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List of English translations of theDivine Comedy

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Eight bookshelves stacked on top of each other containing translations of the Divine Comedy arranged for display
A room inDante's House Museum [it] containing many translations of theDivine Comedy into different languages

TheDivine Comedy byDante Alighieri is anepic poem inItalian written between 1308 and 1321 that describes its author's journey through theChristian afterlife.[1] The threecantiche[i] of the poem,Inferno,Purgatorio, andParadiso, describeHell,Purgatory, andHeaven, respectively. The poem is considered one of the greatest works ofworld literature[2] and helped establish Dante'sTuscan vernacular as the standard form of the Italian language.[3] It has been translated over 400 times into at least 52 different languages.[4]

Though English poetsGeoffrey Chaucer andJohn Milton referenced and partially translated Dante's works in the 14th and 17th centuries, respectively,[5][6] it took until the early 19th century for the first full English translation of theDivine Comedy to be published.[7] This was over 300 years after the firstLatin (1416),[8]Spanish (1515),[4] andFrench (1500s)[9] translations had been completed. By 1906, Dante scholarPaget Toynbee calculated that theDivine Comedy had been touched upon by over 250 translators[10] and sixty years later bibliographer Gilbert F. Cunningham observed that the frequency of English Dante translations was increasing with time.[11] As of 2023[update], theDivine Comedy has been translated into English more times than it has been translated into any other language.[4]

List of translations

[edit]

A complete listing and criticism of all English translations of at least one of the threecantiche (parts) was made by Cunningham in 1966.[12] The table below summarises Cunningham's data with additions between 1966 and the present, many of which are taken from theDante Society of America's yearly North American bibliography[13] andSocietà Dantesca Italiana [it]'s international bibliography.[14] Many more translations of individual lines orcantos[ii] exist,[15] but these are too numerous for the scope of this list.

List of translations
PublishedTranslator(s)NationalityPublisher(s)Parts translatedForm[iii]Notes
1782Charles RogersUnited KingdomJ. NicholsInfernoBlank verseFirst translation of a fullcantica into English. Initially published anonymously[17]
1785–1802Henry BoydUnited KingdomC. DillyComedyi.e. all three partsRhymed 6-line stanzasFirst full translation of theDivine Comedy in English
1805–1814Henry Francis CaryUnited KingdomJames Carpenter (The Inferno, 1805–1806);Taylor andHessey (The Vision, 1814)ComedyBlank verseVolume 20 in theHarvard Classics series. Reprinted byBohn's Library in 1850 andChandos Classics in 1871

Described byThe Cambridge Companion to Dante as the first "powerful, accurate, and poetically moving" translation. Became a bestseller and was required in schools[18]

