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List of European colonies in Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is alist of European colonies in Africa, organized alphabetically by the colonizing country.France had the most colonies in Africa with 35 colonies followed byBritain with 32.^[1]

Belgian colonial empire

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Belgian Congo (Congo Free State annexed as a colony, today'sDemocratic Republic of the Congo)
Ruanda-Urundi (comprising modernRwanda andBurundi, 1922–62)

British Empire

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Further information:Historiography of the British Empire

Following theFourth Anglo-Ashanti War in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over theAshanti Kingdom.

Egypt
British Cyrenaica (1943-1951, now part ofLibya)
British Tripolitania (1943-1951, now part ofLibya)
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
British Somaliland (now part ofSomalia)
British East Africa
- Kenya Colony
- Uganda Protectorate
- Tanzania
  - Tanganyika Territory (1919–61)
  - Zanzibar

British Mauritius
Bechuanaland (nowBotswana)
Southern Rhodesia (nowZimbabwe)
Northern Rhodesia (nowZambia)
British Seychelles
British South Africa
- South Africa
- South-West Africa (from 1915, nowNamibia)

British West Africa
- Gambia Colony and Protectorate
- British Sierra Leone
- Colonial Nigeria
- British Togoland (1916–56, today part ofGhana)
- Cameroons (1922–61, now part ofCameroon andNigeria)
- Gold Coast (British colony) (nowGhana)
Nyasaland (nowMalawi)
Basutoland (nowLesotho)
Swaziland (nowEswatini)
St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Denmark–Norway

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Danish Gold Coast (coastal settlements inGhana)

Dutch colonial empire

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Arguin Island (inMauritania)
Dutch Cape Colony
Dutch Gold Coast (settlements along coast ofGhana, including El Mina)
Dutch Loango-Angola (Luanda, Sonyo andCabinda)
Gorée (Senegal)
Moçambique (Delagoa Bay)
São Tomé
South Africa
Mauritius

French colonial empire

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Map of French colonies in Africa (in green)

Further information:French Africa

French North Africa
- French Algeria (1830-1962; was administered as an integral part of France itself from 1848)
- French Protectorate of Tunisia (1881–1956)
- French Protectorate of Morocco (1912–1956)
- Fezzan-Ghadames (1943–1951) (administration given by the UNO after its conquest byCharles de Gaulle)
- Egypt (ownership 1798–1801;Condominium ofFrance and theUnited Kingdom 1876–1882)^[2]

TheFoureau-Lamy military expedition sent out fromAlgiers in 1898 to conquer theChad Basin and unify all French territories in West Africa.

French West Africa
- Ivory Coast (1843–1960)
- Dahomey orFrench Dahomey (nowBenin) (1883–1960)
  - Independent ofDahomey, under French protectorate in 1889
  - Porto-Novo (protectorate) (1863–1865, 1882)
  - Cotonou (protectorate) (1868)
- French Sudan (nowMali) (1883–1960)
  - Senegambia and Niger (1902–1904)
- Guinea orFrench Guinea (1891–1958)
- Mauritania (1902–1960)
  - Adrar emirate (protectorate) (1909)
  - TheTaganit confederation's emirate (protectorate) (1905)
  - Brakna confederation's emirate (protectorate)
  - Emirate of Trarza (protectorate) (1902)
- Niger (1890–1960)
  - Sultanate of Damagaram (Zinder) (protectorate) (1899)
- Senegal (1677–1960)
- French Upper Volta (nowBurkina Faso) (1896–1960)
- French Togoland (1918–1960) (formerly aGerman colony,mandate became a French colony) (nowTogo)
- Nigeria
  - TheEnclaves of Forcados and Badjibo (territory under a lease of 30 years) (1900–1927)
  - The Emirate of Muri (Northeast ofNigeria) (1892–1893)
- Gambia
  - Albreda (1681–1857)
  - Kunta Kinteh Island (1695–1697, 1702)

