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List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Front side (obverse) of theNobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine

TheNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish:Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the SwedishKarolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields ofphysiology ormedicine. It is one of the fiveNobel Prizes established by the 1895will ofAlfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions inchemistry,physics,literature,peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by theNobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 toEmil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receivesa medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782SEK, which was equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. The award is presented inStockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field ofsignal transduction byG proteins andsecond messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field ofneurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions inintermediary metabolism.[3] In 1939Gerhard Domagk, a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money.[6] As of 2024, the prize has been awarded to 229 individuals, thirteen of them were women (Gerty Cori being the first to be awarded in 1947).[7]

There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). There were also five years for which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded toRobert Bárány in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1922 prize awarded toArchibald Hill andOtto Fritz Meyerhof in 1923,[9] the 1926 prize awarded toJohannes Fibiger in 1927,[10] the 1938 prize awarded toCorneille Heymans in 1939,[11] and the 1943 prize awarded toHenrik Dam andEdward Adelbert Doisy in 1944.[12]

Laureates

[edit]
YearImageLaureate[A]Nationality[B]Rationale[C]Ref
1901Emil von Behring
(1854–1917)		Germany"for his work onserum therapy, especially its application againstdiphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[13]
1902SirRonald Ross
(1857–1932)		United Kingdom"for his work onmalaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[14]
1903Niels Ryberg Finsen
(1860–1904)		Faroe Islands"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especiallylupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[15]
1904Ivan Pavlov
(1849–1936)		Russia"in recognition of his work on the physiology ofdigestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[16]
1905Robert Koch
(1843–1910)		Germany"for his investigations and discoveries in relation totuberculosis"[17]
1906Camillo Golgi
(1843–1926)		Italy"in recognition of their work on the structure of thenervous system"[18]
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
(1852–1934)		Spain
1907Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
(1845–1922)		France"in recognition of his work on the role played byprotozoa in causing diseases"[19]
1908Élie Metchnikoff
(1845–1916)		Russia"in recognition of their work onimmunity"[20]
Paul Ehrlich
(1854–1915)		Germany
1909Emil Theodor Kocher
(1841–1917)		  Switzerland"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of thethyroid gland"[21]
1910Albrecht Kossel
(1853–1927)		Germany"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge ofcell chemistry made through his work onproteins, including thenucleic substances"[22]
1911Allvar Gullstrand
(1862–1930)		Sweden"for his work on thedioptrics of theeye"[23]
1912Alexis Carrel
(1873–1944)		France"[for] his work on vascularsuture and thetransplantation ofblood vessels andorgans"[24]
1913Charles Richet
(1850–1935)		France"[for] his work onanaphylaxis"[25]
1914Robert Bárány
(1876–1936)		Austria-Hungary"for his work on the physiology and pathology of thevestibular apparatus"[8]
1915Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919Jules Bordet
(1870–1961)		Belgium"for his discoveries relating toimmunity"[26]
1920August Krogh
(1874–1949)		Denmark"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[27]
1921Not awarded
1922Archibald Hill
(1886–1977)		United Kingdom"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in themuscle"[9]
Otto Fritz Meyerhof
(1884–1951)		Germany"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption ofoxygen and themetabolism oflactic acid in the muscle"[9]
1923SirFrederick Banting
(1891–1941)		Canada"for the discovery ofinsulin"[28]
John Macleod
(1876–1935)		United Kingdom
1924Willem Einthoven
(1860–1927)		Netherlands"for the discovery of the mechanism of theelectrocardiogram"[29]
1925Not awarded
1926Johannes Fibiger
(1867–1928)		Denmark"for his discovery of theSpiroptera carcinoma"[10]
1927Julius Wagner-Jauregg
