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| 2008 Summer Olympics |
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The2008 Summer Olympics were held inBeijing,People's Republic of China, from 8 August to 24 August 2008.[Note 1] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204National Olympic Committees (NOC) participated. Overall, 302 events in 28sports were held; 165 events were opened to men, 127 were opened to women and 10 were mixed events.[1] In total there was one more event than in the2004 Summer Olympics inAthens, Greece.[2]
Nine new events were held, including two from the newcycling discipline ofBMX. Women competed in the 3000 metresteeplechase for the first time. Marathonopen water swimming events for men and women, over the distance of 10 kilometres, were added to the swimming discipline. Team events (men and women) intable tennis replaced the doubles events.[3] Infencing, women's team foil and women's team sabre replaced men's team foil and women's teamépée.[Note 2] Two sports were open only to men,baseball andboxing, while one sport and one discipline were open only to women,softball andsynchronized swimming.Equestrian is the only sport in which men and women compete together in the same events.[4][5] Baseball and softball may have made their last appearances in Olympics history during these Games, as theInternational Olympic Committee voted to remove them from the programme of the2012 Olympics.[6] A total of 958 medals for events (302 gold, 303 silver and 353 bronze) were awarded. Inboxing,judo,taekwondo andwrestling, two bronze medals are awarded in each weight class.[7] Therefore, the total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold or silver medals. Additionally, there were ties for a silver medal and two bronze medals.[8][9]
A total of 1,881 individual athletes won medals.Chinese athletes won the most gold medals with 48 (100 total), and theUnited States won the most total medals with 112 (including 36 gold).[10] Athletes from 87 countries won medals, while 55 nations won at least one gold medal, both setting new records for Olympic Games.[11] Athletes fromAfghanistan (Rohullah Nikpai –Taekwondo,men's 58 kg),[12]Mauritius (Bruno Julie –boxing,bantamweight),[13]Sudan (Ismail Ahmed Ismail – athletics,men's 800 m),[14]Tajikistan (Rasul Boqiev –judo,men's 73 kg),[15] andTogo (Benjamin Boukpeti –canoeing,men's K-1 slalom)[16] won their NOCs' first Olympic medal. Athletes fromMongolia (Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar – judo,men's 100 kg),[17] andPanama (Irving Saladino – athletics,men's long jump)[18] won their nations' first gold medal.
American swimmerMichael Phelps was the most successful athlete, winning eight gold medals and setting a new record for most golds won in a single edition of the Olympics (the previous record, seven, had been set in1972 byMark Spitz).[19] Phelps also set a new record for most career gold medals (14), and his 16 total medals were ranked second all-time behind Soviet gymnastLarisa Latynina (18) at the time. In2012 Phelps set a record for most total medals.[20] Several records for career medals in a sport were tied or surpassed, includingcycling (Bradley Wiggins of theUnited Kingdom won two gold, tied for record with six career medals);judo (Ryoko Tani ofJapan won a bronze, five career medals);softball (Laura Berg of the United States won a gold andNatalie Ward,Melanie Roche andTanya Harding of Australia won a bronze; all have four career medals);swimming (Michael Phelps, 16 career medals);taekwondo (Steven López of the United States won a bronze andHadi Saei of Iran won a gold, both three career medals); andtable tennis (Wang Nan ofChina won a gold and silver medal, five career medals).[20]
The 2008 Olympics had the most medals stripped for doping violations (50). The leading country isRussia with 14 medals stripped.
