The followingInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) milestones represent key historical achievements in electrical and electronic engineering.^[1]

• 1751 – BookExperiments and Observations on Electricity byBenjamin Franklin
• 1757–1775 – Benjamin Franklin's Work in London
• 1776 –Elekiteru: Firstelectrostatic generator in Japan byGennai Hiraga
• 1799 –Alessandro Volta'sElectrical Battery Invention

• 1804 –Francisco Salvá Campillo's Electric Telegraph
• 1820–1827 – The Birth ofElectrodynamics
• 1828–1837 –Pavel Schilling's Pioneering Contribution to Practical Telegraphy
• 1836 –Nicholas Callan's Pioneering Contributions to Electrical Science and Technology
• 1838 –Demonstration of Practical Telegraphy

• 1852 – ElectricFire alarm system
• 1860–1871 –Maxwell's equations
• 1860–1863 – First Studies onRing Armature for Direct-Current Dynamos
• 1861 –Transcontinental Telegraph
• 1861–1867 – Standardisation of the Ohm
• 1866 – Landing of theTransatlantic Cable
• 1866 –County Kerry Transatlantic Cable Stations

• 1876 –First Intelligible Voice Transmission over Electric Wire
• 1876 –Thomas Alva Edison Historic Site atMenlo Park
• 1876 – First Distant Speech Transmission in Canada
• 1882 –Vulcan Street Plant
• 1882 – FirstCentral Station inSouth Carolina
• 1882 –Pearl Street Station
• 1884 – FirstAIEE Technical Meeting
• 1885 –Galileo Ferraris'sRotating Fields and EarlyInduction Motors
• 1886 – Alternating Current Electrification, Great Barrington, Massachusetts, byWilliam Stanley, Jr.
• 1886 – First Generation and Experimental Proof ofElectromagnetic Waves
• 1886–1888 – Electric Lighting of the Kingdom of Hawaii
• 1887 –Thomas A. Edison West Orange Laboratories and Factories
• 1887 –Weston Meters, first portable current and voltage meters
• 1888 –Richmond Union Passenger Railway
• 1889 – Power System ofBoston's Rapid Transit
• 1889 – First Exploration and Proof of Liquid Crystals

• 1890 – Discovery of Radioconduction byÉdouard Branly, making use of acoherer
• 1890 – Keage Power Station, Japan's First Commercial Hydroelectric Plant
• 1891 –Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant
• 1893 –Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant
• 1893 – Birth and Growth of Primary and Secondary Battery Industries in Japan
• 1894 – FirstMillimeter-wave Communication Experiments byJagadish Chandra Bose
• 1895 –Adams Hydroelectric Generating Plant
• 1895 –Popov's Contribution to the Development of Wireless Communication
• 1895 –Guglielmo Marconi's Experiments inWireless telegraphy
• 1895 –Electrification byBaltimore and Ohio Railroad
• 1895 –Krka-Šibenik Electric Power System
• 1895 –Folsom Powerhouse three-phase system
• 1896 –Budapest Metroline No. 1
• 1897 –Chivilingo Hydroelectric Plant
• 1898 –Decew Falls Hydro-Electric Plant
• 1898 –Rheinfelden Hydroelectric Power Plant
• 1898 – French Transatlantic Telegraph Cable
• 1899–1902 – First Operational Use OfWireless Telegraphy in theAnglo-Boer War
• 1899 –Calcutta Electric Supply Corp

• 1900 –Georgetown Steam Hydro Generating Plant
• 1901 –Transmission of Transatlantic Radio Signals
• 1901 –Reception of Transatlantic Radio Signals
• 1901 – Early Developments inRemote-Control byLeonardo Torres Quevedo
• 1901–1902 – Rationalization of Units
• 1901–1905String Galvanometer
• 1902 –Poulsen-Arc Radio Transmitter
• 1903 –Vučje Hydroelectric Plant
• 1904 –Alexanderson Radio Alternator
• 1904 –Fleming valve
• 1904 –Radar Predecessor
• 1906 –Pinawa Hydroelectric Power Project
• 1906 – First Wireless Radio Broadcast byReginald Fessenden
• 1906 –Grand Central Terminal Electrification
• 1907 – Alternating-Current Electrification of theNew York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
• 1909 –Shoshone Transmission Line
• 1909 – World's First Reliable Hight VoltagePower Fuse
• 1911 – Discovery ofsuperconductivity
• 1914 –Panama Canal Electrical and Control Installations
• 1915–1918 – Invention ofSonar
• 1916 –Czochralski Process

