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Ahidden camera orspy camera is acamera used to photograph or record subjects, often people, without their knowledge. The camera may be considered "hidden" because it is not visible to the subject being filmed, or is disguised as another object. Hidden cameras are often considered asurveillance tool.
The term "hidden camera" is commonly used when subjects are unaware that they are being recorded, usually lacking their knowledge and consent; the term "spy camera" is generally used when the subject would object to being recorded if they were aware of the camera's presence. In contrast, the phrase "security camera" refers to cameras that are visible and/or are accompanied by a warning notice of their presence, so the subject is aware of the camera's presence and knows they are being filmed.[citation needed]
The use of hidden cameras raises personal privacy issues. There may be legal aspects to consider, depending on the jurisdiction in which they are used.
A hidden camera can bewired orwireless. Hidden cameras are connected, by cable or wirelessly, to a viewing or recording device, such as atelevision,computer,videocassette recorder,network video recorder,digital video recorder,memory card, or another data storage medium. They may also store their images or recordings online, such as through alivestream. Hidden video cameras may or may not have audio recording capabilities. Hidden cameras may be activated manually, remotely, or through motion detection.
A hidden camera may not be visible to the subject, for example, because it is fitted with along-focus lens and located beyond the view of the subject, or because it is obscured or hidden by an object, such as aone-way mirror. Hidden cameras can be built into a wide variety of items, ranging from electronics (television sets,smoke detectors,clocks,motion detectors,mobile phones,personal computers) to everyday objects where electronics are not expected to be found (stationery,plants,glasses,clothing,street lights[1]).
Common applications for hidden cameras are property security, personal surveillance,photography, orentertainment purposes, though they may also be used forespionage or surveillance bylaw enforcement,intelligence agencies,investigative journalists,corporations, or other entities. They may also be used for illegal activity, such as criminal scope-outs,stalking, orvoyeurism.
Hidden cameras may be installed within common household objects for parents to monitor and record the activities ofnannies and sometimes the children themselves. These hidden cameras are commonly referred to as "nanny cams". The use nanny cams can be a subject of controversy. For example, a 2003 criminal case inFlorida, involving a nanny that was allegedly caught by a nanny cam violently shaking a baby, was thrown out in 2006 when the video was considered "worthless evidence"; however, this was due to issues regarding video quality, not legality, and several earlier cases used clearer nanny cam footage as evidence.[2] Some hidden camera television shows have also led to lawsuits or the cancellation of episodes by the people who were trapped in set-ups that they found unpleasant.[citation needed]
Hidden cameras are sometimes placed in holiday rental apartments such as those advertised onAirbnb. Questions have been raised about the safety and privacy of holidaymakers in these circumstances.[3]
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Hidden cameras are sometimes used inreality television andsocial media, where they are used to catch participants in unusual or absurd situations. Participants will either know they will be filmed, but not always exactly when or where; or they will not know they have been filmed until later, at which point they may sign a release or give consent to the footage being produced for a show. This latter subgenre of unwitting participants began in the 1940s withAllen Funt'sCandid Microphone theatrical short films.
In South Korea, hidden cameras (abbreviated toMolka in Korean) proliferated in the 2010s and enabled the spread of voyeuristic images and videos. The termMolka can refer to both the actual cameras as well as the footage posted online.[6][7]
The use of hidden cameras is generally permitted under UK law, if used in a legal manner and towards legitimate ends. Individuals may use covert surveillance in their own home, in the workplace foremployee monitoring, outside of a domestic or commercial property for security purposes and in security situations where there may be a need to do so. There are a number of laws under theData Protection Act andHuman Rights Acts that may affect the use of hidden cameras.[8]
In any type of covert surveillance, footage should only be used for the purpose for which it has been taken, which must be a legitimate security reason. The person in possession of the footage is responsible for its use, and must only retain footage for as long as it is reasonably needed. It is not permitted to release the footage to third parties except when there is a legal necessity.[citation needed]
It is illegal under UK law to deploy covert cameras in areas where individuals would have an expectation of privacy, such as bathrooms, changing rooms, and locker rooms. It is also illegal to place hidden cameras in someone else's home or on someone else's property.[citation needed]
In the United States, the purchase, ownership, and use of hidden cameras and nanny cams is generally considered legal in all 50 states. However,U.S. Code Title 18, Chapter 119, Section 2512 prohibits the interception of oral communication by "surreptitious manner" such as a hidden recording device, and so most hidden video cameras are not available with audio recording.[9] Additionally, it isillegal in 13 states to record audio without express or written consent of the nanny being recorded. Despite this, some hidden cameras are still sold in the United States with audio recording capabilities, though their use is illegal and their recordings cannot legally be used as evidence.[citation needed]
Media related toSpy cameras at Wikimedia Commons
