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أمريكيون سوريون | |
|---|---|
 Syrian children between 1910 and 1915 | |
| Total population | |
| 187,331[1][2][3] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| New Jersey,[4][5][6][7]Tennessee,[8]New York,Massachusetts,Michigan,Louisiana,Pennsylvania,Ohio,Iowa,Texas,California,[9]Florida (especiallyJacksonville) | |
| Languages | |
| American English,Hebrew,Arabic (variants ofSyrian Arabic),Kurdish,Neo-Aramaic,Armenian,French, other languages | |
| Religion | |
| Majority:Christianity (Eastern Catholic,Eastern Orthodox, andOriental Orthodox) Minorities:Sunni Islam,Druze, andJudaism |
Syrian Americans (Arabic:أمريكيون سوريون) areAmericans ofSyrian descent or background. The first significant wave of Syrian immigrants to arrive in the United States began in the 1880s.[10] Many of the earliest Syrian Americans settled inNew York City,Boston, andDetroit. Immigration from Syria to the United States suffered a long hiatus after theUnited States Congress passed theImmigration Act of 1924, which restricted immigration. More than 40 years later, theImmigration Act of 1965, abolished the quotas and immigration from Syria to the United States saw a surge. An estimated 64,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States between 1961 and 2000.[11] Additionally, between 2011 and 2024, amid theSyrian civil war, an estimated 50,004Syrian refugees immigrated to the United States.[12]
The overwhelming majority of Syrian immigrants to the U.S. from 1880 to 1960 wereChristian, a minority wereJewish, whereas Muslim Syrians arrived in the United States chiefly after 1965.[13] According to the 2016American Community Survey 1-year estimates, there were 187,331 Americans who claimed Syrian ancestry, about 12% of theArab population in the United States. There are also sizeable minority populations from Syria in the U.S. including Jews, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, and Circassians.[14][15]
The earliest knownSyrian and firstArab to die for the United States was Private Nathan Badeen, an immigrant fromOttoman Syria who died fightingBritish forces during theAmerican Revolutionary War on May 23, 1776, a month and a half prior to the unanimous signing of theDeclaration of Independence by theSecond Continental Congress inPhiladelphia on July 4 of that year.[16]
The first major wave of Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States from Ottoman Syria in the period between 1889 and 1914.[17]: 303 A small number were also Palestinians.[18][19]
According tohistorianPhilip Hitti, approximately 90,000 "Syrians" arrived in the United States between 1899 and 1919.[1] An estimated 1,000 official entries per year came from thegovernorates ofDamascus andAleppo, which are governorates in modern-day Syria, in the period between 1900 and 1916.[20] Early immigrants settled mainly inEastern United States, in the cities of New York,Boston,Detroit,Cleveland, and thePaterson, New Jersey, area. Until 1899, all migrants from the Ottoman Empire registered as "Turks" when entering the U.S. When "Syrian" became available as a designation at the turn of the 20th century.,[17]: 304 3,708 migrants from the region registered as Syrians, only 28 as Turks.[21] In the 1920s, the majority of immigrants from Mount Lebanon began to refer to themselves asLebanese instead of "Syrians".[22]
Like mostimmigrants to the U.S., Syrians were motivated to pursue theAmerican Dream of economic success.[23] Many Christian Syrians had immigrated to the U.S. seeking religious freedom and an escape fromOttoman hegemony,[24] and to escape the massacres and bloody conflicts that targeted Christians in particular, after the1860 Mount Lebanon civil war and the massacres of 1840 and 1845 and theAssyrian genocide. Thousands of immigrants returned to Syria after making money in the United States; these immigrants told tales which inspired further waves of immigrants. Many settlers also sent for their relatives.
Although the number of Syrian immigrants was not sizable, the Ottoman government set constraints on emigration in order to maintain its populace in Greater Syria. TheU.S. Congress passed theImmigration Act of 1924, which greatly reduced Syrian immigration to the United States.[25] However, the quotas were annulled by theImmigration Act of 1965, which opened the doors again to Syrian immigrants. 4,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States in the mid-1960s.[11] Due to the Arab-Israeli and religious conflicts in Syria during this period, many Syrians immigrated to the United States seeking a democratic haven, where they could live in freedom without political suppression.[24] An estimated 64,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States in the period between 1961 and 2000, of which ten percent have been admitted under the refugee acts.[11] Between 2011 and 2015, the U.S. received 1,500 Syrian refugees fleeing thewar in their country.
