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The following is a list of historical and contemporary Assyrian settlements in the Middle East. This list includes settlements ofAssyrians from SoutheasternTurkey who left their indigenous tribal districts inHakkari (or the historicalHakkari region),Sirnak andMardin province[2] due to torment, violence and displacement byOttomans andKurds in theFirst World War. Many Assyrians fromUrmia,Iran were also affected and as such have emigrated and settled in other towns. Resettling again occurred during theSimele massacre in northernIraq, perpetrated by theIraqi military coup in the 1930s, with many fleeing to northeasternSyria.[3]
Most modern resettlement is located inIraq,[4]Syria,Turkey,[5] andIran in the cities ofBaghdad,Habbaniyah,Kirkuk,Duhok,Al-Hasakah,Tehran,Mardin andDamascus. Few Assyrian settlements exist in Turkey today and also in theCaucasus. The exodus to the cities or towns of these aforementioned countries occurred between late 1910s and 1930s.[6][7] After theIraq War in 2003, a number of Assyrians in Baghdad relocated to theAssyrian homeland in northern Iraq.[8] Many others have immigrated toNorth America,Europe andAustralia, especially in the late 20th century and 21st century.[9] Currently, there are a number of settlements on this list that have been abandoned due to persecution, conflict, and other causes.[10]
| Settlement | Aramaic | Province | District | Note(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dora | ܕܘܿܪܐ | Baghdad | Al Rashid | 1,500 Christians, mostly adherents of theAssyrian Church of the East andChaldean Catholic Church, inhabit Dora as of December 2014.[11] Before theIraq WarDora was home to 150,000 Christians.[11] |
| Settlement | Aramaic | Province | District | Note(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Araden[12] | ܐܪܕܢ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 35 Assyrian families inhabit Araden as of May 2004[13] |
| Enishke | ܐܝܢܫܟܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 30 Assyrian families inhabit Enishke as of May 2004[13] |
| Sarsing[14] | ܣܪܣܢܓ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 150 Assyrian families inhabit Sarsing as of May 2004[15] |
| Badarash | ܒܪܕܪܐܫ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 40 Assyrian families inhabit Badarash as of May 2004[13] |
| Amadiya[16] | ܥܡܝܕܝܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | |
| Baz | ܒܵܙ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 10 Assyrian families inhabited Baz in May 2004.[17] 40 Christian and Muslim families inhabit Baz as of June 2011[18] |
| Bebadi | ܒܝܬ ܒܥܕܝ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 30 Assyrian families inhabit Bebadi as of May 2004[16] |
| Belejane | ܒܠܝܓ̰ܢܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 15 Assyrian families inhabit Belejane as of May 2004[19] |
| Belmand | ܒܠܡܢܕ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 50 Assyrian families inhabit Belmand as of May 2004[20] |
| Beqolke | ܒܹܩܘܠܟܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 74 Assyrians inhabited Beqolke in 1957; 7 Assyrian families inhabited Beqolke in 1978; 4 Assyrian families inhabit Beqolke as of 1991[21] |
| Benatha | ܒܹܢܬܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 8 Assyrian families inhabit Benatha as of May 2004[13] |
| Beth Shmayaye | ܒܝܬ ܫܡܝܝܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Beth Tanura | ܒܝܬ ܬܢܘܪܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Chalek | Dohuk | Amadiya | 10 Assyrian families inhabit Chalek as of May 2004[17] | |
| Chem Rabatke | ܟ̰ܡ ܪܒܬܟܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Dawodiya | ܕܘܘܕܝܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Dehi | ܕܗܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 20 Assyrian families inhabit Dehi as of 1991 |
