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List of caliphs

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Amir al-Mu’minin
Caliph
خَليفة (khalīfah)
StyleAmir al-Mu'minin
ResidenceMajor caliphates

Parallel regional caliphates

AppointerElective (632–661)
Hereditary (since 661)
PrecursorMuhammad
Formation8 June 632,Medina
First holderAbu Bakr

Acaliph is the supreme religious and political leader of anIslamic state known as thecaliphate.[1][2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the MuslimUmmah as political successors to the Islamic prophetMuhammad,[3] and widely recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most ofIslamic history.[4]

The first caliphate, theRashidun Caliphate, was ruled by the fourRashidun caliphs (Arabic:الخلفاء الراشدون,lit. 'Rightly Guided Caliphs'),Abu Bakr,Umar,Uthman andAli, who are considered bySunni Muslims to have been the most virtuous and pure caliphs. They were chosen by popular acclamation or by a small committee, in contrast with the following caliphates, which were mostly hereditary.[5] On the other hand,Shiites only recognise Ali and consider the first three caliphs to be usurpers.

The Rashidun caliphate ended with theFirst Fitna, which transferred authority to theUmayyad dynasty that presided over theUmayyad Caliphate, the largest caliphate and the last one to actively rule the entireMuslim world.[6]

TheAbbasid Revolution overthrew the Ummayads and instituted theAbbasid dynasty which ruled over theAbbasid Caliphate.[7] The Abbassid Caliphate was initially strong and united, but gradually fractured into several states whose rulers only paidlip service to the caliph in Baghdad. There were also rivals to the Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for themselves, such as theIsma'ili ShiaFatimids, the SunniUmmayyads in Córdoba and theAlmohads, who followedtheir own doctrine. WhenBaghdad fell to the Mongols, the Abbassid family relocated toCairo, where they continued to claim caliphal authority, but had no political power, and actual authority was in the hands of theMamluk Sultanate.

After theOttoman conquest of Egypt, the Abbasid caliphAl-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where he surrendered the caliphate to the Ottoman SultanSelim I. The caliphate then remained in theHouse of Osman until after theFirst World War. The Ottoman Sultanatewas abolished in 1922 by theGrand National Assembly of Turkey led byMustafa Kemal Atatürk. The head of the House of Osman,Abdülmecid II, retained the title of caliph for two more years. However, on March 3, 1924,Atatürk and theGrand National Assembly of Turkey officiallyabolished the Ottoman Caliphate.

Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)

[edit]
Main articles:Rashidun andRashidun Caliphate
Calligraphic nameName (in Arabic)Born (CE)Reigned from (CE)Reigned until (CE)DiedRelationship withMuhammadHouse
Abu Bakr
(أبو بكر الصديق)
5738 June 63223 August 634Father ofAisha, Muhammad's wifeBanu Taim
Umar
(عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب)
58423 August 634c. 6 November 644
(assassinated byAbu Lu'lu'a Firuz)		Father ofHafsa, Muhammad's wifeBanu Adi
Uthman
(عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان)		5796 November 64417 June 656
(assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house; seeFirst Fitna)		Husband of Muhammad's daughters,Ruqayya and laterUmm Kulthum, and grandson ofMuhammad's paternal auntBanu Umayya
Ali
(عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب)		60117 June 65628 January 661
(assassinated while praying in theMosque of Kufa; seeFirst Fitna)		Muhammad's cousin, and husband ofFatima, Muhammad's daughter, andUmama bint Abi al-As, Muhammad's granddaughterBanu Hashim