1807Nathaniel HowardUnited KingdomJohn MurrayInfernoBlank verse
1812Joseph HumeUnited KingdomT. Cadell and W. DaviesInfernoBlank verse
1833–1840Ichabod Charles WrightUnited KingdomLongman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & LongmanComedyRhymed 6-line stanzas
1843–1865John DaymanUnited KingdomLongmans, Green, and Co.ComedyTerza rima
1843–1893Thomas William ParsonsUnited StatesDe Vries, Ibarra and Company;Houghton, Mifflin and CompanyComedy (incomplete)Quatrains and irregular rhyme
1849John Aitken CarlyleUnited KingdomChapman and HallInfernoProseFirst British prose translation ofInferno. Reprinted byJ.M. Dent and Sons and edited byHermann Oelsner [de] for their Temple Classics line in 1900
1850Patrick BannermanUnited KingdomWilliam Blackwood and SonsComedyIrregular rhyme
1851–1854Charles Bagot CayleyUnited KingdomLongmans, Brown, Green, and LongmansComedyTerza rima
1854Thomas BrooksbankUnited KingdomJohn W. Parker and SonInfernoTerza rima
1854Sir William Frederick PollockUnited KingdomChapman and HallComedyBlanktercets
1859Bruce WhyteUnited KingdomWright & Co.;Simpkin, Marshall, & CoInfernoIrregular rhyme
1859–1866John Wesley ThomasUnited KingdomHenry G. BohnComedyTerza rima
1862William Patrick WilkieUnited KingdomEdmonston and DouglasInfernoBlank tercets
1862–1863Claudia Hamilton Ramsay[iv]United KingdomTinsley BrothersComedyTerza rima
1865William Michael RossettiUnited KingdomMacmillan and Co.InfernoBlank tercets
1865–1870James FordUnited KingdomSmith, Elder & Co.ComedyTerza rima
1867Henry Wadsworth LongfellowUnited StatesTicknor and Fields andBernhard TauchnitzComedyBlank tercetsFirst complete translation by an American author. Highly praised upon publication[20] and remains one of the most commonly reprinted translations in both the United States and the United Kingdom[21]
1867–1868David JohnstonUnited KingdomSelf-publishedComedyBlank tercetsNever placed on sale; the author sent copies directly to libraries and friends[22]
1877Charles TomlinsonUnited KingdomS.W. Partridge and Co.InfernoTerza rima
1881Warburton PikeUnited KingdomC. Kegan Paul & Co.InfernoTerza rima
1883William Stratford DugdaleUnited KingdomGeorge Bell & SonsPurgatorioProse
1884James Romanes SibbaldUnited KingdomDavid DouglasInfernoTerza rima
1885James Innes MinchinUnited KingdomLongmans, Green, and Co.ComedyTerza rima
1886–1887Edward Hayes PlumptreUnited KingdomWm. Isbister LimitedComedyTerza rima
1887Frederick Kneller Haselfoot HaselfootUnited KingdomKegan Paul, Trench & Co.ComedyTerza rima
1888John Augustine WilstachUnited StatesHoughton, Mifflin and CompanyComedyRhymed stanzas
1892–1915Charles Lancelot ShadwellUnited KingdomMacmillan & Co.Purgatorio andParadisoMarvellian stanzas
1893George MusgraveUnited KingdomSwan Sonnenschein & Co.InfernoSpenserian stanzas
1893Edward Sullivan[v]United KingdomElliot StockInfernoProse
1895Robert UrquhartUnited KingdomPrivately printedInfernoTerza rimaBibliographer Gilbert F. Cunningham inferred that "Macmillan [& Co.] arranged for the production of the book, but decided not to publish it"[24]
1898Eugene Jacob Lee-HamiltonUnited KingdomGrant RichardsInfernoHendecasyllabic blank tercets
1899Philip Henry WicksteedUnited KingdomJ.M. Dent & SonsParadisoProseEdited by Herman Oelsner for Temple Classics
1899Arthur Compton AuchmutyUnited KingdomWilliams and NorgatePurgatorioOctosyllabicterza rima
1899–1901Samuel HomeUnited KingdomWoodall, Minshall, and Co.Purgatorio (incomplete: I–XXXI only)Hendecasyllabic blank tercets
1901Thomas OkeyUnited KingdomJ.M. Dent & SonsPurgatorioProseEdited by Herman Oelsner for Temple Classics
1901John Carpenter GarnierUnited KingdomTruslove, Hanson & CombeInfernoProse
1902Edward Clarke LoweUnited KingdomG. H. TyndallComedyBlank tercets
1903–1909Edward WilberforceUnited KingdomMacmillan and Co.ComedyTerza rima
1903–1911Sir Samuel Walker GriffithUnited KingdomPowell and Co.ComedyHendecasyllabic blank tercets
1904Caroline C. PotterUnited KingdomDigby, Long & Co.Purgatorio andParadisoRhymed quatrains
1904Marvin Richardson VincentUnited StatesCharles Scribner's SonsInfernoBlank verse
1905Charles Gordon WrightUnited KingdomMethuen & Co.PurgatorioProse
1908Frances Isabella FraserUnited KingdomS.W. SimmsParadisoBlank tercets
1910Agnes Louisa MoneyUnited KingdomGeorge Allen & SonsPurgatorioBlank tercets
1911Charles Edwin WheelerUnited KingdomJ.M. Dent & SonsComedyTerza rima
1914Edith Mary ShawUnited KingdomConstable and CompanyComedyBlank verse
1915Edward Joshua EdwardesUnited KingdomWomen's Printing SocietyInfernoBlank tercets
1915Sir Samuel GriffithAustraliaOxford University PressComedyUnrhymed hendecasyllabic verseFirst translation by an Australian author[25]
1915Henry JohnsonUnited StatesYale University Press;Humphrey Milford, Oxford University PressComedyBlank tercets
1918–1921Courtney LangdonUnited StatesHarvard University PressComedyBlank verse
1920Eleanor Vinton MurrayUnited StatesSelf-publishedInfernoTerza rima
1921Melville Best AndersonUnited StatesWorld Book Company; Yonkers-on-Hydon;George G. Harrap & Co.ComedyTerza rimaReprinted inOxford World's Classics with an introduction fromPaget Toynbee in 1932
1922Henry John HooperUnited KingdomGeorge Routledge and SonsInfernoAmphibrachictetrameter
1927David James MacKenzieUnited KingdomLongmans, Green and Co.ComedyTerza rima
1928–1931Albert R. BandiniUnited States (born inItaly)The People's Publishing Co.ComedyTerza rima
1928–1954Sydney Fowler WrightUnited KingdomFowler Wright Ltd.;Oliver and BoydInferno andPurgatorioIrregularly rhymed decasyllables
1931Jefferson Butler FletcherUnited StatesThe Macmillan CompanyComedyDefectiveterza rima
1931Lacy LockertUnited StatesPrinceton University PressInfernoTerza rima
1932–1935Geoffrey Langdale BickerstethUnited KingdomCambridge University PressComedyTerza rima