• 1920 –WestinghouseRadio StationKDKA (AM)
• 1920 –Funkerberg Königs Wusterhausen first radio broadcast in Germany
• 1921–1923 – Piezoelectric Oscillator
• 1921 – RCA Central, 220 kW transoceanic radio facility
• 1922 –Neutrodyne Circuit
• 1924 –DirectiveShortwaveAntenna (Yagi–Uda antenna)
• 1924–1941 – Development ofelectronic television
• 1924 –Enrico Fermi's major contribution to semiconductor statistics
• 1925 –Bell Telephone Laboratories
• 1926 – First Public Demonstration of Television
• 1928 – One-waypolice radio communication
• 1928 –Raman Effect
• 1929 –Shannon Scheme for the electrification of theIrish Free State
• 1929 –Largest private (DC) generating plant in the U.S.A.
• 1929 –Yosami Radio Transmitting Station
• 1929 – First blind takeoff, flight, and landing; using designated radio and aeronautical instrumentation

• 1930–1945 – Development ofFerrite Materials and their applications
• 1931 – Invention ofStereo Sound Reproduction
• 1932 – First Breaking ofEnigma Code by the Team of Polish Cipher Bureau
• 1933 –Two-Way Police Radio Communication
• 1933 – Invention of a Temperature-Insensitive Quarz Oscillaiton Plate
• 1934 – Long-RangeShortwave Voice Transmissions fromByrd's Antarctic Expedition
• 1937 –Westinghouse Atom Smasher
• 1938 – Zenit Parabolic Reflector L-Band Pulsed Radar
• 1939 –Atanasoff–Berry Computer
• 1939–1945 – Code-breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II
• 1939 – Single-element Unidirectional Microphone – Shure Unidyne
• 1939 –Claude Shannon, development of Information Theory
• 1939–1949 – Development of the Cavity Magnetron

• 1940 –FMPolice Radio Communication
• 1940–1945 –MIT Radiation Laboratory
• 1940–1946 –Loran, long range navigation
• 1941 –Opana Radar Site
• 1942–1945 –US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory
• 1944–1959 – Whirlwind Computer,Cambridge, Massachusetts
• 1944–1959 –Harvard Mark 1 Computer
• 1945 –Merrill Wheel-Balancing System
• 1945 – Rincón del Bonete Plant and Transmission System
• 1946 –Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
• 1946–1953 – Monochrome-Compatible Electronic Color Television
• 1946 – Detection of Radar Signals Reflected from the Moon
• 1947 – Invention of the FirstTransistor atBell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
• 1947 – Invention ofHolography
• 1948 – Birth of theBarcode
• 1948 – The Discovery of the Principle of Self-Complementarity in Antennas and the Mushiake Relationship
• 1948 – First Atomic Clock
• 1948–1951 – Manchester University "Baby" Computer and its Derivatives

• 1950–1969 – Electronic Technology for Space Rocket Launches
• 1950 – First External Cardiac Pacemaker
• 1951 – Manufacture ofTransistors
• 1951 –Experimental Breeder Reactor I
• 1951–1958 – SAGE-Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
• 1951–1952 – A-0 Compiler and Initial Development of Automatic Programming
• 1953 – First Television Broadcast in Western Canada
• 1954 –Gotland High Voltage Direct Current Link
• 1954 – Parametron
• 1955 –WEIZAC Computer
• 1956 –RAMAC
• 1956 – The First SubmarineTransatlantic Telephone Cable System (TAT-1)
• 1956–1963 – Kurobe River No. 4 Hydropower Plant
• 1956 –Ampex Videotape Recorder
• 1956 – Birth ofSilicon Valley
• 1957–1958 – First WearableCardiac Pacemaker
• 1957 –SRC/Thyristor
• 1957–1962 –Atlas Computer and the Invention ofVirtual Memory
• 1958 – First SemiconductorIntegrated Circuit (IC) byJack Kilby
• 1958 – Star of Laufenburg Interconnection
• 1958 – The Trans-Canada Microwave System
• 1959 – Semiconductorplanar process byJean Hoerni and silicon integrated circuit byRobert Noyce
• 1959 – Commercialization and industrialization ofphotovoltaic cells bySharp Corporation