(1857–1940)		Austria"for his discovery of the therapeutic value ofmalariainoculation in the treatment ofdementia paralytica"[30]
1928Charles Nicolle
(1866–1936)		France"for his work ontyphus"[31]
1929Christiaan Eijkman
(1868–1930)		Netherlands"for his discovery of the antineuriticvitamin"[32]
SirFrederick Gowland Hopkins
(1861–1947)		United Kingdom"for his discovery of the growth-stimulatingvitamins"[32]
1930Karl Landsteiner
(1868–1943)		Austria
United States		"for his discovery of humanblood groups"[33]
1931Otto Heinrich Warburg
(1883–1970)		Germany"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of therespiratory enzyme"[34]
1932SirCharles Scott Sherrington
(1857–1952)		United Kingdom"for their discoveries regarding the functions ofneurons"[35]
Edgar Adrian
(1889–1977)
1933Thomas Hunt Morgan
(1866–1945)		United States"for his discoveries concerning the role played by thechromosome inheredity"[36]
1934George Whipple
(1878–1976)		United States"for their discoveries concerningliver therapy in cases ofanaemia"[37]
George Minot
(1885–1950)
William P. Murphy
(1892–1987)
1935Hans Spemann
(1869–1941)		Germanywas awarded aNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his studentHilde Mangold's discovery of the effect now known asembryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of theembryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs, the start of artificialcloning of organisms. Spemann added his name as an author to Hilde Mangold's dissertation (although she objected).[38][39]
1936SirHenry Hallett Dale
(1875–1968)		United Kingdom"for their discoveries relating tochemical transmission of nerve impulses"[40]
Otto Loewi
(1873–1961)		Germany
1937Albert Szent-Györgyi
(1893–1986)		Hungary"for his discoveries in connection with thebiological combustion processes, with special reference tovitamin C and the catalysis offumaric acid"[41]
1938Corneille Heymans
(1892–1968)		Belgium"for the discovery of the role played by thesinus andaortic mechanisms in the regulation ofrespiration"[11]
1939Gerhard Domagk
(1895–1964)		Germany"for the discovery of theantibacterial effects ofprontosil"[42]
1940Not awarded
1941
1942
1943Henrik Dam
(1895–1976)		Denmark"for his discovery ofvitamin K"[12]
Edward Adelbert Doisy
(1893–1986)		United States"for his discovery of the chemical nature ofvitamin K"[12]
1944Joseph Erlanger
(1874–1965)		United States"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of singlenerve fibres"[43]
Herbert Spencer Gasser
(1888–1963)
1945SirAlexander Fleming
(1881–1955)		United Kingdom"for the discovery ofpenicillin and its curative effect in variousinfectious diseases"[44]
SirErnst Boris Chain
(1906–1979)
Howard Walter Florey
(1898–1968)		Australia
1946Hermann Joseph Muller
(1890–1967)		United States"for the discovery of the production ofmutations by means ofX-rayirradiation"[45]
1947Carl Ferdinand Cori
(1896–1984)		Czechoslovakia
United States		"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion ofglycogen"[46]
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
(1896–1957)
Bernardo Alberto Houssay
(1887–1971)		Argentina"for his discovery of the part played by thehormone of theanterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism ofsugar"[46]
1948Paul Hermann Müller
(1899–1965)		  Switzerland"for his discovery of the high efficiency ofDDT as a contactpoison against several arthropods"[47]
1949Walter Rudolf Hess
(1881–1973)		  Switzerland"for his discovery of the functional organization of theinterbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[48]
António Caetano Egas Moniz
(1874–1955)		Portugal"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[48]
1950Philip Showalter Hench
(1896–1965)		United States"for their discoveries relating to thehormones of theadrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[49]
Edward Calvin Kendall
(1886–1972)
Tadeusz Reichstein
(1897–1996)		Poland
 Switzerland
1951Max Theiler
(1899–1972)		South Africa
United States		"for his discoveries concerningyellow fever and how to combat it"[50]
1952Selman Abraham Waksman
(1888–1973)		United States"for his discovery ofstreptomycin, the firstantibiotic effective againsttuberculosis"[51]
1953SirHans Adolf Krebs
(1900–1981)		West Germany
United Kingdom		"for his discovery of thecitric acid cycle"[52]
Fritz Albert Lipmann
(1899–1986)		United States"for his discovery ofco-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[52]
1954John Franklin Enders
(1897–1985)		United States"for their discovery of the ability ofpoliomyelitisviruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[53]
Frederick Chapman Robbins
(1916–2003)
Thomas Huckle Weller
(1915–2008)
1955Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
(1903–1982)		Sweden"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[54]