| Contents | ||
| Statistics References | ||
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles details | Lin Dan China | Lee Chong Wei Malaysia | Chen Jin China |
| Women's singles details | Zhang Ning China | Xie Xingfang China | Maria Kristin Yulianti Indonesia |
| Men's doubles details | Indonesia Markis Kido Hendra Setiawan | China Cai Yun Fu Haifeng |  South KoreaHwang Ji-man Lee Jae-jin |
| Women's doubles details | China Du Jing Yu Yang | South Korea Lee Hyo-jung Lee Kyung-won | China Wei Yili Zhang Yawen |
| Mixed doubles details | South Korea Lee Yong-dae Lee Hyo-jung | Indonesia Nova Widianto Liliyana Natsir | China He Hanbin Yu Yang |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's slalom C-1 details | Michal Martikán Slovakia | David Florence Great Britain | Robin Bell Australia |
| Men's slalom C-2 details | Slovakia Peter Hochschorner Pavol Hochschorner |  Czech RepublicJaroslav Volf Ondřej Štěpánek |  RussiaMikhail Kuznetsov Dmitry Larionov |
| Men's slalom K-1 details | Alexander Grimm Germany | Fabien Lefèvre France | Benjamin Boukpeti Togo |
| Women's slalom K-1 details | Elena Kaliská Slovakia | Jacqueline Lawrence Australia | Violetta Oblinger-Peters Austria |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's road race details | Samuel Sánchez Spain | Fabian Cancellara[G] Switzerland | Alexandr Kolobnev[G] Russia |
| Men's time trial details | Fabian Cancellara Switzerland | Gustav Larsson Sweden | Levi Leipheimer United States |
| Women's road race details | Nicole Cooke Great Britain | Emma Johansson Sweden | Tatiana Guderzo Italy |
| Women's time trial details | Kristin Armstrong United States | Emma Pooley Great Britain | Karin Thürig Switzerland |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's cross-country details | Julien Absalon France | Jean-Christophe Péraud France | Nino Schurter Switzerland |
| Women's cross-country details | Sabine Spitz Germany | Maja Włoszczowska Poland | Irina Kalentieva Russia |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's BMX details | Māris Štrombergs Latvia | Mike Day United States | Donny Robinson United States |
| Women's BMX details | Anne-Caroline Chausson France | Laëtitia Le Corguillé France | Jill Kintner United States |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 3 m springboard details | He Chong China | Alexandre Despatie Canada | Qin Kai China |
| Women's 3 m springboard details | Guo Jingjing China | Yuliya Pakhalina Russia | Wu Minxia China |
| Men's 10 m platform details | Matthew Mitcham Australia | Zhou Lüxin China | Gleb Galperin Russia |
| Women's 10 m platform details | Chen Ruolin China | Émilie Heymans Canada | Wang Xin China |
| Men's synchronized 3 m springboard details | China Qin Kai Wang Feng | Russia Dmitri Sautin Yuriy Kunakov |  UkraineIllya Kvasha Oleksiy Prygorov |
| Women's synchronized 3 m springboard details | China Guo Jingjing Wu Minxia | Russia Yuliya Pakhalina Anastasia Pozdniakova | Germany Ditte Kotzian Heike Fischer |
| Men's synchronized 10 m platform details | China Lin Yue Huo Liang | Germany Patrick Hausding Sascha Klein | Russia Gleb Galperin Dmitriy Dobroskok |
| Women's synchronized 10 m platform details | China Wang Xin Chen Ruolin | Australia Briony Cole Melissa Wu |  MexicoPaola Espinosa Tatiana Ortiz |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's details | Lu Chunlong China | Jason Burnett Canada | Dong Dong China |
| Women's details | He Wenna China | Karen Cockburn Canada | Ekaterina Khilko Uzbekistan |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's details | Andrey Moiseyev Russia | Edvinas Krungolcas Lithuania | Andrejus Zadneprovskis Lithuania |
| Women's details | Lena Schöneborn Germany | Heather Fell Great Britain | Not Awarded |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's details | Jan Frodeno Germany | Simon Whitfield Canada | Bevan Docherty New Zealand |
| Women's details | Emma Snowsill Australia | Vanessa Fernandes Portugal | Emma Moffatt Australia |
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 55 kg details | Nazyr Mankiev (RUS) |  Rovshan Bayramov (AZE) | Park Eun-Chul (KOR) |
 Roman Amoyan (ARM) | |||
| Men's 60 kg details | Islambek Albiev (RUS) |  Nurbakyt Tengizbayev (KAZ) |  Ruslan Tyumenbayev (KGZ) |
| Sheng Jiang (CHN) | |||
| Men's 66 kg details | Steeve Guenot (FRA) | Kanatbek Begaliev (KGZ) | Armen Vardanyan (UKR) |
 Mikhail Siamionau (BLR) | |||
| Men's 74 kg details |  Manuchar Kvirkelia (GEO) | Chang Yongxiang (CHN) |  Yavor Yanakiev (BUL) |
| Christophe Guenot (FRA) | |||
| Men's 84 kg details | Andrea Minguzzi (ITA) |  Zoltán Fodor (HUN) |  Nazmi Avluca (TUR) |
| Vacant[E] | |||
| Men's 96 kg details | Aslanbek Khushtov (RUS) | Mirko Englich (GER) | Adam Wheeler (USA) |
| Marek Švec (CZE) | |||
| Men's 120 kg details |  Mijaín López (CUB) | Mindaugas Mizgaitis (LTU) | Yury Patrikeyev (ARM) |
| Yannick Szczepaniak (FRA) |
Athletes that won at least three gold medals or at least four total medals are listed below.