• 1961–1984 –IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
• 1960 –TIROS I Television Infrared Observation Satellite
• 1960 – First Working Laser
• 1961–1964 – First Optical Fiber Laser and Amplifier
• 1962–1967 –Object-oriented programming
• 1962 –Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
• 1962 –Alouette-ISIS Satellite Program
• 1962 –First Transatlantic Television Signal via Satellite
• 1962 –First Transatlantic Transmission of a Television Signal via Satellite
• 1962 –First Transatlantic Reception of a Television Signal via Satellite
• 1962–1967 – Pioneering Work on theQuartz Electronic Wristwatch at Centre Electronique Horloger, Switzerland
• 1962 –MercuryspacecraftMA-6, Col.John Glenn piloted the MercuryFriendship 7 spacecraft in the firstFAI-legal completed human-orbital flight on 20 February 1962.^[a]
• 1962–1972 – Grumman Lunar Module
• 1962–1972 –Apollo Guidance Computer
• 1962–1968 – FirstGeographic Information System
• 1962 –Semiconductor Laser
• 1963 –NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope
• 1963 –Taum Sauk Pumped-Storage Electric Power Plant
• 1963 –First Transpacific Reception of a Television (TV) Signal via Satellite
• 1963 –ASCII
• 1964 –Mount Fuji Radar System
• 1964 –Tokaido Shinkansen (Bullet Train)
• 1964–1973 – Pioneering Work onElectronic Calculators bySharp Corporation
• 1964 – TPC-1 Transpacific Cable System
• 1964 –High-definition television System
• 1964 – BASIC Computer Language
• 1965–1984 – Alvin Deep-Sea Research Submersible
• 1965 –First 735 kV AC Transmission System
• 1965–1971 – Railroad Ticketing Examining System (developed byOMRON of Japan)
• 1965 –Dadda multiplier
• 1965 –Moore's Law
• 1965–1978 – Development of Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques
• 1966 – Interactive Video Games
• 1966 –Shakey, the first mobile robot to be able to reason about its actions
• 1966 –DIALOG Online Search System
• 1967 –First Astronomical Observations Using Very Long Baseline Interferometry
• 1968 –CERN Experimental Instrumentation
• 1968 –Liquid-crystal display byGeorge H. Heilmeier
• 1968 – Public Demonstration of Online Systems and Personal Computing
• 1969 – Electronic Quartz Wristwatch,Seiko Quartz-Astron 35SQ
• 1969 – Birth of theInternet
• 1969 – Inception of theARPANET
• 1969–1975 – Invention ofPublic-key Cryptography
• 1969 – Apollo 11 Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment (LURE)
• 1969 – Parkes Radiotelescope
• 1969–1995 –Mode S Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System