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

[edit]
Main article:Umayyad Caliphate
CoinNameBornReigned fromReigned untilDiedRelation with predecessor
Mu'awiya I602January 66129 April 680Son ofAbu Sufyan
Yazid I64768011 November 683Son of Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya II664November 683684Son of Yazid I
Marwan I623–6266847 May 685Son ofAl-Hakam ibn Abi al-As
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan6466858 October 705Son of Marwan I
Al-Walid I668October 70523 February 715Son of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik674February 71522 September 717
  • Son of Abd al-Malik
  • Brother of al-Walid I
Umar II2 November 682September 717February 720
  • Nephew of Abd al-Malik
  • First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman
  • Great-grandson ofUmar through a maternal line
Yazid II68710 February 72026 January 724
  • Son of Abd al-Malik
  • Brother of al-Walid I and Sulayman
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik69126 January 7246 February 743
  • Son of Abd al-Malik
  • Brother of al-Walid I, Sulayman and Yazid II
Al-Walid II7096 February 74317 April 744 (assassinated)Son of Yazid II
Yazid III70117 April 7443/4 October 744Son of Al-Walid I
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid744 (few weeks)25 January 750
(executed)		Son of Al-Walid I
Marwan II6917446 August 750
(killed)
  • Nephew of Abd al-Malik
  • Cousin of Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Umar II, Yazid II and Hisham.

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

[edit]
Main article:Abbasid Caliphate
CoinRegnal namePersonal nameBornReigned fromReigned untilDiedParents
Al-SaffāḥAbul-'Abbās 'Abdallah72125 January 75010 June 754
Al-MansurAbu Ja'far 'Abdallah71410 June 754775
Al-MahdiAbu 'Abdallah Muhammad744/7457754 August 785
Al-HadiAbu Muhammad Musa764August 78514 September 786
Al-RashidHarun763/76614 September 78624 March 809
Al-AminMuhammad787March 80924/25 September 813
Al-Ma'munAbu al-Abbas 'Abdallah13/14 September 786September 8139 August 833
Al-Mu'tasimAbū Ishaq MuhammadOctober 7969 August 8335 January 842
Al-WathiqAbu Ja'far Harun811–8135 January 84210 August 847
Al-MutawakkilJa'farFebruary/March 82210 August 84711 December 861
(assassinated)
Al-MuntasirAbu Ja'far MuhammadNovember 8378617 or 8 June 862
Al-Musta'inAhmad836862866 (executed)
Al-Mu'tazzAbū ʿAbd allāh Muhammad847866869
Al-MuhtadiAbū Isḥāq Muḥammad86921 June 870
  • Al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph
  • Qurb (greek concubine)
Al-Mu'tamidAbu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad84221 June 87015 October 892
Al-Mu'tadidAbu'l-'Abbas Ahmad854/861October 8925 April 902
  • Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief
  • Dirar
Al-MuktafiAbu Muhammad ʿAlî877/8785 April 90213 August 908
Al-MuqtadirAbu al-Fadl Ja'far89513 August 90892931 October 932
(killed)
Al-QahirAbu Mansur Muhammad899929950
Al-MuqtadirAbu al-Fadl Ja'far89592931 October 932
(killed)
Al-QahirAbu Mansur Muhammad89931 October 932934950
Al-RadiAbu al-'Abbas MuhammadDecember 90993423 December 940
Al-MuttaqiAbu Ishaq Ibrahim908940944July 968
Al-MustakfiAbu’l-Qasim 'Abdallah905September 944January 946September/October 949
Al-MutiAbu al-Qasim al-Faḍl914January 9465 August 97412 October 974
Al-Ta'i'Abd al-Karīm9329749913 August 1003
  • Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph
  • Utb (Greek concubine)
Al-QadirAbu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir9471 November 99129 November 1031
Al-Qa'imAbu Ja'far Abdallah100129 November 10312 April 1075
  • Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph
  • Badr al-Dija also known as Qatr al-Nida
Al-MuqtadiAbū'l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im10562 April 1075February 1094
Al-MustazhirAbū l-ʿAbbās AhmadApril/May 1078February 10946 August 1118
  • Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph
  • Taif al-Afwah (Egyptian)
Al-MustarshidAbū'l-Manṣūr al-FaḍlApril/May 10926 August 111829 August 1135
Al-Rashid BillahAbu Jaʿfar Manṣūr110929 August 113511366 June 1138
(killed byHashshashins)
Al-MuqtafiAbū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad9 March 1096113612 March 1160
Al-MustanjidAbū'l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf112412 March 116020 December 1170
Al-MustadiHassan114220 December 117030 March 1180
Al-NasirAbu'l-ʿAbbās Ahmad6 August 11582 March 11804 October 1225
Al-ZahirAbu Nasr Muhammad11765 October 122511 July 1226
Al-MustansirAbû Ja`far al-Manṣūr17 February 119211 July 12262 December 1242
Al-Musta'simAbu Ahmad Abdallah12132 December 124220 February 1258

