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List of Jewish diaspora languages

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Main article:Jewish languages

It has been suggested that this article bemerged intoJewish languages. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2025.

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed withinJewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.^[1]

Afro-Asiatic languages

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Judeo-Berber^[1] (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Austronesian languages

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Judeo-Malay †

Dravidian languages

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Judeo-Malayalam^[1]

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

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Germanic languages

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Indo-Aryan languages

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Iranian languages

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Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik)^[12] (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné ofSamarkand)
Judeo-Golpaygani^[12] †
Judeo-Hamedani^[12] (possibly extinct)
Judeo-Kashani
Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)^[12]
Judeo-Shirazi^[12]^[13]
Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)^[14]

Romance languages

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Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)

Judeo-Aragonese †(have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect ofSkopje)^{[citation needed]}

Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné ofTudela †^{[citation needed]}

Judeo-Asturleonese † (have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish)^{[citation needed]}
Judeo-French (Zarphatic):^[1] a group of Jewish northernoïl languages and their dialects †
Judeo-Portuguese^[1] (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities ofPortugal,Northern Africa andthe Netherlands)

Judeo-Galician †^{[citation needed]}

Judaeo-Catalan † (existence doubted)
Judeo-Sicilian^[15] (including the zone of so-calledMeridionali Estremi (Far Southern) dialects ofSicily,Calabria andApulia, including Judeo-Salentino ofCorfu) (extinct or almost extinct)^{[citation needed]}

Occitan

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Judeo-Gascon †

Judeo-Provençal^[1] †
- Judeo-Niçard †

Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)

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Source:^[1]

Judeo-Italian

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Judeo-Ferrarese † (Giudeo-Ferrarese) inFerrara^[16]
Judeo-Modenese † (Giudeo-Modenese) inModena^[16]
Judeo-Pitigliano/Judeo-Pitgilianese †(Giudeo-Pitigliano/ Giudeo-Pitgiliananese) inTuscany^[16]
Judeo-Salentinian † (Giudeo-Salentino) InSalentino^[16]
Judeo-Resan † (Giudeo-Resab) in the region ofReggio Emilia ofEmilia-Romagna^[16]
Judeo-Torinese † (Giudeo-Torinese) inTurin^[17]
Judeo-Italian of Lugo Di Romanga † (Giudeo-italiano di Lugo Di Romanga) inLugo Di Romanga^[18]
Judeo-Italian of Moncalvo †(Giudeo-italiano di Moncalvo) inMoncalvo^[18]
Judeo-Italian of Casale Monferrato †(Giudeo-italiano di Casale Monferrato) inCasale Monferrato^[18]
Judeo-Italian of Finale Emilia †(Giudeo-italiano di Finale Emilia) inFinale Emilia^[18]
Judeo-Roman (Giudeo-Romanesco) inRome^[19]

Bagitto/Judeo-Livornese †(Bagitto/Giudeo-Livornese) inLivorno^[19]
Judeo-Florentine † (Giudeo-Fiorentino) inFlorence^[19]

Judeo-Venetian † (Giudeo-Veneziano) inVenice^[19]
Judeo-Triestine † (Giudeo-Triestino) inTrieste^[19]
Judeo-Veronese † (Giudeo-Veronese) inVerona^[19]

Judeo-Reggiano † (Giudeo-Reggiano) inReggio Emilia^[19]
Judeo-Piedmontese † (Giudeo-Piemontese) in the region ofPiedmont^[19]
Judeo-Mantuan † (Giudeo-Mantovano) inMantua^[19]

Other Indo-European languages

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Judeo-Sicilian Greek †^{[citation needed]}

Judeo-Koiné Greek †

Kartvelian languages

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Judeo-Georgian^[1]^[22]
Judeo-Mingrelian (first of all — so calledZugdidi–Samurzakano dialect of Mingrelian,^[23] e.g.Bandza andSenaki Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)^[22] (almost extinct)

Turkic languages

[edit]

Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews ofMiyandoab)^{[citation needed]}
Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak)^[24] (almost extinct)
Judeo-Turkish^[25] (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
Karaim^[1] (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)^{[citation needed]}

Creole languages

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References

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^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^mRubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (30 October 2015).Handbook of Jewish Languages.BRILL.ISBN 9789004297357.
^Appleyard, David, "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt,Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996.ISBN 3-927620-28-9.
^Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)".Northeast African Studies. New series.13 (2):225–229.doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021.S2CID 143577497.
^"Judeo-Arabic".Jewish Languages. Retrieved2024-01-25.
^Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit".Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34):53–102.ISSN 0170-026X.JSTOR 43525685.
^Khan, Geoffrey (8 June 1999).A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel.BRILL.ISBN 9789004305045.
^^a ^b ^cWeninger, Stefan (23 December 2011).The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook.Walter de Gruyter. p. 709.ISBN 9783110251586.
^"Language Contact Manchester".languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved2022-11-12.
^"Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian".blogs.bl.uk.
^"A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India".Gorgias Press LLC.
^^a ^b"Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era".British Library. Retrieved30 October 2019.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eSpolsky, Bernard (27 March 2014).The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History.Cambridge University Press. p. 241.ISBN 9781139917148.
^Borjian, Habib (2015). "Judeo-Iranian Languages". In Kahn, Lily; Rubin, Aaron D. (eds.).A Handbook of Jewish Languages. Leiden and Boston:BRILL. pp. 234–295.
^Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51–74.[1].
^Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018).Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present.Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.ISBN 9781501504631 – viaGoogle Books.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e"Judeo-Italian".Jewish Languages. Retrieved2024-01-19.
^Ryzhik, Michael (2016-08-16)."Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile. 2012".Journal of Jewish Languages.4 (2):261–266.doi:10.1163/22134638-12340074.ISSN 2213-4387.
^^a ^b ^c ^dMinervini, Laura (2021-06-28),"Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan)",Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454,ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5, retrieved2024-01-19
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱColasuonno, Maria Maddalena (2018-06-28),"Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese",Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective, BRILL, pp. 122–156,doi:10.1163/9789004376588_008,ISBN 978-90-04-37658-8, retrieved2024-01-19
^International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.Oxford University Press. 1 January 2003. p. 83.ISBN 9780195139778.
^Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.)."Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination"(PDF).Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved1 August 2015.
^^a ^bLomtadze, Tamari; Enoch, Reuven (2019)."Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia)".Journal of Jewish Languages.7:1–26.doi:10.1163/22134638-07011146.S2CID 166295234.
^THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921)(PDF) (in Russian, Georgian, English, and German). D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia. p. 55.
^"YIVO | Krymchaks".www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved1 August 2015.
^Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition.BRILL. 1 September 2017.ISBN 9789004359543.
^Jacobs, Neil G."Jewish Papiamentu".Jewish Language Project. Retrieved2023-05-29.
^Aryani, Sekar Ayu (2022)."Dialectic of Religion and National Identity in North Sulawesi Jewish Communities in The Perspective of Cross-Cultural and Religious Psychology".Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies.60.Yogyakarta, Indonesia: UIN Sunan Kalijaga:199–226.doi:10.14421/ajis.2022.601.199-226.

Jewish languages

Afroasiatic

Hebrew

Eras	Biblical Mishnaic Medieval Modern
Reading traditions	Ashkenazi Sephardi Mizrahi Italian Yemenite Tiberian

Others

Yiddish (dialects/argots)	Eastern Galitzish Litvish Poylish Ukrainish Udmurtish Klezmer-loshn Western Judaeo-Alsatian Lachoudisch Scots-Yiddish
Jewish English	Yeshivish Yinglish Heblish