In 2016, the country received 10,000 more refugees.[26] However, the Trump administration banned Syrian migration to the U.S., as well as the migration of any refugee in 2017.[27]
According to the 2023American Community Survey, there are 198,731 Americans of Syrian ancestry living in the United States.[28]New York City has the highest concentration of Syrian Americans in the United States. Other urban areas, includingPaterson, New Jersey,Allentown,Boston,Cleveland,Dearborn,New Orleans,Toledo,Cedar Rapids, andHouston have large Syrian populations.[20]
The traditional clothing of the first Syrian immigrants in the United States, along with their occupation aspeddlers, led to somexenophobia.[29] Scholars such as Oswaldo Truzzi have speculated that this work ultimately helped Syrian integration into the United States by accelerating cultural contact and English language skills.[30] It has been estimated that nearly 80% of first generation Syrian women worked as street merchants.[31] They and their children were often negatively stigmatized as "street Arabs" or inaccurately assumed to be unmarried mothers or prostitutes.[29] In 1907, CongressmanJohn L. Burnett called Syrians "the most undesirable of the undesirable peoples ofAsia Minor"[17]: 306 and such stigmas appear again in a 1929 survey in Boston that associated Syrians with "lying and deception".[32][17]: 306
In 1890, the writerJacob Riis wroteHow the Other Half Lives, a book focused on Syrian children,[dubious –discuss] representing the children as pitiful but dangerous.[33][29] In 1899, the National Conference on Charities declared children engaged in the street market to be equivalent to begging, opening the possibility that women street merchants with children could be deported.[29]
However, Syrians reacted quickly to assimilate fully into their new culture. ImmigrantsAnglicized their names, adopted the English language and common Christian denominations.[34] Syrians did not congregate in urban enclaves; many of the immigrants who had worked as peddlers were able to interact with Americans on a daily basis. Aside from negative stigmas, the first generation of Syrian migrants also faced romantic stereotyping for their Christian origins. The migrant and writer Mary Amyuni described being advised to describe her home as "theHoly Land" to ease her integration into the United States: "hold up the rosaries and crosses first; say they are from the Holy Land because Americans are very religious".[17]: 305 Writers such asHoratio Alger andMark Antony De Wolfe Howe contributed to the understanding of Syrian migrants as "redeemable peasants".[17]: 306 This view pressured Syrians to reject old ways of life as "un-American" and to "accept new ideals".[35]
Immigrant writers often balanced an adopted culture with a home culture, such as inAmeen Rihani's 1911 "The Book of Khalid", which revolved around an imagined Arabic text inscribed with images of skyscrapers and pyramids.[17]: 307 Others argued for the possibility of both identities in public discourse, including Syrian academic Abbas Bajjani, who wrote that "inhabiting two separate worlds—physically and socially—was not only possible but actually desirable, since it was the only hope for the salvation, edification, and modernization of "Syria".[36][17]: 307
Additionally, military service duringWorld War I andWorld War II helped accelerateassimilation. Assimilation of early Syrian immigrants was so successful that it has become difficult to recognize the ancestors of many families which have become completelyAmericanized.[20]
Christian Syrians arrived in the United States in the late 19th century. Most Christian Syrian Americans areGreek Orthodox,Eastern Catholic, andSyriac Orthodox.[37] There are also many Catholic Syrian Americans; most branches ofCatholicism are of theEastern rite, such asMaronite Catholics,Melkite Greek Catholics,Armenian Catholics,Syrian Catholics, and theAssyrianChaldean Catholics. A few Christian Syrian Americans areProtestant. There are also members of theAssyrian Church of the East andAncient Church of the East. The first Syrian American church was founded inBrooklyn, New York in 1895 by SaintRaphael of Brooklyn.[38] There are currently hundreds ofEastern Orthodox churches and missions in the United States.[20][39]
The first wave of Syrian religious communities in the United States established ninety Maronite, Melkite, and Eastern Orthodox churches across the country by 1920, many establishing firm contrasts between themselves and American Christian faiths such as the Episcopalians or Catholics.[17]: 311 Historian Naff writes that as a broad global diaspora threatened the Syrian identity, the preservation of its religious traditions became increasingly important.[40]: 241–247
Muslim Syrians arrived in the United States chiefly after 1965.[41] The largest sect in Islam is theSunni sect, forming 74% of the Muslim Syrian population,[42] of whom 12% are ethnic Kurds and 5% Turks. The second largest sect in Islam in Syria is theAlawite sect, a religious sect that originated inShia Islam but separated from other Shiite Islam groups in the ninth and tenth centuries.[43]
Druze form the third largest sect in Syria, which is a relatively smallesotericmonotheistic religious sect. Early Syrian immigrants included Druze peddlers.[20] The United States is the second largest home of Druze communities outside Western Asia after Venezuela (60,000).[44] According to some estimates, there are about 30,000[45] to 50,000[44] Druze in the United States, with the largest concentration inSouthern California.[45] Most Druze immigrated to the U.S. from Lebanon and Syria.[45]
Syrian Jews first arrived in the United States around 1908 and settled mostly in New York.[46] Initially they lived on theLower East Side; later settlements were inBensonhurst andOcean Parkway inFlatbush, Brooklyn. The Syrian Jewish community estimates its population at around 50,000.[47] Jewish organizations have assisted Syrian refugees by providing various services inNorthern New Jersey.[48][49]