During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such asAmir al-umara andSultan.

Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) (Additional)

[edit]
Main article:Fatimid Caliphate
Image/CoinRegnal namePersonal nameBornReigned fromReigned untilDiedParents
al-Mahdi BillahAbū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn87427 August 9094 March 934
al-Qāʾim bi-Amr AllāhAbū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh8934 March 93417 May 946
al-Mansur BillahAbu Tahir Isma'il91417 May 94618 March 953
al-Mu'izz li-Din AllahAbu Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah93119 March 95321 December 975
al-Aziz BillahAbu al-Mansur Nizar95518 December 97513 October 996
al-Hakim bi-Amr AllahAbū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr98514 October 99613 February 1021
al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din AllahAbū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥākim100528 March 102113 June 1036
al-Mustansir BillahAbū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh102913 June 103629 December 1094
al-Musta'li BillahAbū al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Mustanṣir107429/30 December 109411/12 December 1101
al-Amir bi-Ahkam AllahAbū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr ibn al-Mustaʿlī109611 December 11017 October 1130
al-Hafiz li-Din AllahAbūʾl-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Mustanṣir1074/5 or 1075/623 January 113210 October 1149
  • Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn al-Mustansir Billah
al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ AllāhAbū al-Manṣūr Ismāʿīl ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ113310 October 11491 or 15 April 1154
al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr AllahAbūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir114916 April 115422 July 1160
al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn AllāhAbū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yūsuf115123 July 116013 September 1171
  • Yusuf ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah

Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (1261–1517)

[edit]
Main article:Mamluk Sultanate

The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of theMamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of theAyyubid dynasty.[8][9]

Regnal namePersonal nameReignParents
Al-MustansirAbu al-Qasim Ahmad13 June 1261 – 28 November 1261
Al-Hakim IAbu 'Abdullah Muhammad16 November 1262 – 19 January 1302
  • Abu 'Ali al-Hasan
Al-Mustakfi IAbu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman20 January 1302 – February 1340
Al-Wathiq IAbu Ishaq IbrahimFebruary 1340 – 17 June 1341
Al-Hakim IIAbu al-'Abbas Ahmad1341–1352
Al-Mu'tadid IAbu Bakr1352–1362
Al-Mutawakkil IAbu 'Abdillah Muhammad1362–1377
Al-Musta’simAbu Yahya Zakariya1377
Al-Mutawakkil IAbu 'Abdillah Muhammad1377–1383
Al-Wathiq II'UmarSeptember 1383 – 13 November 1386
Al-Musta'simAbu Yahya Zakariya1386–1389
Al-Mutawakkil IAbu 'Abdillah Muhammad1389 – 9 January 1406
Al-Musta'inAbu al-Fadl al-'Abbas22 January 1406 – 9 March 1414
Al-Mu'tadid IIAbu al-Fath Dawud1414–1441
Al-Mustakfi IIAbu ar-Rabi' Sulayman1441 – 29 January 1451
Al-Qa'imAbu Al-Baqa Hamzah1451–1455
Al-MustanjidAbu al-Mahasin Yusuf1455 – 7 April 1479
Al-Mutawakkil IIAbu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz5 April 1479 – 27 September 1497
Al-MustamsikAbu as-Sabr1497–1508
Al-Mutawakkil IIIMuhammad1508–1516
Al-MustamsikAbu as-Sabr1516–1517
Al-Mutawakkil IIIMuhammad1517

Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)

[edit]
Main article:Ottoman Caliphate

The head of theOttoman dynasty was just entitledSultan originally, but soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.[10][11]Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant to the title of Caliph; claimed the title afterconqueringEdirne.[12]

ImageTughraNameReignParents
Tughra of Selim I
Tughra of Selim I
Selim I1517 – 21 September 1520
Tughra of Suleiman I
Tughra of Suleiman I
Suleiman I30 September 1520 – 6 September 1566
Tughra of Selim II
Tughra of Selim II
Selim II29 September 1566 – 21 December 1574
Tughra of Murad III
Tughra of Murad III
Murad III22 December 1574 – 16 January 1595
Tughra of Mehmed III
Tughra of Mehmed III
Mehmed III27 January 1595 – 20 or 21 December 1603
Tughra of Ahmed I
Tughra of Ahmed I
Ahmed I21 December 1603 – 22 November 1617
Tughra of Mustafa I
Tughra of Mustafa I
Mustafa I22 November 1617 – 26 February 1618
Tughra of Osman II
Tughra of Osman II
Osman II26 February 1618 – 19 May 1622
Tughra of Mustafa I
Tughra of Mustafa I
Mustafa I20 May 1622 – 10 September 1623
Tughra of Murad IV
Tughra of Murad IV
Murad IV10 September 1623 – 8 or 9 February 1640
Tughra of Ibrahim
Tughra of Ibrahim
Ibrahim9 February 1640 – 8 August 1648
Tughra of Mehmed IV
Tughra of Mehmed IV
Mehmed IV8 August 1648 – 8 November 1687
Tughra of Suleiman II
Tughra of Suleiman II
Suleiman II8 November 1687 – 22 June 1691
Tughra of Ahmed II
Tughra of Ahmed II
Ahmed II22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695
Tughra of Mustafa II
Tughra of Mustafa II
Mustafa II6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703
Tughra of Ahmed III
Tughra of Ahmed III
Ahmed III22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 October 1730
Tughra of Mahmud I
Tughra of Mahmud I
Mahmud I2 October 1730 – 13 December 1754
Tughra of Osman III
Tughra of Osman III
Osman III13 December 1754 – 29 or 30 October 1757
Tughra of Mustafa III
Tughra of Mustafa III
Mustafa III30 October 1757 – 21 January 1774
Tughra of Abdülhamid I
Tughra of Abdülhamid I
Abdul Hamid I21 January 1774 – 6 or 7 April 1789
Tughra of Selim III
Tughra of Selim III
Selim III7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
Tughra of Mustafa IV
Tughra of Mustafa IV
Mustafa IV29 May 1807 – 28 July 1808
Tughra of Mahmud II
Tughra of Mahmud II
Mahmud II28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839
Tughra of Abdülmecid I
Tughra of Abdülmecid I
Abdulmejid I1 July 1839 – 25 June 1861
Tughra of Abdulaziz
Tughra of Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876
Tughra of Murad V
Tughra of Murad V
Murad V30 May 1876 – 31 August 1876
Tughra of Abdülhamid II
Tughra of Abdülhamid II
Abdul Hamid II31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909
Tughra of Mehmed V
Tughra of Mehmed V
Mehmed V27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918
Tughra of Mehmed VI
Tughra of Mehmed VI
Mehmed VI4 July 1918 – 19 November 1922
—
[nb 1]		Abdulmejid II19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924

The Office of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to theGrand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies ofsecularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey by itsPresidentMustafa Kemal Atatürk. After theabolition of the Caliphate, theGrand National Assembly of Turkey founded thePresidency of Religious Affairs as the new highestIslamic religious authority in the country.