1933–1943Laurence BinyonUnited KingdomMacmillan and Co.ComedyTerza rima
1934–1940Louis HowUnited StatesThe Harbor PressComedyTerza rima
1938Ralph Thomas BodeyUnited KingdomHarold CleaverComedyBlank verse
1948Lawrence Grant WhiteUnited StatesPantheon BooksComedyBlank verse
1948Patrick CumminsUnited StatesB. Herder Book Co.ComedyHendecasyllabicterza rima
1949–1962Dorothy L. SayersUnited KingdomPenguin BooksComedyTerza rimaPrinted inPenguin Classics. After Sayers' death in 1957, the finalcantos ofParadiso were completed byBarbara Reynolds.
1952Thomas Weston RamseyUnited KingdomThe Hand and Flower PressParadisoDefectiveterza rima
1954–1970John CiardiUnited StatesNew American LibraryComedyDefectiveterza rimaAudio version ofInferno recorded and released byFolkways Records in 1954[26]
1956Glen Levin SwiggettUnited StatesUniversity Press of theUniversity of the SouthComedyTerza rima
1958Mary Prentice LillieUnited StatesGrabhorn PressComedyHendecasyllabic blank tercets
1961Warwick Fielding ChipmanUnited KingdomOxford University PressInfernoTerza rima
1965William F. EnnisUnited KingdomIl Campo EditoreComedyDodecasyllabicterza rima
1965Aldo MaugeriItalyLa SiciliaInfernoBlank tercetsFirst English translation ofInferno to be published in Italy.
1966Louis BiancolliUnited StatesWashington Square PressComedyBlank verse
1966G. W. GreeneUnited StatesItalicaInferno (incomplete)Blank verseContains only thirty-one of theInferno's thirty-four cantos; Greene died in 1883 without publishing the work[27]
1966BBC Third ProgrammeUnited KingdomBritish Broadcasting CorporationInferno
Contains work from twelve translators who presented their translations on the BBC Third Programme[28]
1967–2002Mark MusaUnited StatesPenguin BooksComedyBlank verseSecond Penguin Classics translation
1969Thomas Goddard BerginUnited StatesGrossman PublishersComedyBlank verse
1969Allan GilbertUnited StatesDuke University PressInfernoProse
1979Kenneth R. MackenzieUnited KingdomThe Folio SocietyComedyVerseContains engravings fromJohn Flaxman
1980–1984Allen MandelbaumUnited StatesBantam BooksComedyBlank verseMandelbaum was awarded a Gold Medal of Honor from the city ofFlorence for his translation.[29] Certain editions contain illustrations fromBarry Moser.
1981C. H. SissonUnited KingdomOxford World's ClassicsComedyFree tercets
1983Tom PhillipsUnited KingdomWaddington GraphicsInfernoVerseContains original prints by Phillips
1985Nicholas KilmerUnited StatesBranden Publishing Co.InfernoBlank verse[30]
1987James Finn CotterUnited StatesAmity HouseComedyBlank verse
1990Tibor WlassicsHungary (published and written in the United States)In Print Inc.InfernoBlank verse
1993James S. Torrens,S.J.United StatesUniversity of Scranton Press;University of London Press:University of Toronto PressParadisoBlank verse
1994Steve EllisUnited KingdomChatto & Windus[31]InfernoBlank verse
1994Stephen Wentworth ArndtUnited StatesThe Edwin Mellen PressComedyTerza rima
1994Robert PinskyUnited StatesFarrar, Straus and GirouxInfernoTerza rima
1996Peter DaleUnited KingdomAnvil Press PoetryComedyTerza rima
1997–1998Kathryn LindskoogUnited StatesMercer University PressComedyProseAdvertised as a "retelling" rather than direct translation
1998Elio ZappullaUnited StatesRandom HouseInfernoBlank verse
2000Stanley AppelbaumUnited StatesDover PublicationsComedy (partial)Free verseContains a total of thirty-three cantos selected from differentcantiche
2000Armand SchwernerUnited StatesTalisman HouseInferno (incomplete)Blank verseContains only twelve cantos; Schwerner died before he could finish the translation[32]
2000W. S. MerwinUnited StatesKnopfPurgatorioBlank verse
2000–2007Jean Hollander andRobert HollanderUnited StatesAnchor BooksComedyFree verse[33]Known for its extensive scholarly notes; the full text is over 600 pages.[34] The Hollanders were given a Gold Florin award from the city of Florence for their translation.[35]
2002Ciaran CarsonIreland (published in the United Kingdom)Granta BooksInfernoTerza rimaFirst Irish translation ofInferno.
2002–2008Michael PalmaUnited StatesW.W. NortonComedyTerza rima
2002–2004Anthony M. EsolenUnited StatesModern Library ClassicsComedyBlank verse
2005–2012J. Gordon NicholsUnited KingdomAlma BooksComedyDefectiveterza rima
2006–2007Robin KirkpatrickUnited KingdomPenguin BooksComedyBlank verseThird Penguin Classics translation
2007Frank SalvidioUnited StatesiUniverse (self-published)InfernoFree tercets
2007–2017Tom SimoneUnited StatesFocus-Hackett PublishingComedyFree verse
2009–2017Stanley LombardoUnited StatesHackett ClassicsComedyBlank tercets
2010Burton RaffelUnited StatesNorthwestern World ClassicsComedyTerza rima
2011Robert M. TorranceUnited StatesXlibris (self-published)InfernoTerza rima
2013–2025Mary Jo BangUnited StatesGraywolf PressInferno, Purgatorio (Paradiso scheduled for July 2025[36])Free verseText of poem containsanachronistic references to figures such asSigmund Freud,Vladimir Mayakovsky, andStephen Colbert[37]
2013Clive JamesAustralia (written in the United Kingdom)PicadorComedyQuatrains
2017Peter ThorntonUnited StatesArcade PublishingInfernoBlank verse
2018–2020Alasdair GrayUnited KingdomCanongate BooksComedyProsaic verseRenders"Ghibelline" and "Guelph" as "Tory" and "Whig" respectively
2021–2025David Macleod BlackUnited Kingdom (born inSouth Africa)New York Review BooksPurgatorio andParadisoBlank verse
2021Ned DennyUnited KingdomCarcanetComedyLong, loosely-rhyming couplets in twelve-line, 144-syllable stanzas (an average of nine per canto).A "poet's version... in the interpretative tradition of Chapman, Dryden and Pope" and titled simplyB (After Dante) - with the canticas becoming Blaze, Bathe and Bliss - this is the only translation to recast the Commedia into a wholly original form.

