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List of Palmyrene monarchs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Below is alist of Palmyrene monarchs, the monarchs that ruled and presided over the city ofPalmyra and the subsequentPalmyrene Empire in the 3rd century AD, and the later vassal princes of theAl Fadl dynasty which ruled over the city in the 14th century.

House of Odaenathus

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Odaenathus, the lord of Palmyra, declared himself king before riding into battle against theSassanians after news of theRoman defeat atEdessa reached him.[1] This elevated Palmyra from a subordinate city to a de facto independent kingdom allied to Rome.[2]

Odaenathus later elevated himself to the title of King of Kings, crowning his son co-King of Kings in 263.[3] The title was later passed toVaballathus his son, before it was dropped for the title of King[4] and later Emperor.

PortraitNameRuler FromRuler UntilRelationship with Predecessor(s)TitleNotes
Odaenathus260267King
King of Kings		Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263
Hairan I263267 • Son of OdaenathusKing of KingsMade co-King of Kings by his father.[5]
Maeonius267267 • Odaenathus' cousin.[6]EmperorNo evidence exists for his reign,[7] but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation
Vaballathus267272 • Son of OdaenathusKing of Kings
King
Emperor		Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with theLatinrex (king) and declared emperor in 271.[4] Reigned under the regency of his mother,Zenobia.[8]
Zenobia267272 • Mother of VaballathusQueen
Empress		Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.[8]
Antiochus273273 • Possibly a son of Zenobia.[9]Emperor

Al Fadl dynasty

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RulerReignedTitleNotes
Sharaf ad-Din Issa1281–1284PrinceAppointed as a reward for aiding the Mamluks.[10]
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1284–1293PrinceImprisoned by the Mamluks.[11]
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1295–1312PrinceSecond reign.[11]
Fadl ibn Isa1312–1317PrinceBrother of Muhanna.[11]
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1317–1320PrinceExpelled with his tribe.[11]
Husam ad-Din Muhanna1330–1335PrinceFourth reign.[11]
Muzaffar al-Din Musa1335–1341PrinceSon of Muhanna.[12]
Alam al-Din Suleiman1341–1342PrinceSon of Muhanna.[13]
Sharaf al-Din Issa1342–1343PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.[13]
Saif1343–1345PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.[13]
Ahmad1345–1347PrinceSon of Muhanna.[14]
Saif1347–1348PrinceSecond reign.[14]
Ahmad1348PrinceSecond reign.[14]
Fayad1348PrinceSon of Muhanna.[15]
Hayar1348–1350PrinceSon of Muhanna.[15]
Fayad1350–1361PrinceSecond reign.[15]
Hayar1361–1364PrinceSecond reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[13][15]
Zamil1364–1366PrinceSon of Muhanna's brother Musa.[13]
Hayar1366–1368PrinceThird reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[16]
Zamil1368PrinceSecond reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[16]
Mu'ayqil1368–1373PrinceSon of Fadl bin Issa.[16]
Hayar1373–1375PrinceFourth reign.[16]
Malik1375–1379PrinceSon of Muhanna.[16]
Zamil1379–1380PrinceThird reign; ruled with Mu'ayqil.[16]
Mu'ayqil1379–1380PrinceSecond reign; ruled with Zamil.[16]
Nu'air bin Hayar1380–PrinceSon of Hayar.[16]
Musa–1396PrinceSon of Hayar's brother Assaf.[16]
Suleiman II1396–1398PrinceSon of Hayar's brother 'Anqa.[17]
Muhammad1398–1399PrinceBrother of Suleiman II.[18]
Nu'air bin Hayar1399–1406PrinceSecond reign.[18]

References

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  1. ^Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007) [2001].Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. p. 159.ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
  2. ^Young, Gary K. (2003) [2001].Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC - AD 305. Routledge. p. 159.ISBN 978-1-134-54793-7.
  3. ^Udo Hartmann (2001).Das palmyrenische Teilreich (in German). p. 178.ISBN 9783515078009.
  4. ^abAndrew M. Smith II (2013).Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. p. 179.ISBN 9780199861101.
  5. ^Maurice Sartre (2005).The Middle East Under Rome. p. 353.ISBN 9780674016835.
  6. ^Trevor Bryce (2014).Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 292.ISBN 9780191002922.
  7. ^George C. Brauer (1975).The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284. Noyes Press. p. 163.
  8. ^abPat Southern (2008).Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. p. 92.ISBN 9781441142481.
  9. ^Alaric Watson (2004).Aurelian and the Third Century. p. 81.ISBN 9781134908158.
  10. ^محمد عدنان قيطاز (1998). "مهنّا (أسرة)".الموسوعة العربية (in Arabic). Vol. 19. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. p. 788. Archived from the original on 2016-08-02. Retrieved2015-11-17.
  11. ^abcdeKhayr al-Dīn Ziriklī (1926).al-Aʻlām,: qāmūs tarājim al-ashʾhur al-rijāl wa-al-nisāʾ min al-ʻArab wa-al-mustaʻrabīn wa-al-mustashriqīn, Volume 7 (in Arabic). p. 73.
  12. ^Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451).al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī (in Arabic). p. 373.
  13. ^abcdeIbn Khaldūn (1375).Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 5 - Part 30 (in Arabic). p. 105.
  14. ^abcKhalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363).al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.28 (in Arabic). p. 345.
  15. ^abcdKhalīl ibn Aybak Ṣafadī (1363).al-Wāfī bi-al-Wafayāt Vol.7 (in Arabic). p. 192.
  16. ^abcdefghiIbn Khaldūn (1375).Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 6 - Part 11 (in Arabic). p. 11.
  17. ^Yūsuf al-Atābikī Ibn Taghrī Birdī (1451).al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʻda al-wāfī, Volume 6 (in Arabic). p. 48.
  18. ^abAḥmad Ibn-ʻAlī Ibn-ʻAbdalqādir al- Maqrīzī (1441).as-Sulūk li-maʻrifat duwal al-mulūk (in Arabic). p. 801.
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