Other caliphates

[edit]

Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)

[edit]
Main article:Hasan ibn Ali

AfterAli was killed, the governor of SyriaMu'awiya led his army towardKufa, where Ali's son Hasan ibn Ali had been nominated as Ali's successor.[14][15] Mu'awiya successfully bribedUbayd Allah ibn Abbas, the commander of Hasan's vanguard, to desert his post, and sent envoys to negotiate with Hasan.[16] In return for a financial settlement,Hasan abdicated and Mu'awiya entered Kufa in July or September 661 and was recognized as caliph. This year is considered by a number of the early Muslim sources as 'the year of unity' and is generally regarded as the start of Mu'awiya's caliphate.[17][18] Hasan abdicated as caliph after ruling for six or seven months.

Calligraphic/CoinName (and titles)BirthReigned fromReigned untilDeathRelationship withMuhammad (or previous Caliph)ParentsHouse
Hasan ibn Ali
(حسن بن علي)
Ahl al-Bayt
Al-Mujtaba		624661 (six or seven months)670
  • Grandson of Muhammad
  • Son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib
Banu Hashim

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)

[edit]
Main article:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a grandson of the first caliphAbu Bakr and a nephew ofAisha, the third wife ofMuhammad, ledan uprising against theUmayyad Caliphate in 684 CE. He was proclaimed caliph inMecca. He ruled Mecca andMedina, the most important places in Islam, for about eight years; outlasting three Ummayad rulers: Yazid ibn Muawiyah, Muawiyah ibn Yazid, and Marwan ibn al-Hakam. Islamic scholars consider him to be the rightful caliph instead of Marwan ibn al-Hakam. He was eventually defeated and killed in Mecca in 692 after a six-monthsiege by generalAl-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[19]

CoinName (and titles)BirthReigned fromReigned untilDeathParentsHouse
Silver dirham of Abd Allah ibn al-ZubayrAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
(عبد الله ابن الزبير)		May, 624November 683November 692November 692Banu Asad

Talib al-Haqq (747–748)

[edit]
Main article:Talib al-Haqq
Calligraphic/CoinName (and titles)BirthReigned fromReigned untilDeathParentsHouse
Talib al-Haqq
(طالب الحق)		709745748749

Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)

[edit]
Main article:Caliphate of Córdoba

(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined toSpain and parts ofMaghreb)[20][21]

NameReignParents
Abd-ar-Rahman III929–961
Al-Hakam II961–976
Hisham II al-Hakam976–1009
Muhammad II1009
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam1009–1010
Hisham II al-Hakam1010–1013
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam1013–1016
Abd ar-Rahman IV1021–1022
Abd ar-Rahman V1022–1023
Muhammad III1023–1024
  • Abd ar-Rahman bin Ubayd Allah bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson ofAbd ar-Rahman III
  • Hawra
Hisham III1027–1031

Almohad Caliphate (1145–1269)

[edit]
Castilian ambassadors meeting Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtaḍā, from theCantigas de Santa Maria.
Main article:Almohad Empire

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts ofNorth Africa andIberia)[22][23]

The Almohad Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1200)
Almohad family tree
Ali al-Kumi
Abd al-Mu'min
(1)
MuhammadAbu Yaqub Yusuf I
(2)		Abu al-Hassan AliAbu Zayd Abd al-RahmanAbu Zakariya Abd al-RahmanAbu Abd al-Rahman YaqubAbu Ibrahim IsmailAbu Said UthmanAbu Ali al-HusseinAbu Muhammad Abd AllahAbu Musa IsaAbu Ishaq IbrahimAbu al-Rabi SulaymanAbu Imran MusaAbu Hafs Umar
Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur'
(3)		Abu al-Ula Idris
the Old		Abu YahyaAbu Ishaq IbrahimAbu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid'Abu Zayd MuhammadAbu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'
(6)		Abu Ibrahim Ishaq
'al-Tahir'		Abu Zayd Abd al-RahmanAbu Zakariya YahyaAbu al-Hassan AliAbu Yusuf YaqubAbu al-Rabi SulaymanAbu Abd Allah Muhammad
Muhammad al-Nasir
(4)		Abdallah al-Adil
(7)		Abu Muhammad SaidAbu MusaIbrahimAbu SaidAbu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'
(9)		Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'
(12)		Abu ZaydAbu IshaqAbu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq'
(13)		Abu AliAbd Allah 'al-Bayyansi'Abu Zayd
Yahya 'al'Mutasim'
(8)		MusaZakariyaAliYusuf II 'al'Mustansir'
(5)		Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'
(11)		Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'
(10)

