight deck added. Her aircraft attacked theZeppelin sheds during theTondern raid in July 1918.^[36] All three ships werelaid up after the end of the war, but were rebuilt asaircraft carriers during the 1920s.Glorious andCourageous were sunk early in the Second World War andFurious was sold for scrap in 1948.^[37]

The Admiral-class battlecruisers were intended as improved versions of theQueen Elizabeth-class battleships, but were recast as battlecruisers after Admiral John Jellicoe, commander of the Grand Fleet, saw no real need for more battleships. Anumber of German battlecruisers had beenlaid down that were superior to the bulk of the Grand Fleet's battlecruisers so the design was revised to counter these. The class was going to consist ofHood,Anson,Howe, andRodney—all names of famous Admirals—but the latter three ships were suspended as the material and labour required to complete them was needed for higher-priority merchantmen and escort vessels. Their designs were updated to incorporate the lessons from the Battle of Jutland, but the Admiralty eventually decided that it was better to begin again with a clean-slate design so they were cancelled in 1919.^[38]

Hood, however, was sufficiently advanced in construction that she was completed in 1920 and immediately became flagship of theBattlecruiser Squadron of theAtlantic Fleet. In 1923–24Hood, accompanied byRepulse and a number ofDanae-class cruisers, sailedaround the world from west to east via thePanama Canal. On 23 April 1937, after the beginning of theSpanish Civil War, she escorted three British merchantmen intoBilbao harbour despite the presence of theNationalist cruiserAlmirante Cervera that attempted to blockade the port.^[39]Hood spent most of the early part of the Second World War patrolling against German commerce raiders and escorting convoys. As flagship of Force H based at Gibraltar, she bombarded French ships during theattack on Mers-el-Kébir. In May 1941Hood and the battleshipPrince of Wales were ordered to intercept the German battleshipBismarck and theheavy cruiserPrinz Eugen as they attempted to break out into the North Atlantic. In the subsequentBattle of the Denmark StraitHood's aft magazines exploded, sinking her within five minutes of the start of the battle.^[40]

The G3 battlecruisers were planned as a response to naval expansion programmes by the United States and Japan. The four ships of this class would have been larger, faster, and more heavily armed than any existing battleship (although several projected foreign ships would be larger). The "battlecruiser" designation came from their higher speed and lesser firepower and armour relative to the plannedN3-class battleship design. The G3s would have carried nine 16-inch (406 mm) guns and were expected to achieve 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph), while the N3s would carry nine 18-inch (457 mm) guns on the same displacement at the expense of a slower speed. While officially referred to as "battlecruisers", the G3s have also been considered "fast battleships".^[43]

The G3 design was approved by theBoard of Admiralty on 12 August 1921. Orders were placed in October and November, but were suspended later in November with the beginning of theWashington Naval Conference, which limited battleship numbers. The orders were cancelled in February 1922 with the ratification of the Washington Naval Treaty, which limited construction to ships of no more than 35,000-long-ton (36,000 t) displacement.^[44]

• Burt, R. A. (1993).British Battleships, 1919–1939. London: Arms and Armour Press.ISBN 1-85409-068-2.
• Burt, R. A. (1986).British Battleships of World War One. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 0-87021-863-8.
• Campbell, N. J. M. (1978).Battle Cruisers: The Design and Development of British and German Battlecruisers of the First World War Era. Warship Special. Vol. 1. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press.ISBN 0-85177-130-0.OCLC 5991550.
• Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) [1992].The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books.ISBN 0-7858-1414-0.OCLC 51940554.
• Lambert, Nicholas (1996). "Economy or Empire?: The Fleet Unit Concept and the Quest for Collective Security in the Pacific, 1909–14".Far-Flung Lines: Essays on Imperial Defense in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman. London: Frank Cass.ISBN 0-7146-4216-9.
• Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.).Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104.ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
• Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1976).British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 0-87021-817-4.
• Roberts, John (1997).Battlecruisers. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 1-55750-068-1.OCLC 38581302.
• Taylor, Bruce (2008).The Battlecruiser HMS Hood: An Illustrated Biography, 1916–1941. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 978-1-86176-216-0.

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