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The following is alist of Roman external wars and battles^[1] fought by the ancientRoman Kingdom,Roman Republic andRoman Empire against external enemies, organized by date. For internal civil wars, revolts and rebellions, seeList of Roman civil wars and revolts.

• Wars with the Romans and the Sabines
• Conquest of Cameria
• War with Fidenae and Veii

• Second war with Fidenae and Veii
• Second Sabine War
• Roman–Latin wars

• Roman–Sabine wars
• War with the Volsci
• War with Gabii
• War with the Rutuli
• Roman-Etruscan wars
  • c. 509 BC –(legendary)Overthrow of the Roman monarchy^[2] – According to the traditional account, Roman aristocrats expel Etruscan kingLucius Tarquinius Superbus, abolish theRoman Kingdom and establish theRoman Republic. Many details are generally accepted to be fictional, but scholars disagree about the degree to which the legendary narratives may or may not have a foundation in historical fact.
  • 509 BC –Battle of Silva Arsia – The Romans defeated the forces ofTarquinii andVeii led by the deposed kingLucius Tarquinius Superbus. One of the Roman consuls,Lucius Junius Brutus, is killed in battle.
  • c. 508 BC –War between Clusium and Aricia – According toLivy, KingLars Porsena of the Etruscan city ofClusium besieged Rome on behalf ofTarquinius Superbus. The outcome is debated, but tradition states that it was a Roman victory. The Clusians then besieged the Latin town of Aricia, which received support from theLatin League as well as the Greek colony ofCumae and destroyed the Clusian army. Livy doesn't say whether the Romans participated as allies of Aricia, but defeated and surviving Etruscan soldiers were given refuge and medical treatment in Rome. He claimed some who stayed behind were given homes in a neighbourhood later known as the 'Tuscan quarter'.^[3]
• Pometian Revolt (503–502 BC)
  • 502 BC –Battle of Pometia – TheRomans put down the revolt ofPometia andCora.

• First Latin War (498–411 BC)
  • 496 BC –Battle of Lake Regillus –Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis defeatsTarquinius Superbus.
• 495 BC –Battle of Aricia –consulPublius Servilius Priscus Structus defeats theAurunci.
• Wars with theVolsci and theAequi (495 - 446 BC)
  • 493 BC –Battle of Corioli – the Volscian army is defeated thanks to the vigilance ofGnaeus Marcius.
  • 482 BC –Battle of Antium – the Volsci defeatconsulLucius Aemilius Mamercus.
  • 482 BC –Battle of Longula –consulLucius Aemilius Mamercus defeats the Volsci the day after his defeat in theBattle of Antium.
  • 458 BC –Battle of Mount Algidus –Cincinnatus defeats the Aequi.
  • 446 BC –Battle of Corbio –Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus leads Roman troops to defeat the Aequi and the Volsci.
• 480 BC –Battle of Veii (480 BC) – ConsulsMarcus Fabius Vibulanus andGnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus win a heavy battle againstVeians and their Etruscan allies. Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus and former consul Quintus Fabius are slain.
• 477 BC –
  • Battle of the Cremera – All theFabii exceptQuintus Fabius Vibulanus are killed in battle with the Veientes.
  • Battle of the Temple of Hope – ConsulGaius Horatius Pulvillus fights indecisive battle with theEtruscans.
  • Battle of Colline Gate (477 BC) – Consul Gaius Horatius Pulvillus has indecisive victory over the Etruscan civilization soon after the Battle of the Temple of Hope.

• Roman-Etruscan Wars
  • 396 BC –Battle of Veii – Romans complete conquest of Veii.
• 390 BC –Battle of the Allia – Gauls defeat the Romans, then sack Rome.^[2]
• First Samnite War (343–341 BC)
  • 342 BC –Battle of Mount Gaurus – Roman generalMarcus Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites.
  • 342 BC –Battle of Saticula – Roman generalAulus Cornelius Cossus Arvina barely escapes disaster and manages to defeat the Samnites.
  • 341 BC –Battle of Suessula – Roman consulMarcus Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites once more.
• Latin War (340–338 BC)
  • 339 BC –Battle of Vesuvius – Romans underP. Decius Mus andT. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus defeat the rebellious Latins.
  • 338 BC –Battle of Trifanum – Roman generalT. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus decisively defeats the Latins.
• Second Samnite War (326–304 BC)
  • 321 BC –Battle of the Caudine Forks – Romans underSpurius Postumius Albinus and T. Verturius Calvinus are defeated by theSamnites under Gaius Pontius.
  • 315 BC –Battle of Lautulae – Romans are defeated by the Samnites.
  • 310 BC –Battle of Lake Vadimo – Romans, led by dictatorLucius Papirius Cursor, defeat theEtruscans.
  • 305 BC –Battle of Bovianum – Roman consuls M. Fulvius and L. Postumius decisively defeat the Samnites.