| Athlete | Nation | Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Michael Phelps | United States | Swimming | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
 | Chris Hoy | Great Britain | Cycling | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
 | Zou Kai | China | Gymnastics | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
 | Stephanie Rice | Australia | Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
 | Libby Trickett | Australia | Swimming | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
 | Ryan Lochte | United States | Swimming | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
 | Nastia Liukin | United States | Gymnastics | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| Kirsty Coventry |  Zimbabwe | Swimming | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | |
 | Shawn Johnson | United States | Gymnastics | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
 | Natalie Coughlin | United States | Swimming | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
Source:[21]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(May 2021) |
^ A.Belarusian athletesVadim Devyatovskiy andIvan Tsikhan, who won silver and bronze respectively in themen's hammer throw, both tested positive for abnormal levels oftestosterone. After attending a disciplinary hearing in September, they were stripped of their medals on December 11, 2008.Krisztián Pars ofHungary was given the silver medal, andKoji Murofushi ofJapan was given the bronze.[22] On June 10, 2010, following a successful appeal to theCourt of Arbitration for Sport, Devyatovskiy and Tsikhan had their medals reinstated.[23]
^ B.Ukrainian athleteLyudmyla Blonska, who finished second in thewomen's heptathlon, tested positive for the steroidmethyltestosterone. On August 22, 2008, the International Olympic Committee officially stripped Blonska of her medal, and as a result, the silver medal went toHyleas Fountain of theUnited States, and the bronze medal toTatyana Chernova ofRussia.[24]
^ C.Norwegian equestrian athleteTony André Hansen's horse tested positive for the pain relieving medicationcapsaicin, a banned substance. Hansen, who won a bronze medal in theteam jumping event, was disqualified. In the team jumping system, the top three scores garnered by the four riders are counted. Hansen had the best score on his team, and it was removed from the total. Without Hansen's score, his team was below the bronze medal threshold so the medal was awarded to the team fromSwitzerland on December 22, 2008.[25]
^ D. On August 15, 2008, the International Olympic Committee announcedNorth KoreanshooterKim Jong-su had tested positive for the banned substancepropranolol and was stripped of his two medals. He had won a bronze medal in the10 metre air pistol and silver in the50 metre pistol. After Kim Jong-su was disqualified, the bronze medal in the 10 metre air pistol went toJason Turner of theUnited States; in the 50 metre pistol, the silver medal went toTan Zongliang ofChina, and the bronze medal toVladimir Isakov ofRussia.[26]
^ E.SwedishwrestlerAra Abrahamian was originally awarded a bronze medal in theGreco-Roman 84 kg event. However, at the medal ceremony, he walked off the podium and dropped his medal on the mat in protest of the judging in his event. On August 16, 2008, the International Olympic Committee decided to strip him of his medal because they felt it amounted to a political demonstration and was disrespectful to other athletes.[27]
^ F. On November 18, 2009, the IOC announced thatRashid Ramzi ofBahrain had been stripped of the gold medal in themen's 1500 m race. Ramzi had been the first athlete from Bahrain to win an Olympic gold medal. His frozen blood sample was re-tested and found to contain traces ofContinuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA), a stamina-building blood-booster.KenyanAsbel Kipruto Kiprop was upgraded to gold,Nicholas Willis ofNew Zealand was given the silver andMehdi Baala ofFrance received the bronze.[28]
^ G. On November 18, 2009, the IOC announced thatItalian cyclistDavide Rebellin had tested positive for Cera and had been stripped of the silver medal he earned in themen's road race.Switzerland'sFabian Cancellara was upgraded to silver andRussia'sAlexandr Kolobnev was given the bronze.[28]
^ Note 1. Although the official opening of the Games was on 8 August 2008, football matches were held beginning on 6 August.[29]
^ Note 2. The fencing programme included six individual events and four team events, though the team events were a different set than were held in2004. TheInternational Fencing Federation's rules call for events not held in the previous Games to receive automatic selection and for at least one team event in each weapon to be held. Voting is conducted to determine the fourth event. In 2004, the three men's team events and the women's épée were held. Thus, in 2008, the women's foil and sabre events and men's épée were automatically selected. Men's sabre was chosen over foil by a 45–20 vote.[30]
Arkady Vyatchanin of Russia and Hayden Stoeckel of Australia tied for bronze.
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