Full Prose Translations

[edit]
List of translations
PublishedTranslator(s)NationalityPublisher(s)Notes
1852Reverend E. O'DonnellUnited KingdomThomas Richardson and SonFirst British prose translation of the wholeDivine Comedy
1880–1892Arthur John ButlerUnited KingdomMacmillan and Co.
1891–1892Charles Eliot NortonUnited StatesHoughton, Mifflin and CompanyFirst American prose translation of the wholeDivine Comedy. Revised in 1902
1889–1900William Warren VernonUnited KingdomMacmillan & Co.
1904Henry Fanshawe TozerUnited KingdomClarendon Press
1939–1946John Dickson SinclairUnited KingdomThe Bodley HeadRepublished by Oxford University Press in 1948 with emendations. Heavily annotated literal translation that is considered the most accurate and most faithful to the originalItalian
1949–1953Harry Morgan AyresUnited StatesS. F. Vanni
1954Howard Russell HuseUnited StatesRinehart
1962Clara Stillman ReedUnited StatesSelf-published
1970–1975Charles S. SingletonUnited StatesPrinceton University PressLiteral prose translation. Published in 6 volumes with 1 volume of translation facing Italian text and 1 volume of commentary for eachcantica
1996–2007Robert M. DurlingUnited StatesOxford University Press
2000A. S. KlineUnited StatesPoetry in translation
2021Gerald J. DavisUnited StatesInsignia Publishing