| Dere | ܕܝܪܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 323 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1957;[22] 250 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1988;[22] 25 Assyrian families inhabit Dere as of May 2004[19] |
| Derishke | ܕܝܪܫܟܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 20 Assyrian families inhabit Derishke as of May 2004[23] |
| Doreeh | ܕܘܪܗ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 30 Assyrian families inhabit Dore as of May 2004[24] |
| Eqri | ܐܩܪܝ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Eyat | ܐܝܬ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 169 Assyrians inhabited Eyat in 1957; 19 Assyrian families inhabit Eyat as of 2013[25] |
| Hayes | ܗܝܤ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Hezany | ܗܝܙܢܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 27 Assyrian families inhabit Hezany as of 1991 |
| Jadide | ܓ̰ܕܝܕܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Jelek | Dohuk | Amadiya | 519 Assyrians inhabited Jelek in 1957; 62 Assyrian families inhabit Jelek as of 2011[26] | |
| Jole | ܫ̰ܘܠܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Kani Balavi | ܟܢܝ ܒܠܦ̮ܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 15 Assyrian families inhabit Kani Balavi as of May 2004[27] |
| Khalilane | ܚܠܝܠܢܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 20 Assyrian families inhabit Khalilane as of May 2004[28] |
| Komany | ܟܘܡܢܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 20 Assyrian families inhabit Komany as of May 2004[19] |
| Mangesh | ܡܢܓܫܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 1195 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1947; 959 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1965[29] |
| Margajiya | ܡܪܓܐ ܓ̰ܝܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Maye | ܡܝܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 10 Assyrian families inhabit Maye as of May 2004[23] |
| Meristek | ܡܝܪܣܬܟ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Meroge | ܡܝܪܘܓܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Meze | ܡܝܙܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | |
| Mosaka | ܡܘܣܵܟܵܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | |
| Sardarawa | ܣܪ ܕܪܒܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Sardashte | ܣܪܐ ܕܫܬܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | |
| Sikrine | ܣܟܪܝܢܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | |
| Tashish | ܬܫܝܫ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Amadiya | 163 Assyrians inhabited Tashish in 1957.[30] |
| Aqrah | ܥܩܪܐ | Dohuk | Aqrah | |
| Nohawa | ܢܘܗܒܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Aqrah | |
| Babelo | ܒܵܒܠܘ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Dohuk | |
| Bagerat | ܒܓܝܪܬ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Dohuk | |
| Dohuk | ܢܘܗܕܪܐ | Dohuk | Dohuk | |
| Gondekosa | ܓܘܢܕ ܟܘܣܐ | Dohuk | Dohuk | |
| Korygavana | ܟܘܪܝܓܦ̮ܢܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Dohuk | |
| Zawita | ܙܘܝܬܐ | Dohuk | Dohuk | |
| Avzrog | ܐܒܙܪܘܓ | Dohuk | Semel | |
| Bajed Berav | ܒܓ̰ܕ ܒܝܪܦ̮ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Semel | |
| Bajed Kindal | ܒܓ̰ܕ ܟܝܢܕܠ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Semel | |
| Bakhetme | ܒܚܬܡܐ | Dohuk | Semel | |
| Bakhloja | ܒܚܠܘܓ̰ܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Semel | |
| Jambor | ܓ̰ܡܒܘܪ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Semel | |
| Mar Yakoo | ܡܪܝ ܝܥܩܘܒ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Semel | 79 Assyrian families inhabit Mar Yakoo as of 2011[31] |
| Simele | ܣܡܠܐ | Dohuk | Semel | |
| Sheze | ܫܝܙ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Semel | Inhabited as of November 2011[32] |
| Shkafte | ܫܟܦ̮ܬܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Semel | |
| Surka | ܨܘܪܟܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Semel | |