• Third Samnite War (298–290 BC)
  • 298 BC –Battle of Camerinum – Samnites defeat the Romans underLucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus.
  • 297 BC –Battle of Tifernum – Romans underQuintus Fabius Maximus andLucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus defeat the Samnite army led by Gellius Egnatius.
  • 295 BC –Battle of Sentinum – Romans under Fabius Rullianus and Publius Decimus Mus defeat the Samnites and their Etruscan and Gallic allies, forcing the Etruscans, Gauls, and Umbrians to make peace.
  • 293 BC –Battle of Aquilonia – Romans decisively defeat the Samnites.
• War with Gauls and Etruscans (284–282 BC)
  • 284 BC –Battle of Arretium – A Roman army under Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter is defeated by the Gauls.
  • 283 BC –Battle of Lake Vadimo – A Roman army under P. Cornelius Dolabella defeats the Etruscans and Gauls.
  • 282 BC –Battle of Populonia – Etruscan resistance to Roman domination of Italy is finally crushed.
• Pyrrhic War (281–272 BCE)^[2]
  • 281 BC – Siege of Tarentum - Roman victory
  • 280 BC –Battle of Heraclea – First engagement of Roman and Greek armies, the latter led byPyrrhus of Epirus, who is victorious, but at great cost.
  • 279 BC –Battle of Asculum – Pyrrhus again defeats the Romans but once again suffers significant casualties in the process.
  • 275 BC –Battle of Beneventum – Inconclusive encounter between Pyrrhus and the Romans under Manius Curius Dentatus.
  • 272 BC – Annexation of Tarentum
• 266 BC – Rome completed the occupation of theItalian Peninsula (except Northern Italy, Cisalpine Gaul)
• First Punic War (264–241 BCE)^[2]
  • 261 BC –Battle of Agrigentum – Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Gisco and Hanno are defeated by the Romans, who attain control of most of Sicily.
  • 260 BC –
    • Battle of the Lipari Islands – A Roman naval force is defeated by the Carthaginians.
    • Battle of Mylae – A Roman naval force under C. Duillius defeats the Carthaginian fleet, giving Rome control of the western Mediterranean.
  • 258 BC –Battle of Sulci – Minor Roman victory against the Carthaginian fleet nearSardinia.
  • 257 BC –Battle of Tyndaris – Naval victory of Rome over Carthage inSicilian waters.
  • 256 BC –
    • Battle of Cape Ecnomus – A Carthaginian fleet under Hamilcar and Hanno is defeated in an attempt to stop a Roman invasion of Africa by Marcus Atilius Regulus.
    • Battle of Adys – Romans under Regulus defeat the Carthaginians in North Africa.
  • 255 BC –Battle of Tunis – Carthaginians under Xanthippus, a Greek mercenary, defeat the Romans under Regulus, who is captured.
  • 251 BC –Battle of Panormus – Carthaginian forces underHasdrubal are defeated by the Romans under L. Caecilius Metellus.
  • 250 BC –Siege of Lilybaeum - Siege on the Carthaginian city of Lilybaeum by Roman army underGaius Atilius Regulus Serranus andLucius Manlius Vulso Longus. Carthaginian victory.
  • 249 BC –Battle of Drepana – Carthage under Adherbal defeat the fleet of Roman admiralPublius Claudius Pulcher.
  • 241 BC –Battle of the Aegates Islands – Roman sea victory over the Carthaginians.
• 238 BCE – Roman conquest ofSardinia^[2]
• 237 BCE - Roman conquest ofCorsica
• First Illyrian War (229–228 BCE)^{[2][further explanation needed]}
• Roman-Gallic wars (225–200 BC)^{[citation needed]}
  • 225 BC –Battle of Faesulae – Romans are defeated by the Gauls of Northern Italy.
  • 225 BC –Battle of Telamon – Romans under Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus defeat the Gauls.
  • 222 BC –Battle of Clastidium – Romans underMarcus Claudius Marcellus defeat the Gauls.
  • 216 BC –Battle of Silva Litana - Roman army underLucius Postumius Albinus is ambushed by theBoii and crushed under falling trees.
• Gaulish invasion of northern Italy (200–191 BCE)^[2]
  • 200 BC –Battle of Cremona – Roman forces defeat the Gauls ofCisalpine Gaul.
• 220–219 BCESecond Illyrian War^{[2][further explanation needed]}
• Second Punic War (218–201 BCE)^[2]
  • 218 BC –
    • Battle of Lilybaeum – First naval clash between the navies of Carthage and Rome during the Second Punic War; Roman victory.
    • Battle of Cissa – Romans defeat Carthaginians nearTarraco and gain control of the territory north of theEbro River.
    • Battle of the Ticinus – Hannibal defeats the Romans underPublius Cornelius Scipio the elder in a cavalry fight.
    • Battle of the Trebia – Hannibal defeats the Romans underTiberius Sempronius Longus with the use of an ambush.
  • 217 BC –
    • Battle of Ebro River – In a surprise attack, Romans defeat and capture the Carthaginian fleet inHispania.
    • Battle of Lake Trasimene – In another ambush, Hannibal destroys the Roman army ofGaius Flaminius, who is killed.
    • Battle of Ager Falernus – Avoiding destruction with deceit, Hannibal escapes Fabius' trap in this small skirmish.
  • 216 BC –
    • Battle of Cannae – Hannibal destroys the main Roman army of Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Publius Terentius Varro in what is considered one of the great masterpieces of the tactical art.
    • Battle of Silva Litana – The Boii ambushed and destroyed a Roman army of 25,000 men.
    • First Battle of Nola – Roman generalMarcus Claudius Marcellus holds off an attack by Hannibal.
    • Battle of Cornus –
    • Battle of Hibera –
    • Battle of Cumae –
  • 215 BC –
    • Second Battle of Nola – Marcellus again repulses an attack by Hannibal.
    • Battle of Dertosa – The brothersGnaeus andPublius Cornelius Scipio defeat Carthaginian forces underHasdrubal Barca, paving later conquest of Spain.
  • 214 BC –Third Battle of Nola – Marcellus fights an inconclusive battle with Hannibal.
  • 212 BC –
    • First Battle of Capua – Hannibal defeats the consuls Q. Fulvius Flaccus andAppius Claudius, but the Roman army escapes
    • Battle of the Silarus – Hannibal destroys the army of the Roman praetor M. Centenius Penula.
    • Battle of Herdonia – Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
  • 211 BC –
    • Battle of the Upper Baetis –Publius andGnaeus Cornelius Scipio are killed in battle with the Carthaginians underHasdrubal Barca
    • Second Battle of Capua – Hannibal is not able to break the Roman siege of the city.
  • 210 BC –
    • Second Battle of Herdonia – Hannibal destroys the Roman army ofFulvius Centumalus, who is killed.
    • Battle of Numistro – Hannibal defeats Marcellus once more
  • 209 BC –
    • Battle of Asculum – Hannibal once again defeats Marcellus, in an indecisive battle
    • Battle of New Carthage –Scipio Africanus Major defeats a Carthaginian garrison under Mago, paving the way for further Roman expansion into Spain.
  • 208 BC –Battle of Baecula – Romans inHispania (Iberia) underP. Cornelius Scipio the Younger defeat Hasdrubal Barca.
  • 207 BC –
    • Battle of Grumentum – Roman generalGaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with Hannibal.
    • Battle of the Metaurus – Hasdrubal is defeated and killed by Nero's Roman army.
    • Battle of Carmona – Romans underPublius Cornelius Scipio besiege the city of Carmona and take it fromHasdrubal Gisco
  • 206 BC –
    • Battle of Ilipa – Scipio again decisively defeats the remaining Carthaginian forces in Hispania.
    • Battle of the Guadalquivir – Roman army underGaius Lucius Marcius Séptimus defeats a Carthaginian army underHannón atGuadalquivir.
    • Battle of Carteia – Roman fleet underGaius Laelius defeats a Carthaginian fleet underAdherbal
  • 204 BC –Battle of Crotona – Hannibal fights a drawn battle against the Roman general Sempronius in Southern Italy.
  • 203 BC –Battle of the Great Plains – Romans under Scipio defeat the Carthaginian army ofHasdrubal Gisco andSyphax. Hannibal is sent to return to Africa.
  • 202 BC, 19 October –Battle of Zama –Scipio Africanus Major decisively defeatsHannibal in North Africa, ending the Second Punic War.
• First Macedonian War (214–205 BCE)^[2]