French Equatorial Africa
- Chad (1900–1960)
- Oubangui-Chari (currentlyCentral African Republic) (1905–1960)
  - Dar al Kuti (protectorate) (1897) (in 1912 its sultanate was suppressed by the French)
  - Sultanate ofBangassou (protectorate) (1894)
- Present-dayThe Republic of Congo, thenFrench Congo (1875–1960)
- Gabon (1839–1960)
- French Cameroon (91% of currentCameroon) (1918–1960) (formerly aGerman colony,Mandate,Protectorate then French Colony)
- São Tomé and Príncipe (1709)

TheSenegalese Tirailleurs, led by ColonelAlfred-Amédée Dodds, conquered Dahomey (present-day Benin) in 1892

French East Africa and Indian Ocean
- French Madagascar (1896–1960)
  - Kingdom ofImerina (protectorate; 1896)
- Isle de France (1715–1810; nowMauritius)
- Djibouti (French Somaliland) (the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas;French Somalia; 1862–1977)
- French Egypt (1798–1801, 1858–1882, 1956)
- Mayotte (1841–present)
- Seychelles (1756–1810)
- Chagos Archipelago (1721–1745, 1768–1814)
- TheScattered Islands (Banc du Geyser,Bassas da India,Europa Island,Juan de Nova Island,Glorioso Islands,Tromelin Island)
- Comoros (1866–1975)
- Réunion (1710–present)

German Empire

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Main article:German colonization of Africa

The following were German African protectorates:

German South West Africa, 1884 to 1915
German West Africa, 1884 to 1915
- Togoland, 1884 to 1916
- Kamerun, from 1884 to 1916
- Kapitaï and Koba, 1884 to 1885
- Mahinland, March 11, 1885 to October 24, 1885
German East Africa, 1885 to 1918
Witu Protectorate, 1885 to 1890
German Somali Coast, 1885 to 1888
German Congo, 1884 to 1885
German Katanga, 1886
Gando Protectorate, 1895 to 1897
Gulmu Protectorate, 1895 to 1897
German South Africa, 1884 to 1885

Hospitaller Malta

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Tripoli

Italian colonial empire

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Former colonies, protectorates and occupied areas

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Italian Eritrea (1882–1947)
Italian Somalia (1889–1947)
- Trust Territory of Somaliland (1950–1960)
Libya (1911–1947)
- Italian Tripolitania &Cyrenaica (1911–1934)
- Italian Libya (1934–1943)
Italian East Africa (1936–1941)
Italian Ethiopia (1936–1941)
Tunis (1942–1943)

Portuguese colonial empire

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Marracuene inPortuguese Mozambique was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese andGaza kingGungunhana in 1895

Portuguese Angola (nowAngola)
- MainlandAngola
- Portuguese Congo(nowCabinda Province ofAngola)
Portuguese Mozambique(nowMozambique)
Portuguese Guinea(nowGuinea-Bissau)
Portuguese Gold Coast now part ofGhana
Portuguese Cape Verde
Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

Others

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Ajuda (Whydah, inBenin)

Angola
Annobón
Cabinda
Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)
Ceuta
Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
Gorée (inSenegal)
Malindi
Mombasa
Algarve Ultramar (Morocco)
Nigeria (Lagos area)
Mozambique
Portuguese Gold Coast (settlements along coast ofGhana)
Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau)
Quíloa
São Tomé and Príncipe
Tangier
Zanzibar
Ziguinchor

Russian Empire

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Sagallo (6 January 1889–5 February 1889)

Spanish colonial empire

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NorthernSpanish Morocco
- Chefchaouen (Chauen)
  - Jebala (Yebala)
  - Kert
  - Loukkos (Lucus)
  - Rif

Spanish West Africa
- Ifni
- Southern Spanish Morocco (Cape Juby)
- Spanish Sahara (nowWestern Sahara)
  - Saguia el-Hamra
  - Río de Oro

Spanish Guinea(nowEquatorial Guinea)

Sweden

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Swedish Gold Coast

References

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^"A map of Europe based on how many colonies each country had". 2023-09-26. Retrieved2023-09-26.
^"Centenaire de l'Entente cordiale : les accords franco-britanniques de 1904"(PDF) (in French). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2011-10-04. Retrieved2011-08-29.

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