| Berseve | ܒܝܪܣܦ̮ܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | |
| Dashtatakh | ܕܫܬܟ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | |
| Dera Shish | ܕܝܪܐ ܫܝܫ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | 250 Assyrians inhabited Dera Shish in 1976; 8 Assyrian families inhabit Dera Shish as of 2011[33] |
| Levo | ܠܝܦ̮ܘ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | |
| Marga | ܡܪܓܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | |
| Margasor | ܡܝܪܓܐ ܣܘܪ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | |
| Navkandala | ܢܐܦ̮ ܟܢܕܠܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | |
| Piraka | ܦܝܪܟܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | |
| Qarawula | ܩܪܘܠܐ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | 334 Assyrians inhabited Qarawula in 1957; inhabited by 66 Assyrian families in 1975. Inhabited as of November 2011.[34] |
| Sharanesh | ܫܪܢܘܫ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | |
| Zakho | ܙܟܼܘ | Dohuk(Nuhadrah) | Zakho | A Chaldo-Assyrian tribe, associated with Catholic Assyrians. It has been inhabited by Assyrians since the 5th century. Assyrians from Hakkari, Turkey, have resettled there to escape persecution and violence by Ottoman Turks in the early 20th century. Nuhadrah is the ancient Assyrian name for what is now called Duhok to 'foreigners. Erbil is another name that is called something within the indigenous people of that land, the Assyrians.[35][36] |
| Settlement | Aramaic | Province | District | Note(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankawa | ܥܢܟܒܐ | Erbil | Erbil | |
| Armota | ܐܪܡܥܘܛܐ | Erbil | Koya | |
| Batas | ܒܬܣ | Erbil | Shaqlawa | |
| Bidial | ܒܕܝܠ | Erbil | Barzan | 5 Assyrian families inhabit Bidial as of 1991[37] |
| Darbandokeh | ܕܪܒܢܕܘܟܐ | Erbil | Shaqlawa | |
| Diana | ܕܝܢܐ | Erbil | Soran | |
| Harir | ܗܪܝܪ | Erbil | Shaqlawa | |
| Hawdiyan | Erbil | Shaqlawa | ||
| Hinari | Erbil | |||
| Koy Sanjaq | ܟܘܝܐ | Erbil | ||
| Rowanduz | ܪܘܢܕܝܙ | Erbil | Soran | |
| Seerishmi | ܣܝܪܫܡܝ | Erbil | ||
| Shaqlawa | ܫܩܠܒܐ | Erbil | Shaqlawa | |
| Qalata | ܩܠܬܐ | Erbil |
| Settlement | Aramaic | Province | District | Note(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kirkuk | ܟܪܟ | Kirkuk | Around 1,605 Assyrians lived there up until 1957 |
| Settlement | Aramaic | Province | District | Note(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mosul | ܡܘܨܠ | Nineveh | Al-Mosul | Assyrians have inhabited the city of Mosul for over a millennia.[38] Population records show a continuous Assyrian presence in Mosul from at least the 16th century. The monastery of Mar Matti is an hour from the northern region of Erbil.Many families across the globe visit to celebrate events such as Lent (Eid) and the day of Mar Matti[39][40] Assyrians from Mosul (known as Mawasli) are Arabic-speaking, their dialect belongs toNorth Mesopotamian Arabic.[41][42] Most belong to Syriac churches; theSyriac Orthodox Church, theSyriac Catholic Church, and theChaldean Catholic Church.[43][44] A few having converted from Syriac churches to Protestantism starting in the mid 19th century.[45] The majority of Mosul Assyrians migrated south to Baghdad in the 1960s due to political unrest and persecution, (1959 Mosul Uprising).[46] However, Assyrians continued to live in Mosul until being fully driven out by ISIS in 2014.[47] After the recapturing of Mosul, only a few Assyrian families have returned to the city.[48] |
| Ain Sifni | ܥܝܢ ܣܦܢܐ | Nineveh | Shekhan | |
| Alqosh | ܐܠܩܘܫ | Nineveh | Tel Keppe | Ancient Assyrian tribe associated withCatholic Assyrians. It was also settled by Assyrians from Hakkari after 1914. |
| Bandwaya | Nineveh | Tel-Keppe | ||
| Bakhdida | ܒܟܕܝܕܐ | Nineveh | Al-Hamdaniya | Was an ancient, pre-Christian Assyrian town filled with historical artifacts. Always had a significant Christian minority inmodern times. Was also settled by Assyrians fromsoutheastern Turkey. |