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Latin-derived term for the three parts of theDivine Comedy. The singular form iscantica.
  2. ^Eachcantica is divided into thirty-three or thirty-four cantos so that theComedy has a total of one hundred
  3. ^TheDivine Comedy was originally written inhendecasyllabicterza rima, i.e. eleven-syllable lines and arhyme scheme of ABA BCB CDC ...YZY Z. Most English translations that attempt to replicate the rhyme scheme replace the hendecasyllables withiambic pentameter, a ten-syllable form more common in English-language poetry. Many translations use a simplified rhyme scheme of ABA CDC EFE, described by Cunningham and listed here as "defectiveterza rima".[16]
  4. ^Born Claudia Hamilton Garden. Usedpen name "Mrs. Ramsay"[19]
  5. ^Son ofSir Edward Sullivan, 1st Baronet[23]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Delmolino 2017.
  2. ^Bloom 1994.
  3. ^Lepschy 1977.
  4. ^abcTavoni 2022.
  5. ^Chaucer 2008, Section 7.6: "Whoever wants to hear [the tale of Ugolino] in a longer version, read the great poet of Italy who is called Dante, for he can all narrate in great detail; not one word will he lack".
  6. ^Milton 1641, p. 30: "Dante in his 19. Canto of Inferno hath thus, as I will render it you in English blank Verse. 'Ah Constantine, of how much ill was cause / Not thy Conversion, but those rich demaines / That the first wealthy Pope receiv'd of thee.' So in his 20. Canto of Paradise hee makes the like complaint".
  7. ^Jacoff 1993.
  8. ^Zanobini 2016.
  9. ^Holekamp 1985.
  10. ^Hainsworth 2018.
  11. ^Cunningham 1966.
  12. ^Cunningham 1966, pp. v.2 5-9.
  13. ^"American Dante Bibliography".Dante Society of America. Retrieved16 October 2022.
  14. ^"Bibliografia Internazionale Dantesca" [International Dante Bibliography]. Retrieved12 November 2022. For a multilingual list of translations, seeDante Alighieri > Works > Commedia (Comedy) > Editions > Complete work
  15. ^Toynbee 1921, See pages 156–280 for a comprehensive list of English Dante translations up to 1921, including single lines and cantos.
  16. ^Cunningham 1954, pp. 115, 177.
  17. ^Cunningham 1954, p. 28.
  18. ^Jacoff 1993, p. 245-246.
  19. ^Gifra, Pere."An eye for detail - 01 Nov 2015".Catalonia Today. Retrieved2022-09-10.
  20. ^"Longfellow's Translation of Dante's Divina Commedia".The Atlantic. 1 August 1867. Retrieved12 November 2022.It is not to Mr. Longfellow's reputation only that these volumes will add, but to that of American literature. It is no little thing to be able to say, that, in a field in which some of England's great poets have signally failed, an American poet has signally succeeded; that what the scholars of the Old World asserted to be impossible, a scholar of the New World has accomplished; and that the first to tread in this new path has impressed his footprints so deeply therein, that, however numerous his followers may be, they will all unite in hailing him...
  21. ^Cunningham 1954, p. 229.
  22. ^Cunningham 1954, p. 255.
  23. ^Cunningham 1954, p. 406.
  24. ^Cunningham 1954, p. 428.
  25. ^Cooper 1989.
  26. ^"The Inferno (Dante Alighieri): The Immortal Drama of a Journey through Hell".folkways.si.edu. Retrieved20 June 2022.
  27. ^Harrison 1966.
  28. ^"American Dante Bibliography for 1967 | Dante Society".www.dantesociety.org. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  29. ^Grimes 2011.
  30. ^Hollander, Robert (26 August 2003). "Translating Dante into English Again and Again".Divine Comedies for the New Millennium. pp. 43–48.doi:10.1017/9789048505241.003.ISBN 9789048505241.
  31. ^Josephine Balmer (13 March 1994)."BOOK REVIEW / The lost in translation: 'Hell' - Dante Alighieri".The Independent. Retrieved2017-04-20.
  32. ^"American Dante Bibliography for 2000 | Dante Society".www.dantesociety.org. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  33. ^Parks, Tim (8 January 2001)."Hell and Back".The New Yorker. Retrieved12 July 2022.
  34. ^Barbarese 2009.
  35. ^"Hollander to be honored in Italy".Princeton University. Retrieved10 September 2022.
  36. ^"Paradiso | Cream & Amber".creamandamber.com. 2025-07-08. Retrieved2025-01-13.
  37. ^Acocella 2013.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

[edit]
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