Early Syrian Americans were not involved politically.[24] Business owners were usuallyRepublican, meanwhile labor workers were usuallyDemocrats. Second generation Syrian Americans were the first to be elected for political roles. In light of theArab–Israeli conflict, many Syrian Americans tried to affectAmerican foreign policy by joining Arab political groups in the United States.[50] In the early 1970s, theNational Association of Arab-Americans was formed to negate the stereotypes commonly associated with Arabs inAmerican media.[50] Syrian Americans were also part of theArab American Institute, established in 1985, which supports and promotes Arab American candidates, or candidates commiserative with Arabs and Arab Americans, for office.[24]Mitch Daniels, who served asGovernor of Indiana from 2005 to 2013, is a descendant of Syrian immigrants with relatives inHoms.[51] As of 2024, many Syrian Americans who are involved with politics were more favorable to supporting Republicans as opposed to supporting Democrats. When Syrian American community leaders attended a conference[52] in Michigan, one of Donald Trump's former foreign-policy advisers, Ric Grenell, said that Syrian Americans were more favorable to vote for Donald Trump in the 2024 United States Presidential Election.
The majority of the early Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States seeking better jobs; they usually engaged in basic commerce, especially peddling.[23] Syrian American peddlers found their jobs comfortable since peddling required little training and mediocre vocabulary. Syrian American peddlers served as the distribution medium for the products of small manufacturers. Syrian peddlers traded mostly in dry goods, primarily clothing. Networks of Syrian traders and peddlers across the United States aided the distribution of Syrian settlements; by 1902, Syrians could be found working inSeattle, Washington.[53] Most of these peddlers were successful, and, with time, and after raising enough capital, some became importers and wholesalers, recruiting newcomers and supplying them with merchandise.[53] By 1908, there were 3,000 Syrian-owned businesses in the United States.[20] By 1910, the first Syrian millionaires had emerged.[54]
Syrian Americans gradually started to work in various métiers; many worked asphysicians,lawyers, andengineers. Many Syrian Americans also worked in the bustling auto industry, bringing about large Syrian American gatherings in areas likeDearborn, Michigan.[55] Later Syrian emigrants served in fields like banking, medicine, and computer science. Syrian Americans have a different occupational distribution than all Americans. According to the 2000 census, 42% of the Syrian Americans worked in management and professional occupations, compared with 34% of their counterparts in the total population; additionally, more Syrian Americans worked in sales than all American workers.[56] However, Syrian Americans worked less in the other work domains like farming, transportation, construction, etc. than all American workers.[56] According to theAmerican Medical Association (AMA) and theSyrian American Medical Society (SAMS), which represents American health care providers of Syrian descent, there are estimated 4000 Syrian physicians practicing in the United States representing 0.4% of the health workforce and 1.6% of international medical graduates.[57]
Themedian household income for Syrian families is higher than the national earning median; employed Syrian men earned an average $46,058 per year, compared with $37,057 for all Americans and $41,687 forArab Americans.[56] Syrian American families also had a higher median income than all families and lower poverty rates than those of the general population.[56]
Further information:Syrian cuisine
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Syrians consider eating an important aspect of social life. There are many Syrian dishes which have become popular in the United States. Unlike many Western foods, Syrian foods take more time to cook, are less expensive and usually more healthy.[58]Pita bread (khubz), which is round flat bread, andhummus, adip made of groundchickpeas,sesametahini,lemon juice, andgarlic, are two popular Syrian foods.Baba ghanoush, or eggplant spreads, is also a dish made by Syrians. Popular Syrian salads includetabbouleh andfattoush. The Syrian cuisine includes other dishes like stuffedzucchini (mahshe),dolma,kebab,kibbeh,kibbeh nayyeh,mujaddara,shawarma, andshanklish. Syrians often serve selections of appetizers, known asmeze, before the main course.Za'atar,minced beef, and cheesemanakish are popularhors d'œuvre. Syrians are also well known for theircheese. A popular Syrian drink is thearak beverage. One of the populardesserts made by Syrians is thebaklava, which is made offilo pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked inhoney.[58] One of the first Syrian-Americans to popularize Levantine cuisine wasHelen Corey, who published the bestsellingThe Art of Syrian Cookery in 1962.[59]
Syrian music includes several genres and styles ofmusic ranging fromArab classical toArabic pop music and fromsecular tosacred music. Syrian music is characterized by an emphasis onmelody andrhythm, as opposed toharmony. There are some genres of Syrian music that arepolyphonic, but typically, most Syrian and Arabic music ishomophonic. Syrian music is also characterized by the predominance of vocal music. The prototypical Arabic music ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as thetakht, and relies on a number ofmusical instruments that represent a standardizedtone system, and are played with generally standardized performance techniques, thus displaying similar details in construction and design. Such musical instruments include theoud,kanun,rabab,ney,violin,riq, andtableh.[60] The Jews of Syria sangpizmonim.