• 1970 – World's First Low-Loss Optical Fiber for Telecommunications
• 1971–1978 – The first word processor for the Japanese Language, JW-10
• 1969–1970 –SPICE Circuit Simulation Program
• 1971 – Demonstration of the ALOHA Packet Radio Data Network
• 1971 – FirstComputerized Tomography (CT) X-ray Scanner
• 1971–1977 – Development of the Commercial Laser Printer
• 1972 –Nelson River HVDC Transmission System
• 1972 – Development of theHP-35, the First Handheld Scientific Calculator
• 1972 – Eel River High Voltage Direct Current Converter Station
• 1972 – First Practical Field Emission Electron Microscope
• 1972 –SHAKEY: The World’s First Mobile Intelligent Robot
• 1972 – Polymer Self-Regulating Heat-Tracing Cable
• 1972–1989 –Gravitational-Wave Antenna
• 1972–1987 –Deep Space Station 43
• 1972–1983 – The Xerox Alto Establishes Personal Networked Computing
• 1973–1985 – Superconducting Magnet System for the Fermilab Tevatron Accelerator/Collider
• 1973 – The First Two-DimensionalNuclear Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)
• 1973–1985 – EthernetLocal Area Network (LAN)
• 1974 – First 500 MeV Proton Beam from theTRIUMF Cyclotron
• 1974–1982 – First Real-Time Speech Communication onPacket Networks
• 1974 – TheCP/M Microcomputer Operating System
• 1974 –Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Enables the Internet
• 1975 –Line Spectrum Pair (LSP) for high-compressionspeech coding
• 1975 – Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) for electric power systems
• 1975 – Handheld Digital Camera
• 1976 – Development ofVHS, a World Standard for Home Video Recording
• 1976–1978 – The Floating Gate EEPROM
• 1977 –Lempel–Ziv Data Compression Algorithm
• 1977 – Vapor-phase Axial Deposition Method for Mass Production of High-quality Optical Fiber
• 1977 – Perpendicular Magnetic Recording
• 1978 –Speak & Spell, the First Use of a Digital Signal Processing IC for Speech Generation
• 1978 – First Digitally Processed Image from a Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar
• 1978 – First Demonstration of aFibre Bragg Grating
• 1979 –Compact disc Audio Player
• 1979 – 20-inch Diameter Photomultiplier Tubes
• 1979 – Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Field-Effect Transistor Switches for Liquid Crystal Displays
• 1979 –HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor)

• 1980 – International Standardization ofGroup 3 Facsimile
• 1980–1982 – FirstRISC (Reduced Instruction-Set Computing) Microprocessor
• 1980 – Outdoor large-scale color display system
• 1980 – MPD7720DSP, programmable digital signal processor chipμPD7720
• 1980–1981 –Inverter-Driven Air Conditioner
• 1980–1999 – Origin of theIEEE 802 Family of Networking Standards
• 1981 – 16-Bit MonolithicDigital-to-analog converter (DAC) for Digital Audio
• 1981 – Map-BasedAutomotive navigation system
• 1981–1988 – The Development ofRenderMan for Photorealistic Graphics
• 1982 –Nobeyama 45-m Telescope
• 1982 – Human Rescue Enabled by Space Technology
• 1982 – First Large-Scale Fingerprint ID
• 1982 – Commercialization of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors with Nickel Electrodes
• 1984 – FirstDirect-broadcast satellite Service
• 1984 – The MU (Middle and Upper atmosphere) radar
• 1984–1989 – Active Shielding of Superconducting Magnets
• 1984–1993 – MPEG Multimedia Integrated Circuits
• 1984 – TRON Real-time Operating System Family
• 1984–1996 – Development of 193-nm Projection Photolithography
• 1985 –Toshiba T1100, a Pioneering Contribution to the Development ofLaptop PC
• 1985 – Emergency Warning Code Signal Broadcasting System
• 1985 – Multiple Technologies on a Chip
• 1985 – IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic
• 1986 – Fiber Optic Connectors
• 1987 –High-Temperature Superconductivity
• 1987 –SPARCRISC Architecture
• 1987 – Superconductivity at 93 Kelvin
• 1987 –WaveLAN, Precursor ofWi-Fi
• 1987–1995 – MTI Portable Satellite Communication Terminals
• 1988 –Sharp 14-Inch Thin Film Transistor Liquid-Crystal Display (TFT-LCD) forTV
• 1988 –Virginia Smith High-Voltage Direct-Current Converter Station
• 1988 – Trans-Atlantic Telephone Fiber-optic Submarine Cable,TAT-8
• 1988 – First Robotic Control from Human Brain Signals
• 1989 – Development ofCDMA for Cellular Communications

• 1992 – Super-ResolvedFluorescence Microscopy
• 1993–1997 – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) enablingbroadband internet
• 1994 –Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
• 1994 –QR (Quick Response) Code
• 1996–1998 –PageRank and the Birth ofGoogle
• 1996 – Large-Scale Commercialization of aCDMA Cellular Communication System
• 1996–1997 – Integrated Circuits forsatellite digital radio
• 1996 – Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• 1997 –Toyota Prius, the world's first mass-producedhybrid vehicle

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