1956André Frédéric Cournand
(1895–1988)		France
United States		"for their discoveries concerningheart catheterization and pathological changes in thecirculatory system"[55]
Werner Forssmann
(1904–1979)		West Germany
Dickinson W. Richards
(1895–1973)		United States
1957Daniel Bovet
(1907–1992)		  Switzerland
Italy		"for his discoveries relating tosynthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[56]
1958George Wells Beadle
(1903–1989)		United States"for their discovery thatgenes act by regulating definite chemical events"[57]
Edward Lawrie Tatum
(1909–1975)
Joshua Lederberg
(1925–2008)		"for his discoveries concerninggenetic recombination and the organization of thegenetic material ofbacteria"[57]
1959Arthur Kornberg
(1918–2007)		United States"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis ofribonucleic acid anddeoxyribonucleic acid"[58]
Severo Ochoa
(1905–1993)		Spain
United States
1960SirFrank Macfarlane Burnet
(1899–1985)		Australia"for discovery of acquiredimmunological tolerance"[59]
SirPeter Brian Medawar
(1915–1987)		United Kingdom
1961Georg von Békésy
(1899–1972)		Hungary
United States		"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within thecochlea"[60]
1962Francis Crick
(1916–2004)		United Kingdom"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure ofnucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[61][62]
James Dewey Watson
(b. 1928)		United States
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
(1916–2004)		New Zealand
United Kingdom
1963SirJohn Carew Eccles
(1903–1997)		Australia"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of thenervecell membrane"[63]
SirAlan Lloyd Hodgkin
(1914–1998)		United Kingdom
SirAndrew Fielding Huxley
(1917–2012)
1964Konrad Bloch
(1912–2000)		United States"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of thecholesterol andfatty acidmetabolism"[64]
Feodor Lynen
(1911–1979)		West Germany
1965François Jacob
(1920–2013)		France"for their discoveries concerninggenetic control of enzyme andvirus synthesis"[65]
André Lwoff
(1902–1994)
Jacques Monod
(1910–1976)
1966Peyton Rous
(1879–1970)		United States"for his discovery oftumour-inducingviruses"[66]
Charles Brenton Huggins
(1901–1997)		Canada
United States		"for his discoveries concerninghormonal treatment ofprostatic cancer"[66]
1967Ragnar Granit
(1900–1991)		Finland
Sweden		"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in theeye"[67]
Haldan Keffer Hartline
(1903–1983)		United States
George Wald
(1906–1997)
1968Robert W. Holley
(1922–1993)		United States"for their interpretation of thegenetic code and its function inprotein synthesis"[68]
Har Gobind Khorana
(1922–2011)		India
United States
Marshall W. Nirenberg
(1927–2010)		United States
1969Max Delbrück
(1906–1981)		United States"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and thegenetic structure ofviruses"[69]
Alfred Hershey
(1908–1997)
Salvador E. Luria
(1912–1991)		Italy
United States
1970Julius Axelrod
(1912–2004)		United States"for their discoveries concerning the humoraltransmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[70]
Ulf von Euler
(1905–1983)		Sweden
SirBernard Katz
(1911–2003)		West Germany
United Kingdom
1971Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
(1915–1974)		United States"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action ofhormones"[71]
1972Gerald M. Edelman
(1929–2014)		United States"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure ofantibodies"[72]
Rodney R. Porter
(1917–1985)		United Kingdom
1973Karl von Frisch
(1886–1982)		Austria"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[73]
Konrad Lorenz
(1903–1989)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
(1907–1988)		Netherlands
1974Albert Claude
(1899–1983)		Belgium
United States		"for their discoveries concerning thestructural and functional organization of the cell"[74]
Christian de Duve
(1917–2013)		Belgium
George E. Palade
(1912–2008)		Romania
United States
1975David Baltimore
(1938–2025)		United States"for their discoveries concerning the interaction betweentumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[75]
Renato Dulbecco
(1914–2012)		Italy
United States
Howard Martin Temin
(1934–1994)		United States
1976Baruch Samuel Blumberg
(1925–2011)		United States"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination ofinfectious diseases"[76]
D. Carleton Gajdusek
(1923–2008)
1977Roger Guillemin
(1924–2024)		France
United States		"for their discoveries concerning thepeptide hormone production of thebrain"[77]
Andrew V. Schally
(1926–2024)		United States
Rosalyn Yalow
(1921–2011)		"for the development ofradioimmunoassays ofpeptide hormones"[77]
1978Werner Arber