• Second Macedonian War (200–197 BCE)^[2]
  • 198 BC –Battle of the Aous – Roman forces underTitus Quinctius Flamininus defeat the Macedonians underPhilip V
  • 197 BC –Battle of Cynoscephalae – Romans under Flamininus decisively defeats Philip in Thessaly
• Roman-Spartan War (195 BC)
  • 195 BC –Battle of Gythium – With some Roman assistance,Philopoemen of theAchaean League defeats theSpartans underNabis
• Battle of Placentia (194 BC) – Roman victory over the Boian Gauls
• Battle of Mutina (193 BC) – Roman victory over theBoii, decisively ending the Boian threat.
• Roman–Seleucid War (192 BCE – 188 BCE)^[2] (not to be confused with theSyrian Wars between theSeleucid Empire and thePtolemaic Kingdom of Egypt)
  • 191 BC –Battle of Thermopylae – Romans underManius Acilius Glabrio defeatAntiochus III the Great and force him to evacuate Greece
  • 190 BC –
    • Battle of the Eurymedon – Roman forces underLucius Aemilius Regillus defeat a Seleucid fleet commanded byHannibal, fighting his last battle.
    • Battle of Myonessus – Another Seleucid fleet is defeated by the Romans
    • December,Battle of Magnesia – (near Smyrna) Romans underLucius Cornelius Scipio and his brotherScipio Africanus Major defeatAntiochus III the Great in the decisive victory of the war.
• Aetolian War (191–189 BC)
• Galatian War (189 BC)
  • Battle of Mount Olympus – Romans underGnaeus Manlius Vulso allied withAttalus II ofPergamum deliver a crushing defeat to an army ofGalatianGauls
  • Battle of Ancyra –Gnaeus Manlius Vulso andAttalus II defeat theGalatianGauls again beforeAncyra, in what was an almost identical repeat of the Battle of Mount Olympus.
• First Celtiberian War (181–179 BC)
  • 181 BC –Battle of Manlian Pass – Romans underFulvius Flaccus defeat an army of Celtiberians.
• Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE)^[2]
  • 171 BC –Battle of Callicinus –Perseus of Macedon defeats a Roman army under Publius Licinius Crassus.
  • 168 BC, 22 June –Battle of Pydna – Romans underLucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus defeat and capture Macedonian King Perseus.
• Third Illyrian War (169–167 BC)
• Lusitanian War (155–139 BC)
• Numantine War or Second Celtiberian War (154–133 BC)
  • 134 BC –Siege of Numantia – Roman forces underScipio Aemilianus Africanus defeat and raze theCeltiberian city ofNumantia.
• Fourth Macedonian War (150–148 BCE)^[2]
  • 148 BC –Second battle of Pydna – The forces of the Macedonian pretenderAndriscus are defeated by the Romans underQuintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus.
• Third Punic War and destruction ofCarthage (149–146 BCE)^[2]
  • 147 BC –
    • Battle of the Port of Carthage – Roman forces underLucius Hostilius Mancinus are defeated by the Carthaginians.
    • Second Battle of Neferis – Roman forces underScipio Aemilianus win a decisive victory against Carthage marking the turning point in the Third Punic War.
  • 146 BC –Battle of Carthage ends:Scipio Africanus Minor captures and destroys Carthage.
• Achaean War (146 BC)
  • 146 BC –Battle of Corinth – Romans underLucius Mummius defeat the Achaean League forces ofKritolaus, who is killed. Corinth is destroyed and Greece comes under direct Roman rule.
• First Transalpine War (125–121 BCE)^[4]
• Cimbrian War (113–101 BC)
  • 113 BC –Battle of Noreia – Roman force underGnaeus Papirius Carbo are defeated by theCimbri
  • 107 BC –Battle of Burdigala – Roman forces underLucius Cassius Longinus are defeated by the Helvetii
  • 105 BC, 6 October –Battle of Arausio – Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army ofQuintus Servilius Caepio andGnaeus Mallius Maximus.
  • 102 BC –Battle of Aquae Sextiae – Romans underGaius Marius defeatTeutons, with mass suicides among the captured women.
  • 101 BC –Battle of Vercellae – Romans underGaius Marius andLutatius Catulus defeat the Cimbri, who are entirely annihilated.
• Jugurthine War (112–105 BC)
  • 110 BC –Battle of Suthul –Jugurtha ofNumidia defeats Roman forces underAulus Postumius Albinus.
  • 108 BC –Battle of the Muthul – Roman forces underCaecilius Metellus fight indecisively against the forces ofJugurtha ofNumidia.