Hafsid Caliphate (1249–1574)

[edit]
Main article:Hafsid Calipahte

The Hafsids claimed their descent fromRashidun caliphOmar.[24] After the fall of Baghdad,Marinid sultanAbu Yusuf Yaqub andSharif of MeccaAbu Numayy recognized the Hafsids in 1258 and 1259 respectively.[25]

CoinNameBornReigned fromReigned untilDiedParents
Muhammad I al-Mustansirc. 1228c. 1249c. 1277
Yahya II al-Wathiqc. 12771279
Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya12841295
Abu Asida Muhammad II127912951309
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid1309
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid13091309
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr13091311
Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani1253131113171326
Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir131713181323
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II13181346
Abu Hafs Umar II13461347
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil1350
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II133613501369
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid IIc. 135813691371
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II132913701394
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II136113941434
Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir14341435
Abu 'Amr 'Uthman141914351488
Abu-Zakariya Yahya II14881489
Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim14891490
Abu Yahya Zakariya147214901494
  • son of Abu-Zakariya Yahya II
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil14941526
  • Abu Muhammad Hasan, son of Mas'ud
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan152615431549
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III1500154315691575
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan157315741594

Bornu and Songhai Empires (15th/16th century)

[edit]
Main articles:Bornu Empire andSonghai Empire
The Bornu Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1750)
Songhai Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1500)

Several rulers of West Africa adopted the title of Caliph. Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama was the first ruler ofBornu Empire to assume the title.Askia Mohammad I ofSonghai Empire also assumed the title around the same time.[26]

Indian caliphates (late medieval/early modern)

[edit]

Since the 12th century, despite theSouth Asian domination of numerous Muslim empires, kingdoms and sultanates, Islamiccaliphates were not fully attempted to be established across theIndian subcontinent. However, under thesharia based reigns of Sunni emperors such asAlauddin Khalji,Mughal Empire'sAurangzeb, andMysore's rulersHyder Ali andTipu Sultan, absolute forms ofcaliphates clearly appeared. These largely impacted theFrench-Italian emperorNapoleone Bonaparte and soldiers of theBritish Empire.[27][28][29][30]

Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)

[edit]
Main article:Sokoto Caliphate
The Sokoto Caliphate (pink) at its greatest extent (c. 1800)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts ofWest Africa)

Established by Tariqa Islamic scholar and religious leaderUsman dan Fodio through theFulani War (alternatively known as the Fulani Jihad), which sought to reduce the influence of pre-Islamic religious practices and spread a more vigorous form of Islam through the auspices of a Caliphate.

Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)

[edit]
Main article:Khalifatul Masih § List of Ahmadiyya Caliphs
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag.

TheKhalīfatul Masīh (Arabic:خليفة المسيح;Urdu:خلیفہ المسیح; English:Successor of the Messiah), sometimes simply referred to asKhalifah (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwideAhmadiyya Muslim Community and is the successor ofMirza Ghulam Ahmad, who had taken the titles ofMahdi andMessiah of Islam.[nb 2] The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih isMirza Masroor Ahmad.

After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community fromQadian in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence ofPakistan. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained inRabwah, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984,Ordinance XX was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, fourth Khalifatul MasihMirza Tahir Ahmad left Pakistan and migrated toLondon,England, provisionally moving the headquarters to theFazl Mosque.[34]

Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1925)

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Main article:Sharifian Caliphate
Map with the kingdom in green and the current region in red.