| Balawat | ܒܝܬ ܠܒܬ | Nineveh | Al-Hamdaniya | |
| Baqofah | ܒܬܢܝܐ | Nineveh | Tel Keppe | |
| Bartella | ܒܪܬܠܐ | Nineveh | Al-Hamdaniya | Home toOriental Orthodox Syriacs andEastern Catholic Syriacs. Most emigrated out of the town due toIslamic terrorism and violence. |
| Batnaya | ܒܬܢܝܐ | Nineveh | Tel Keppe | Ancient Assyrian tribe associated with Catholic Assyrians. Partially resettled as of now, post-ISIS. |
| Dashqotan | ܕܫܩܘܬܢ | Nineveh | Shekhan | |
| Karamles | ܟܪܡܠܝܣ | Nineveh | Al-Hamdaniya | |
| Jambour[49] | Nineveh | Tel Keppe | ||
| Khorsabad | Nineveh | |||
| Merki | ܡܪܓܐ | Nineveh | Shekhan | |
| Sharafiya | ܫܪܦܝܐ | Nineveh | Tel Keppe | Tyari Assyrian immigrated here fromHakkari province after persecution and violence by Ottomans in 1914 |
| Tel Keppe | ܬܠ ܟܐܦܐ | Nineveh | Tel Keppe | Ancient Assyrian tribe populated by Catholic Assyrians (Chaldeans). Also has had Assyrian settlements from Hakkari. |
| Tesqopa | ܬܠ ܝܣܩܘܦܐ | Nineveh | Tel Keppe | As above. |
| Armash | ܥܪܡܫ | Nineveh | Shekhan | |
| Azakh | ܐܕܟ | Nineveh | Shekhan | |
| Beboze | ܒܒܘܙܐ | Nineveh | Shekhan | |
| Dize | Nineveh | Shekhan | ||
| Mala Barwan | ܡܠܐ ܒܪܘܢ | Nineveh | Shekhan | |
| Tilan | ܬܠܐ | Nineveh | Shekhan |
| Settlement | Aramaic | Province | District | Note(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashawa | ܐܫܘܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 619 Assyrians inhabited Ashawa in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[16] |
| Bebalok | ܒܝܒܠܘܟ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 25 Assyrian families inhabited Bebalok in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[23] |
| Botara | ܒܘܬܪܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 12 families inhabited Botara in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[27] |
| Dergny | ܕܪܓܢܝ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Halwa | ܗܠܘܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 40 Assyrian families inhabited Halwa in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[27] |
| Hamziya | ܗܡܙܝܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 102 Assyrians inhabited Hamziya in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[16] |
| Khwara | ܚܘܪܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 92 Assyrians inhabited Khwara in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[23] |
| Magrebiya | ܡܓܪܒܝܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 18 Assyrians inhabited Magrebiya in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[24] |
| Malakhta | ܡܐܠܟܬܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | 28 Assyrians inhabited Malakhta in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[24] |
| Argen | ܐܪܓܢ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Atosh | ܐܬܘܫ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Barzanke | ܒܪܙܢܟܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Bash | ܒܫ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Bobawa | ܒܘܒܘܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Cham Eshrat | ܟ̰ܡ ܐܝܫܪܬ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Cham Siny | ܟ̰ܡ ܣܝܢܝ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Chamike | ܟ̰ܡܝܟܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Chaqala | ܟ̰ܩܠܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Chem Chale | ܟ̰ܡ ܟ̰ܠܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Dohoke | ܕܘܗܘܟܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Essan | ܐܝܣܢ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Estep | ܐܣܬܦ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Hawarke | ܗܒܪܝܟܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Hawentka | ܗܒܢܬܟܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Hish | ܬܝܫ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Mahode | ܡܗܘܕܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Maydan | ܡܝܕܐܢ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Nerwa | ܢܪܒܐ ܬܚܬܝܬܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited, see alsoNerwa Rekan |