• First Mithridatic War (89–85 BCE)^[5]
  • 89 BC –Battle of Protopachium –Manius Aquillius loses againstArchelaus, general of the Pontic army.
  • 88 BC –Battle of Mount Scorobas – Manius Aquilius is defeated by Archelaus and captured.
  • 88 BC –Siege of Rhodes –Mithridates fails to captureRhodes, defended by the proconsul Lucius Cassius.
  • 87–86 BC –Siege of Athens and Piraeus – Sulla takesAthens, which had sided withMithridates.
  • 86 BC –Battle of Tenedos –Lucullus defeats the Pontic generalNeoptolemus in a sea battle.
  • 86 BC –Battle of Chaeronea – Sulla defeats Archelaus.
  • 85 BC –Battle of Orchomenus – Sulla again defeats Archelaus in the decisive battle of the war.
• Second Mithridatic War (83–81 BCE)^[5]
  • 82 BC –Battle of Halys – Roman generalLucius Licinius Murena fightsMithridates andGordius after launching several raids, to which the Romans lose.
• Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BCE)^[5]
  • 73 BC –Battle of Cyzicus – Roman forces underLucullus defeat the forces ofMithridates.
  • 72 BC –Battle of Cabira or the Rhyndacus – Lucullus defeats the retreating forces of Mithridates, opening way to Pontus.
  • 69 BC –Battle of Tigranocerta – Lucullus defeats the army ofTigranes II of Armenia, who was harbouring his father-in-law Mithridates.
  • 68 BC –Battle of Artaxata – Lucullus again defeats Tigranes.
  • 66 BC –Battle of the Lycus –Pompey decisively defeats Mithridates, effectively ending the War.
  • 65 BC –Caucasian campaign of Pompey – Roman victory, vassalisation of theKingdom of Iberia
  • 63 BC –Siege of Jerusalem – Pompey captured Jerusalem
• Gallic Wars (58–51 BCE)^[5]
  • 58 BC –
    • June –Battle of the Arar (Saône) –Caesar defeats the migratingHelvetii
    • July –Battle of Bibracte – Caesar again defeats the Helvetians, this time decisively.
    • September –Battle of Vosges – Caesar decisively defeats the forces of the Germanic chieftainAriovistus near modernBelfort
  • 57 BC –
    • Battle of the Axona (Aisne) – Caesar defeats the forces of theBelgae under King Galba of Suessiones.
    • Battle of the Sabis (Sambre) – Caesar defeats the Nervii.
    • Battle of Octodurus (Martigny) – Servius Galba defeats the Seduni and Veragri.
  • 56 BC –
    • Battle of Morbihan – Caesar defeats theVeneti in a sea battle.
  • 55 BC –
    • Caesar's first invasion of Britain – Caesar crosses the English Channel, winning a battle against theCeltic Britons, but achieves little else.
  • 54 BC –
    • Caesar's second invasion of Britain^[5] – Caesar returns to Britain, and defeatsCassivellaunus. He extracts tribute from theBrittonics, but fails to incorporate Britain as Roman territory.
  • 52 BC –
    • Siege of Avaricum –Caesar captures a Gallic town after a lengthy siege.
    • Battle of Gergovia –Caesar fails to capture a Gallic town defended byVercingetorix.
    • Battle of Alesia –Caesar defeats the Gallic rebelVercingetorix, completing the Roman conquest of Gallia Comata.
  • 51 BC –
    • Siege of Uxellodunum –Caesar defeats a holdout city after the Battle of Alesia and cuts both the hands of all the men in the town
• Roman–Parthian war of 54–53 BCE. This conflict resulted from theParthian war of succession (57–54 BCE) betweenMithridates IV and his brotherOrodes II after killing their father, kingPhraates III. The Roman invasion of Parthia, commencing in 54 BCE and ending catastrophically at theBattle of Carrhae in 53 BCE, was partially motivated by or justified as supporting Mithridates' claim to the Parthian throne.^[6]
  • 53 BCE –Battle of Carrhae – Roman army commanded bytriumvirCrassus is disastrously defeated by the Parthians.^[6]