(b. 1929)		  Switzerland"for the discovery ofrestriction enzymes and their application to problems ofmolecular genetics"[78]
Daniel Nathans
(1928–1999)		United States
Hamilton O. Smith
(b. 1931)
1979Allan M. Cormack
(1924–1998)		South Africa
United States		"for the development ofcomputer assisted tomography"[79]
 SirGodfrey N. Hounsfield
(1919–2004)		United Kingdom
1980Baruj Benacerraf
(1920–2011)		Venezuela
United States		"for their discoveries concerning genetically determinedstructures on the cell surface that regulateimmunological reactions"[80]
Jean Dausset
(1916–2009)		France
George D. Snell
(1903–1996)		United States
1981Roger W. Sperry
(1913–1994)		United States"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of thecerebral hemispheres"[81]
David H. Hubel
(1926–2013)		"for their discoveries concerning information processing in thevisual system"[81]
Torsten N. Wiesel
(b. 1924)		Sweden
1982Sune K. Bergström
(1916–2004)		Sweden"for their discoveries concerningprostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[82]
Bengt I. Samuelsson
(1934–2024)
SirJohn R. Vane
(1927–2004)		United Kingdom
1983Barbara McClintock
(1902–1992)		United States"for her discovery ofmobile genetic elements"[83]
1984Niels K. Jerne
(1911–1994)		Denmark"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of theimmune system and the discovery of the principle for production ofmonoclonal antibodies"[84]
Georges J. F. Köhler
(1946–1995)		West Germany
César Milstein
(1927–2002)		Argentina
1985Michael S. Brown
(b. 1941)		United States"for their discoveries concerning the regulation ofcholesterolmetabolism"[85]
Joseph L. Goldstein
(b. 1940)
1986Stanley Cohen
(1922–2020)		United States"for their discoveries ofgrowth factors"[86]
Rita Levi-Montalcini
(1909–2012)		Italy
1987Susumu Tonegawa
(b. 1939)		Japan"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation ofantibody diversity"[87]
1988SirJames W. Black
(1924–2010)		United Kingdom"for their discoveries of important principles fordrug treatment"[88]
Gertrude B. Elion
(1918–1999)		United States
George H. Hitchings
(1905–1998)
1989J. Michael Bishop
(b. 1936)		United States"for their discovery of the cellular origin ofretroviraloncogenes"[89]
Harold E. Varmus
(b. 1939)
1990Joseph E. Murray
(1919–2012)		United States"for their discoveries concerningorgan and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[90]
E. Donnall Thomas
(1920–2012)
1991Erwin Neher
(b. 1944)		Germany"for their discoveries concerning the function of singleion channels in cells"[91]
Bert Sakmann
(b. 1942)
1992Edmond H. Fischer
(1920–2021)		  Switzerland
United States		"for their discoveries concerning reversibleproteinphosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[92]
Edwin G. Krebs
(1918–2009)		United States
1993SirRichard J. Roberts
(b. 1943)		United Kingdom"for their discoveries ofsplit genes"[93]
Phillip A. Sharp
(b. 1944)		United States
1994Alfred G. Gilman
(1941–2015)		United States"for their discovery ofG-proteins and the role of these proteins insignal transduction in cells"[94]
Martin Rodbell
(1925–1998)
1995Edward B. Lewis
(1918–2004)		United States"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of earlyembryonic development"[95]
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
(b. 1942)		Germany
Eric F. Wieschaus
(b. 1947)		United States
1996Peter C. Doherty
(b. 1940)		Australia"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of thecell mediated immune defence"[96]
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
(b. 1944)		  Switzerland
1997Stanley B. Prusiner
(b. 1942)		United States"for his discovery ofPrions - a new biological principle of infection"[97]
1998Robert F. Furchgott
(1916–2009)		United States"for their discoveries concerningnitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[98]
Louis J. Ignarro
(b. 1941)
Ferid Murad
(1936–2023)
1999Günter Blobel
(1936–2018)		United States"for the discovery thatproteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[99]
2000Arvid Carlsson
(1923–2018)		Sweden"for their discoveries concerningsignal transduction in thenervous system"[100]
Paul Greengard
(1925–2019)		United States
Eric Kandel
(b. 1929)		Austria
United States
2001Leland H. Hartwell
(b. 1939)		United States"for their discoveries of key regulators of thecell cycle"[101]
SirTim Hunt
(b. 1943)		United Kingdom
SirPaul M. Nurse
(b. 1949)
2002Sydney Brenner
(1927–2019)		South Africa"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development andprogrammed cell death'"[102]
H. Robert Horvitz
(b. 1947)		United States
SirJohn E. Sulston
(1942–2018)		United Kingdom
2003Paul Lauterbur
(1929–2007)		United States"for their discoveries concerningmagnetic resonance imaging"[103]
SirPeter Mansfield
(1933–2017)		United Kingdom
2004Richard Axel