In March 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished,Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz proclaimed himself Caliph. An attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style following the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate was made byHussein bin Ali,King of Hejaz andSharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his sonAli bin Hussein, who did not adopted the caliphal office and style.[35] Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson ofHasan ibn Ali. Hussein's claim for caliphate was not accepted by theWahhabi andSalafi movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces ofIbn Saud as an outcome of theSecond Saudi-Hashemite War. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.

In October 1924, facing defeat byIbn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest sonAli bin Hussein. After Hejaz was subsequently completelyconquered by theIbn Saud-Wahhabi armies of theIkhwan, on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing theKingdom of Hejaz, theSharifate of Mecca and theSharifian Caliphate to an end.[nb 3][36]

Islamic State (2014–present)

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On 29 June 2014, theIslamic State, more commonly known as ISIS, proclaimed the return of the Islamic caliphate, withAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its first caliph and Amir al-Mu'minin.[37][38] The caliphate's claimed territory at its peak controlled 12 million people. At its height, ISISruled territories in various countries including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Nigeria, Libya, the Philippines, Afghanistan, Congo, Yemen, and the Sinai region in Egypt, in addition to running guerrilla cells in many other countries.[39] In 2014–15, dozens of Salafi Jihadi groups[40] and scholars[41] around the worldpledged allegiance to ISIS-claimed Caliphate. On 10 April 2018, during a rally of U.S. PresidentDonald Trump inElkhart, Indiana in support ofMike Braun’s bid for the US Senate, Vice PresidentMike Pence referred to ISIS as a Caliphate, claiming "ISIS is on the run, their Caliphate has crumbled, and we will soon drive them out of existence once and for all."[42] ISIS severely degraded in operational capability, subscribers and territorial control during the military intervention in Iraq and Syria by the U.S.-ledGlobal Coalition to Defeat Daesh, and in Syria by theRussian military intervention.[43] As of early 2022, ISIS occupies some territory in Nigeria and has 3 million people under its rule;[44] and also it continues to maintain control over some rural uninhabited areas in both Iraq and Syria[45][46]

No.ImageCaliphDate of birthReigned fromReigned until
1Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi28 July 197129 June 201427 October 2019
2Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi1/5 October 197631 October 20193 February 2022
3أبي الحسن الهاشمي القرشيAbu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-QurashiUnknown10 March 202215 October 2022
4Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-QurashiUnknown30 November 202229 April 2023
5Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-QurashiUnknown3 August 2023Present

Notes

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  1. ^Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman Caliph, lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve ashead of state (that position being held byMustafa Kemal, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royalfigurehead.
  2. ^Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of theAhmadiyya sect of Islam. TheSunni mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the sect as it believes in prophethood after Muhammad;[31][32][33] see alsoPersecution of Ahmadis on this topic.
  3. ^The legitimacy of his Caliphate is disputed; however, the date of end can be assigned to his loss of the Haramayn, in 1925 or to his death, in 1931. Both interpretations can be found in sources.