• Roman–Parthian Wars – periodc. 44–34 BC
  • 44 BC –Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire - Aborted due to theAssassination of Julius Caesar.
  • 40–38 BC –Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
  • 36 BC –Antony's Atropatene campaign
  • 34 BC –Antony's campaign against Armenia
• Roman-Kushite Wars (31–22 BC)
  • 24–25 BC –Kushite Invasions of Roman Egypt -Kingdom of Kush fromMeroë launched a series of attacks and incursions on southRoman Egypt, successful in takingSyene,Elephantine, andPhilae, sacking them, slaving inhabitants and destroying thebronze statues ofCaesar Augustus.
  • 25–22 BC –Gaius Petronius' expeditions against Nubia - Roman forces managed to reachQasr Ibrim and northernNubia, capturing several cities, including Pselcis, Primis, Abuncis, Phthuris, Cambusis, Attenia, and Stadissias, then destroyed the city ofNapata (kushite capital) and other cities in retaliation while taking captives. KushitesKandake earns a favorable peace treaty and Romans established a new frontier atHiere Sycaminos (Maharraqa), halting Rome's southward expansion in Africa.
• Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BC)
  • 25 BC –Battle of Vellica - Roman forces underAugustus against theCantabri people, Roman victory.
  • 25 BC –Siege of Aracillum - Roman forces underGaius Antistius Vetus against the Cantabri people, Roman victory.
• Roman attempt to Conquest Arabia Felix (26–24 BC)^[7]
  • 25 BC Siege ofMa'rib - After Romans struggled to defeated an Arab army of 10,000 soldiers, conquered a few towns, and took on supplies fromNejran,Aelius Gallus besieged Ma'rib unsuccessfully for a week, before being forced to withdraw and unable to secureIncense trade route in land (theNabateans, apparent allies, wanted the Romans to fail otherwise they would lose their monopoly over the spice trade). Rome is unable to conquestSabaean kingdom ofAncient Yemen or coercing theincense states (Himyarite Arab kingdoms) of theArabian Peninsula to becomeRoman client states.
  • 25 BC Siege ofEudaemon - The supporting Roman fleet, after crossing theGulf of Aqaba, occupied and sacked the port ofAden, securing theRoman merchant route to India inRed Sea. However, Roman interests wouldn't be served by a second expedition, becoming clear that certain fringes of the empire (like Nubia or Arabia) could not be won except at greater costs, being careful of further military adventures.

• 

  Roman expeditions to Lake Chad and the Niger River (19 BC–90 AD): Roman expeditions (two in the western Sahara, two in the central Sahara, and one in the area ofLake Chad) to subdue warring tribes in the area (like the warlike nomadic tribe of theGaramantes who lived in the current region ofFezzan) or to achieve the elimination of taxes on the nomads of the Sahara and plan possible routes of conquest toSub-Saharan Africa, or at least control theTrans-Saharan caravan routes and penetrate into the kingdoms of thepygmies.
• Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) (16–11 BC period)
  • Clades Lolliana (16 BC) – The troops of ConsulMarcus Lollius are defeated byWest Germanic warriors inGaul.
  • Battle of Arbalo (11 BC) - Romans underNero Claudius Drusus defeat the Germans
  • Battle of the Lupia River (11 BC) – Roman forces underAugustus's stepsonDrusus win a victory in Germany.

• Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) (9–16 AD period) – Campaigns inGermania (modern dayGermany and theLow Countries) against variousGermanic units and coalitions with the objective of establish the border of the empire on theElbe river.
  • Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (9) –Cherusci-born Roman commanderArminius defects to a coalition Germanic rebel groups, who jointly ambush and annihilate three Roman legions underPublius Quinctilius Varus, prompting retaliation campaigns by the Romans.Germania Antiqua Roman province is abandoned with all their settlements such as theWaldgirmes Forum.
  • Battle at Pontes Longi (15) – Indecisive battle between a Roman army underAulus Caecina Severus and Germanic troops led by Arminius.
  • Battle of the Weser River (16) – Legions underGermanicus defeat Germanic troops of Arminius.
  • Battle of the Angrivarian Wall (16) - Legions underGermanicus defeat the Germanic troops of Arminius, ending the campaigns.
• Roman conquest of Britain (43–96)

  

  • 43 –Battle of the Medway –Claudius and generalAulus Plautius defeat a confederation of BritishCeltic tribes.Roman invasion of Britain begins
  • 50 –Battle of Caer Caradoc – British chieftainCaractacus is defeated and captured by the Romans underOstorius Scapula.
  • 60–61 –Boudican revolt – Roman rule secured inBritain and submission ofCeltic Britons (Iceni andTrinovantes lost independence).
  • 60/61–77Roman conquest of Anglesey –Anglesey inNorth West is left under Roman rule, being completed the conquest ofWales andnorthern England.
  • 81 –Gnaeus Julius Agricola's planned invasion of Hibernia – Aborted Roman attempt of conquestIreland due to other priorities.^[8]
  • 83/84 –Battle of Mons Graupius. Romans underGnaeus Julius Agricola defeat theCaledonians and temporally expanded Roman rule north intoCaledonia (modernScotland), establishing the northernmostRoman forts, likeCawdor, Tarradale and Portmahomack. Also, thefleet sailed north and made the first known circumnavigation of Britain, whereupon it was definitely discovered to be an island. It was proclaimed that Agricola had finally subdued all the tribes of Britain,^[9] however, the costs of a drawn-out war outweighed any economic or political benefit and it was deemed more profitable to leave the Caledonians to themselves and dismantled Roman fortifications afterSouthern Uplands.^[10]
• Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 or War of the Armenian Succession^[11]
  • 58 – Sack ofArtaxata byGnaeus Domitius Corbulo.
  • 59 – Capture ofTigranocerta by Corbulo.
  • 62 –Battle of Rhandeia – Romans underLucius Caesennius Paetus are defeated by a Parthian-Armenian army under King Tiridates of Parthia.
• Nero's exploration of the Nile (62–67) – Roman expeditions toEquatorial Africa with the objective to reach the origin ofNile river and recopile information for a possible Roman planned conquest ofEthiopia.
• Domitian's campaign against the Chatti across the Rhine (83)^[5]
• Domitian's Dacian War (86–88)
  • 87 –Dacian KingDecebalus crushes the Roman army at theFirst Battle of Tapae (todayTransylvania, Romania),Legio V Alaudae and generalCornelius Fuscus perish in battle.
  • 88 – the Romans return and obtain a victory at theSecond Battle of Tapae

• First Dacian War (101–102)
  • 101 –Third Battle of Tapae –Trajan defeatedDecebalus, with heavy losses.
  • 102 –Battle of Adamclisi - Roman forces led by Trajan annihilated a mixed Dacian-Roxolano-Sarmatae army, with heavy casualties on the Roman side.
• Second Dacian War (105–106)
  • 106 –Battle of Sarmisegetusa – A Roman army led by Trajan conquered and destroyed the Dacian capital. Part of Dacia was annexed to the Roman Empire.
• Roman conquest of the Nabataeans (106) – TheThird Cyrenaica legion moved north from Egypt intoArabia Petraea, while theSixth Ferrata legion, a Syrian garrison unit, moved south to occupyBostra.
• Trajan's Parthian campaign^[13] (115–117) –Trajan invadedParthia (planning its annexation) and occupiedCtesiphon while managed control of western Persia by a client ruler (Parthamaspates), but died. The Roman army withdrew, immediately abandoning the newly annexed provinces ofAssyria,Mesopotamia andArmenia.
• Roman invasion of Southern Scotland (139-143) –Quintus Lollius Urbicus, by orders ofAntoninus Pius, was sent to effect the reconquest ofLowland Scotland, winning some significant victories and building theAntonine Wall.
• Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 –Vologases IV invadesArmenia, but is pushed back and Ctesiphon is sacked.
• Marcomannic Wars (166–180) – Roman Empire tried to expand in central Europe and establish proposed Roman province ofMarcomannia (parts of the modern states andSlovakia and theCzech Republic) andSarmatia (onGreat Hungarian Plain).
  • 170 –Battle of Carnuntum – Marcomannic KingBallomar defeats the Roman Army and invades Italy.
  • 178-179 – Praetorian Prefect Teratenius Paternus defeats theQuadi.
  • 179 or 180 –Battle of Laugaricio –Marcus Valerius Maximianus defeats the Quadi inSlovakia.
• 198 –Battle of Ctesiphon –Septimius Severus invaded, sacked Ctesiphon, and reinstated the province of Mesopotamia in northern Mesopotamia.