| Qaro | ܩܪܘ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Sedar | ܣܝܕܪ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Tashike | ܬܫܝܟܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Wela | ܘܝܠܐ | Dohuk | Amadiya | Uninhabited |
| Sharman | ܫܪܡܢ | Dohuk | Aqrah | Uninhabited |
| Shosh | ܫܘܫ | Dohuk | Aqrah | Uninhabited |
| Badaliya | ܒܕܠܝܐ | Dohuk | Semel | Uninhabited |
| Der Jondi | ܕܝܪ ܓ̰ܢܕܝ | Dohuk | Semel | Uninhabited |
| Hejirke | ܗܫ̰ܝܪܟܐ | Dohuk | Semel | Uninhabited |
| Mawana | ܡܘܢܐ | Dohuk | Semel | Uninhabited |
| Alanesh | ܐܠܢܝܫ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Bahnona | ܒܗܢܘܢܐ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Benekhre | ܒܝܢܐ ܚܐܪܐ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Bhere | ܒܚܝܪܐ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Der Hozan | ܕܝܪ ܗܘܙܢ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Istablan | ܐܣܬܒܠܢ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Malla Arap | ܡܠܐ ܥܪܒ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Margashish | ܡܪܓܐ ܫܝܫ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Sanat | ܣܢܬ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Shwadan | ܫܘܕܢ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Steblan | ܣܬܒܠܢ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
| Umra | ܥܘܡܪܐ | Dohuk | Zakho | Uninhabited |
Assyrians immigrated to Syria during the 1930s and 1940s, from northernIraq, after they were slaughtered and displaced during theSimele massacre perpetrated by the armed forces of theKingdom of Iraq.[50] ManyAssyrians in Syria did not haveSyrian citizenship and title to their land until late 1940s.[51][52] The Assyrians who settled in theKhabour River Valley organized their villages according to their own tribal structure, with each village belonging to a single tribe.[53] As such, each village effectively has two names, the official Arabic name and the unofficial Assyrian name, with the latter being the name of the tribe that built the town.[54][55]
Villages in the Khabour River Valley
Cities and towns with Assyrian population
Villages
The following is a list of Assyrian settlements in the Hakkari region prior to theAssyrian genocide of 1914. The Assyrian settlements in this region were divided into two groups,ashiret andrayyat. Theashiret settlements belonged to the five semi-independent tribes ofTyari,Tkhuma,Baz,Jilu, and Dez with each tribe presiding over its own district. Therayyat settlements were vassals to either theashiret tribes or toKurdish chieftains.[59]
Villages in the Lower Tyari District (Ashiret)[60]
Villages in the Upper Tyari and Walto Districts (Ashiret andRayyat)[61]
Villages in the Tkhuma District (Ashiret)[62]
Villages in the Baz District (Ashiret)[63]
Villages in the Jilu District (Ashiret)[63][64]
Villages in the Dez, Shwawuta, and Billijnaye Districts (Ashiret andRayyat)[65]
Villages in the Liwan and Norduz Districts (Rayyat)[66]
Villages in the Qodchanis & Siwine Districts (Rayyat)[67]
Villages in the Chal, Raikan, & Tal Districts (Rayyat)[68]
Villages in the Gawar District (Rayyat)[69]
Villages in the Albaq, Derrenaye, Khananis, and Artushi Kurdish Districts (Rayyat)[70]
Villages in the Shemsdin District (Rayyat)[71]
Villages in theBaradost,Tergawar, &Mergawar Districts (Rayyat)[72]
Villages in the Taimar District (Rayyat)[73]
The Assyrian population in Armenia is mainly rural. Out of 3,409 Assyrians in Armenia 2,885 (84.6%) was rural and 524 (15.4%) urban.[74]According to the Council of EuropeEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages there were four rural settlements with significant Assyrian population.
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