(b. 1946)		United States"for their discoveries ofodorant receptors and the organization of theolfactory system"[104]
Linda B. Buck
(b. 1947)
2005Barry J. Marshall
(b. 1951)		Australia"for their discovery of the bacteriumHelicobacter pylori and its role ingastritis andpeptic ulcer disease"[105]
J. Robin Warren
(1937–2024)
2006Andrew Z. Fire
(b. 1959)		United States"for their discovery ofRNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[106]
Craig C. Mello
(b. 1960)
2007Mario R. Capecchi
(b. 1937)		Italy
United States		"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use ofembryonic stem cells."[107]
SirMartin Evans
(b. 1941)		United Kingdom
Oliver Smithies
(1925–2017)		United Kingdom
United States
2008Harald zur Hausen
(1936–2023)		Germany"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causingcervical cancer"[108]
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
(b. 1947)		France"for their discovery ofhuman immunodeficiency virus"[108]
Luc Montagnier
(1932–2022)
2009Elizabeth H. Blackburn
(b. 1948)		Australia
United States		"for the discovery of howchromosomes are protected bytelomeres and theenzymetelomerase"[109]
Carol W. Greider
(b. 1961)		United States
Jack W. Szostak
(b. 1952)		Canada
United States
2010SirRobert G. Edwards
(1925–2013)		United Kingdom"for the development ofin vitro fertilization"[110]
2011Bruce A. Beutler
(b. 1957)		United States"for their discoveries concerning the activation ofinnate immunity"[111]
Jules A. Hoffmann
(b. 1941)		France
Ralph M. Steinman
(1943–2011)		Canada"for his discovery of thedendritic cell and its role inadaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)[112][113][111]
2012SirJohn B. Gurdon
(1933–2025)		United Kingdom"for the discovery that mature cells can bereprogrammed to becomepluripotent"[114]
Shinya YamanakaShinya Yamanaka
(b. 1962)		Japan
2013James E. Rothman
(b. 1950)		United States"for their discoveries of machinery regulatingvesicle traffic, a major transport system in ourcells"[115]
Randy W. Schekman
(b. 1948)
Thomas C. Südhof
(b. 1955)		Germany
United States
2014John O'Keefe
(b. 1939)		United States
United Kingdom		"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"[116]
May-Britt Moser
(b. 1963)		Norway
Edvard I. Moser
(b. 1962)
2015William C. Campbell
(b. 1930)		Ireland
United States		"for their discoveries concerninga novel therapy against infections caused byroundworm parasites"[117]
Satoshi Ōmura
(b. 1935)		Japan
Tu Youyou
(b. 1930)		China"for her discoveries concerninga novel therapy againstmalaria"
2016Yoshinori Ohsumi
(b. 1945)		Japan"for his discoveries of mechanisms forautophagy"[118]
2017Jeffrey C. Hall
(b. 1945)		United States"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling thecircadian rhythm"[119]
Michael Rosbash
(b. 1944)
Michael W. Young
(b. 1949)
2018James P. Allison
(b. 1948)		United States"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"[120]
Tasuku Honjo
(b. 1942)		Japan
2019William Kaelin Jr.
(b. 1957)		United States"for their discoveries ofhow cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"[121]
Peter J. Ratcliffe
(b. 1954)		United Kingdom
Gregg L. Semenza
(b. 1956)		United States
2020Harvey J. Alter
(b. 1935)		United States"for the discovery ofHepatitis C virus"[122]
Michael Houghton
(b. 1949)		United Kingdom
Charles M. Rice
(b. 1952)		United States
2021David Julius
(b. 1955)		United States"for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch"[123]
Ardem Patapoutian
(b. 1967)		 Lebanon
United States
2022Svante Pääbo
(b. 1955)		Sweden"for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution"[124]
2023Katalin Karikó
(b. 1955)		Hungary
United States		"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effectivemRNA vaccines against COVID-19"[125]
Drew Weissman
(b. 1959)		United States
2024Victor Ambros
(b. 1953)		United States"for the discovery ofmicroRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"[126]
Gary Ruvkun
(b. 1952)
2025Mary E. Brunkow
(b. 1961)		United States"for their discoveries concerningperipheralimmune tolerance"[127]
Fred Ramsdell
(b. 1960)
Shimon Sakaguchi
(b. 1951)		Japan

References

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Notes

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^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship, and instead reflect their academic or scientific affiliation at the time of receiving the award.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and  areas of physiology and medicine for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

Citations

[edit]
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  2. ^"The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation.Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved21 November 2008.
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