• Roman invasion of Caledonia (208-211) - Roman forces led bySeptimius Severus invadeCaledonia because massive increase in raids and attacks onRoman Britain, but Romans are forced to withdraw toHadrian's Wall after the emperor became ill and died atEboracum (York) on 4 February 211, suffering heavy casualties. Romans never campaigned deep into Caledonia again.
• Parthian war of Caracalla (216–217)
  • 217 –Battle of Nisibis – Bloody stalemate between theParthians and the Roman army under EmperorMacrinus.
• Early Roman–Sasanian battles
  • 231–232 – War between theSassanids underArdashir I andSeverus Alexander; resulted in humiliating Roman defeat and withdrawal.
  • 243 –Battle of Resaena – Roman forces underGordian III defeat the Persians underShapur I.
  • 260 –Battle of Edessa – EmperorShapur I ofPersia defeats and captures the Roman EmperorValerian
  • 296 or 297 –Battle of Carrhae – Romans under the CaesarGalerius are defeated by the Persians underNarseh.
  • 298 –Battle of Satala – Galerius secures a decisive victory against Narseh, following a peace treaty.
• Gothic andAlemannic wars
  • 235 –Battle at the Harzhorn - Roman army under Emperor Maximinus Thrax defeats a German army while withdrawing back to Roman territory.
  • 250 –Battle of Philippopolis – KingCniva of theGoths defeats a Roman army.
  • 251, Summer –Battle of Abrittus – Goths defeat and kill the Roman EmperorsDecius andHerennius Etruscus
  • 259 –Battle of Mediolanum – EmperorGallienus decisively defeats theAlemanni that invaded Italy
  • 268 –Battle of Naissus – Emperor Gallienus and his generalsClaudius andAurelian decisively defeat the Goths.
  • 268 or 269 –Battle of Lake Benacus – Romans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alemanni
  • 271 –
    • Battle of Placentia – Emperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alemanni forces invading Italy
    • Battle of Fano – Aurelian defeats the Alamanni, who begin to retreat from Italy
    • Battle of Pavia – Aurelian destroys the retreating Alemanni army.
  • 298 –
    • Battle of Lingones –CaesarConstantius Chlorus defeats the Alemanni
    • Battle of Vindonissa – Constantius again defeats the Alamanni

• Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
  • 344 –Battle of Singara – EmperorConstantius II fights an indecisive battle against KingShapur II of Persia
  • 359 –Siege of Amida –Sassanids captureAmida from Romans
• Julian's Persian expedition (March–July 363)
  • 363, 29 May –Battle of Ctesiphon – EmperorJulian defeats Shapur II of Persia outside the walls of the Persian capital, but is unable to take the city.
  • 363, June –Battle of Samarra (363) –Julian fights theSassanids and is subsequently killed in battle. Though indecisive, the battle leads to massive losses for the Roman Empire through a forced peace treaty.
• Wars withAlemanni (356–378)
  • 356 –Battle of Reims –CaesarJulian is defeated by theAlamanni
  • 357 –Battle of Strasbourg – Julian expels the Alamanni from theRhineland
  • 368 –Battle of Solicinium – Romans under EmperorValentinian I defeat yet another Alamanni incursion.
  • 378 –
    • May –Battle of Argentovaria – Western EmperorGratianus is victorious over theAlamanni, yet again.
• Gothic War (376–382)
  • 377 –Battle of the Willows – Roman troops fight an inconclusive battle against theGoths
    • Summer -Battle of Dibaltum –Goths,Alans andHuns defeat Romans.
  • 378 –
    • 9 August –Battle of Adrianople –Thervings underFritigern defeat and kill the Eastern EmperorValens^[14]
  • 380 –Battle of Thessalonica – The new Eastern Emperor,Theodosius I, is also defeated by theThervings underFritigern.
• 391 – Battle somewhere in Thrace: a band of Goths ledAlaric I is defeated by Romans underStilicho^[15][16]
• 395-398Revolt of Alaric I – Revolt of the Goths in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire
• Stilicho's Pictish War – 398(?)

The 5th century involves the finalfall of the Western Roman Empire toGoths,Vandals,Alans,Huns,Franks and other peoples.