References

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  1. ^Jazeera, Al."The Caliph".interactive.aljazeera.com. Retrieved2023-04-06.
  2. ^McQuaid, Julia Voelker (September 2007)."The Struggle for Unity and Authority in Islam: Reviving the Caliphate?"(PDF).Center for Strategic Studies: 1.
  3. ^"Successors to the prophet: Islam's caliphates".The Seattle Times. 2014-07-01. Retrieved2023-04-06.
  4. ^Ekinci, Ekrem Buğra (2017-03-03)."The rise and fall of the Islamic caliphate in history".Daily Sabah. Retrieved2023-04-06.
  5. ^Office of the 33rd Lead Inspector General of the United States Department of Defense (May 2023)"OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS" (PDF) Retrieved 2023-05-04
  6. ^"The Umayyad Caliphate: The Largest Islamic State".TheCollector. 2022-11-01. Retrieved2023-04-06.
  7. ^Saïd Amir Arjomand,Abd Allah Ibn al-Muqaffa and the Abbasid Revolution.Iranian Studies, vol. 27, Nos. 1–4.London:Routledge, 1994.
  8. ^Bosworth 2004,p. 7
  9. ^Houtsma & Wensinck 1993,p. 3
  10. ^Lane-Poole 2004,p. 195
  11. ^Bosworth 2004,pp. 239–240
  12. ^Lambton, Ann;Lewis, Bernard (1995).The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320.ISBN 9780521223102. Retrieved14 March 2015.
  13. ^As̜iroğlu 1992[broken anchor], p. 13
  14. ^Donner 2012, p. 166.
  15. ^Madelung 1997, p. 317.
  16. ^Madelung 1997, pp. 320, 322.
  17. ^Hinds 1993, p. 265.
  18. ^Marsham 2013, p. 93.
  19. ^Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O edited by Tony Jacques
  20. ^Lane-Poole 2004,p. 21
  21. ^Bosworth 2004,p. 11
  22. ^Lane-Poole 2004,p. 47
  23. ^Bosworth 2004,p. 39
  24. ^Fromherz, Allen James (2016).Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age. Edinburgh University Press.ISBN 978-1-4744-1007-6.
  25. ^Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0521337674.
  26. ^Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels.The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 81.
  27. ^Jackson, Roy (2010).Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge.ISBN 9781136950360.
  28. ^Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003):هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء, Kanishka Publishing, original source from theUniversity of MichiganISBN 9788173915376
  29. ^Hussein, S M (2002).Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658–1707. Kanishka Publishers Distributors (2002).ISBN 978-8173914898.
  30. ^Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.OCLC 31870180.
  31. ^"Ahmadis – Oxford Islamic Studies Online".www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved2018-09-03.Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a "nonlegislating" prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad 's "legislative" prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam ...
  32. ^"The Ahmadiyyah Movement – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". Retrieved2018-09-03.
  33. ^"Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza – Oxford Islamic Studies Online".www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved2018-09-08.Founder of Ahmadi movement in Punjab, India, in 1889... The movement is labeled non-Muslim and fiercely opposed by Muslims, although the group considers itself Muslim.
  34. ^"Khilafat – Caliphate – The Guided Khilafat – Khilafat e Ahmadiyya – Al Islam Online".www.alislam.org.
  35. ^Bosworth 2004,p. 118
  36. ^Peters, Francis E. (2017) [1994].Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton Legacy Library.Princeton, New Jersey andWoodstock, Oxfordshire:Princeton University Press. p. 397.ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1.OCLC 468351969.Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved14 June 2024.
  37. ^Adam Withnall (2014-06-30)."Iraq crisis: Isis declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East – Middle East – World".The Independent. Retrieved2014-07-04.
  38. ^"ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as "Islamic State"". SITE Institute. 29 June 2014. Retrieved29 June 2014.
  39. ^"Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross".Reuters. 13 March 2015.
  40. ^Power rankings April 2015
  41. ^"A Jihadi Civil War of Words: The Ghuraba' Media Foundation and Minbar al-Tawhid wa'l-Jihad".
  42. ^Trump TV Network (2018-05-10),FULL EVENT: President Donald Trump MASSIVE Rally in Elkhart, Indiana – May 10, 2018, archived fromthe original on 2018-05-10, retrieved2018-05-12.See 6:00
  43. ^Office of the 33rd Lead Inspector General of the United States Department of Defense (May 2023)"OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS" (PDF) Retrieved 2023-05-04
  44. ^"After Shekau: Confronting Jihadists in Nigeria's North East". 29 March 2022.
  45. ^"5 ISIS Enclaves Remain in Central, Eastern Syria".
  46. ^"IS's concern continues to be maintaining control in places like the Muqdadiya and Khanaqin districts, Hawija, and Tarmiyahttps://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2023/02/violence-drops-in-iraq-in-january-2023.html

Bibliography

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Caliphs ofBaghdad
(749–1258)
Caliphs ofCairo
(1261–1517)
[B] indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only
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