Traditional dress is not very common with Syrian Americans, and even native Syrians; modern Western clothing is conventional in both Syria and the United States. Ethnic dance performers wear ashirwal, which are loose, baggy pants with an elastic waist. Some Muslim Syrian women wear ahijab, which is aheadscarf worn by Muslim women to cover theirhair. There arevarious styles ofhijab.
Traditional Syrian clothing for women is typically a long garment with triangle sleeves, referred to as a Thob. These dresses are often embroidered with a variety of motifs and colors. Traditional Syrian clothing for men include the Shirwal which is a type of pants only worn by men. These pants are usually black and baggy. Another type of traditional clothing for Syrian men is the Jalabieh, a gown made of light colors and materials during the warmer weather and conversely dark colors and more coarse material during the colder weather.[61]
Syrian Americans celebrate many religious holidays, with Christian Syrian Americans celebrating most of theChristian holidays that are already celebrated in the United States, but in addition to a few others or at different times. For example, They celebrateChristmas andEaster, but since most Syrians are Eastern Orthodox, they celebrate Easter on a different Sunday from most other Americans, and various Saints' days.
Muslim Syrian Americans celebrate three mainMuslim holidays: Ramadan, Eid ul-Fitr (Lesser Bairam), and Eid ul-Adha (Greater Bairam).Ramadan is the ninth month of theIslamic year, during which Muslims fast from dawn to sunset; Muslims resort to self-discipline to cleanse themselves spiritually. After Ramadan is over, Muslims celebrateEid ul-Fitr, when Muslims break their fasting and revel exuberantly. Muslims also celebrateEid ul-Adha (which meansThe Festival of Sacrifice) 70 days after at the end of the Islamic year, a holiday which is held along with the annual pilgrimage to Mecca,Hajj.[62]
Many Syrian Americans prefer traditional relationships over casual dating. For example, Syrian Muslims only date after completing their marriage contact, known askitabat al-kitab (Arabic: كتابة الكتاب, which means "writing the book" in English), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. After this, a wedding takes place and cements the marriage. Muslims tend to marry other Muslims only, and same with Christians, but can tend to be dynamic in terms of other ethnic groups; Unable to find other suitable Muslim Syrian Americans, many Muslim Syrian American have married other Muslim Americans.[20]
Syrian American marriages are usually very strong; this is reflected by the lowdivorce rates among Syrian Americans, which are below the average rates in the United States.[20] Generally, Syrian American partners tend to have more children than average American partners; Syrian American partners also tend to have children at early stages of their marriages. According to theUnited States 2000 Census, almost 62% of Syrian American households were married-couple households.[56]
Syrian Americans, including the earliest immigrants, have always placed a high premium on education. Like many other Americans, Syrian Americans view education as a necessity. Generally, Syrian and other Arab Americans are more highly educated than the average American. In the2000 census it was reported that the proportion of Syrian Americans to achieve abachelor's degree or higher is one and a half times that of the total American population.[56]
Many old Syrian American families have lost their linguistic traditions because many parents do not teach their children Arabic. Newer immigrants, however, maintain their language traditions. The 2000 census shows that 79.9% of Syrian Americans speak English "very well".[56] Throughout the United States, there areschools which offer Arabic language classes; there are also someEastern Orthodox churches which hold Arabic services.
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Arab Americans by state of origin | ||
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| Africa |  | |
| Asia | ||
| By location | ||
Based onstate membership in theArab League. | ||
| Central Asian |  | |
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| East Asian | ||
| South Asian | ||
| Southeast Asian | ||
| Other | ||
| History | ||
| Topics | ||
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