• Gothic War (401-403), a Visigothic invasion of Italy led byAlaric I^[16]
  • 402
    • Siege of Asti (402) – Visigoths besieged Western EmperorHonorius inAsti until March, whenStilicho sent reinforcements.
    • 6 April –Battle of Pollentia – Stilicho defeated the Visigoths under Alaric.
    • June –Battle of Verona – Stilicho defeated Alaric, who withdrew from Italy and settled in Illyricum.^[16]
• War of Radagaisus: Invasion of Italy by a large groups ofGoths,Vandals andAlans, gathered and led byRadagaisus (c. 405–410)
  • c. c. 405/6:Siege of Florence - Stilicho defended the city from the Goths of kingRadagaisus, butFlorence was nearly destroyed.
  • 406:Battle of Faesulae - Stilicho defeated the Visigoths andVandals underRadagaisus.
• 406, 31 December – traditional date of theCrossing of the Rhine: a mixed group of barbarians, which purportedly includedVandals,Alans andSuebi, crossed into northern Gaul.^[13]
• Another Visigothic invasion of Italy led byAlaric I (c. 408–410)[16]^[17]
  • 409:Battle of Ostia – Visigoths under Alaric I defeated the Romans.
  • 410, 24 August –Sack of Rome – Visigoths under Alaric sacked Rome.^[17][16]
• 413 –Siege of Massilia – Visigoths underAtaulf were defeated by Romans underBonifacius while trying to besiege the Roman city. They made peace with Rome soon after.
• 419 –Battle of the Nervasos Mountains – Western Romans and Suebi defeat Vandals and Alans.
• Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422 - The Eastern Roman EmperorTheodosius II declared war against the Persians and obtained some victories, but in the end, the two powers agreed to sign a peace on the status quo ante.
• Castinus' campaign against the Franks
• 422 –Battle of Tarraco – The Vandal kingGunderic defeat the Western Romans, making the Vandals the undisputed masters of Hispania.
• 425 –Siege of Arles -The Roman generalAëtius defeats the Visigoths underTheodoric I.
• 430-431Aetius campaign in the Alps - Campaign against the Juthungi and Nori
• 431 –Siege of Hippo Regius – Vandals underGenseric establish a foothold in Africa, strategically defeating Rome.Saint Augustine dies during the siege.
• c. 445–450 –Battle of Vicus Helena – Romans under Aetius defeatFranks.
• Roman–Hunnic battles (447–452)
  • 447 –Battle of the Utus – The Eastern Romans fought an indecisive battle with Huns led byAttila.
  • 450 – Huns led by Attila invaded Gaul.^[17]
  • 451, 20 June –Battle of the Catalaunian Plains – The Romans with Flavius Aetius and the Visigoths with Theodoric, defend againstAttila, ruler of theHunnic Empire.
  • 452 –Sack of Padua –Attila and his forces successfully capture and sack Padua.
  • 452 –Siege of Mediolanum –Attila and his forces captureMilan and destroy the city.
  • 452, 18 July –Sack of Aquileia –Aquileia is razed by the forces ofAttila.
• 455
  • Sack of Rome byGeiseric, King of the Vandals^[17]
  • Battle of Aylesford – Romano-Britons (under Vortimer) and Anglo-Saxons battle in Kent, victory is unclear.
• 457
  • Battle of Garigliano (457) – The Western Roman EmperorMajorian surprised a Vandal-Berber raiding party which was returning with loot from Campania.
  • Battle of Campi Cannini – Western Roman Emperor Majorian defeated an Alemanni invasion of Italy.
  • Gothic War (457-458)
• 458
  • Battle of Toulouse (458) – The Western Roman EmperorMajorian defeated theVisigoths.
  • Battle of Arelate – The Western Roman EmperorMajorian, with the support ofAegidius andNepotianus, defeated the Visigoths at Arlate. With a treaty, the Visigothic returned all territory in Hispania to the Romans.
• 461 –Battle of Cartagena – A Vandal fleet surprised and destroyed the Roman fleet.
• 463 –Battle of Orleans –Gallo-Roman andSalian Frank forces under the command ofAegidius defeated a force of Visigoths at Orleans.
• 464 –Battle of Bergamo – Romans under GeneralRicimer defeatedAlan invasion of Italy and killed their king.
• 468 –Battle of Cap Bon - Failure of the invasion of the kingdom of the Vandals by the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.
• 469 –Battle of Déols – Visigoths defeatedBretons and Gallo-Romans underRiothamus.
• 471 –Battle of Arles - Visigothic kingEuric defeated the Roman generalAnthemiolus, captured Arles and much of southernGaul
• 472 –Siege of Rome -Ricimer, having fallen out with his choice for Roman Emperor, allied with theBurgundians and Germans underOdoacer, defeated and killed the Western Roman EmperorAnthemius.
• 475 –Battle of Ravenna –Orestes deposesJulius Nepos and installs his son,Romulus Augustulus as emperor.
• 476
  • Battle of Pavia –Odoacer captures and executesOrestes.
  • Battle of Ravenna – The Germanicfoederati led byOdoacer decisively defeated theWestern Roman Empire and deposed EmperorRomulus Augustulus.Western Roman Empire dissolved.Odoacer declared himselfKing of Italy.
• 486 –Battle of Soissons –Clovis I defeatedSyagrius, last Roman commander inGaul, and annexed the Western Roman rump state known as theKingdom of Soissons intoFrancia.

• List of Roman civil wars and revolts

• Boin, Douglas (2020).Alaric the Goth: An Outsider's History of the Fall of Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.ISBN 978-0-39363-569-0.
• Jones, Jim (2013)."Roman History Timeline"(PDF). West Chester University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved2 April 2023.

• Milites – aVisual Analytics tool on Roman battles

• Lists of wars by former country involved
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