Thelion is a commoncharge inheraldry. It traditionally symbolisescourage,nobility,royalty, strength, stateliness andvalour, because historically thelion has been regarded as the "king of beasts".[1] The lion also carriesJudeo-Christian symbolism. TheLion of Judah stands in thecoat of arms of Jerusalem. Similar-looking lions can be found elsewhere, such as in the coat of arms of the Swedish royalHouse of Bjälbo, from there in turn derived into thecoat of arms of Finland, formerly belonging to Sweden.
The animals of the "barbarian" (Eurasian) predecessors of heraldic designs are likely to have been used asclan symbols.[a]Symmetrically paired animals in particular find continuation fromMigration Period art viaInsular art toRomanesque art and heraldry. Adopted inGermanic tradition around the5th century,[3] they were re-interpreted in aChristian context in the western kingdoms ofGaul andItaly in the 6th and 7th centuries. The characteristic of the lion as royal animal in particular is due to the influence ofthe Physiologus, an early Christian book about animal symbolism, originally written in Greek in the 2nd century and translated into Latin in about AD 400.It was a predecessor of the medievalbestiaries. At the time, few Europeans had a chance to encounter actual lions, so that painters had to rely on traditional depictions and had no actual animals as models.
The lion as a heraldic charge is present from the very earliest development ofheraldry in the 12th century. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it subsequently came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb ofGeoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, who died in 1151.[4] An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffrey's widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a blue shield decorated six golden lions rampant and wearing a blue helmet adorned with another lion. A chronicle dated to c. 1175 states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law,Henry I, in 1128.[5][6]
Earlier heraldic writers attributed thelions of England toWilliam the Conqueror, but the earliest evidence of the association of lions with the English crown is a seal bearing two lions passant, used by the futureKing John during the lifetime of his father,Henry II, who died in 1189.[7][8] Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an heraldic emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffrey's shield. John's elder brother,Richard the Lionheart, who succeeded his father on the throne, is believed to have been the first to have borne the arms of three lions passant-guardant, still the arms of England, having earlier used two lions rampant combatant, which arms may also have belonged to his father.[9] Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant (now statant-guardant).[8][10]
Apart from the lions of thePlantagenet (England and Normandy) coat of arms, 12th-century examples of lions used as heraldic charges include theStaufen (Hohenstaufen) andWittelsbach (Palatinate) coats of arms, both deriving fromHenry the Lion, theroyal coat of arms of Scotland, attributed toWilliam the Lion,[b]thecoat of arms of Denmark, first used byCanute VI, thecoat of arms of Flanders (Jülich), first used byPhilip I, thecoat of arms of León, an example ofcanting arms[c] attributed toAlfonso VII (1126), and thecoat of arms of Bohemia, first granted toVladislaus II.
Coats of arms of the 13th century include those of theHouse of Sverre (coat of arms of Norway), theLudovingians (thelion of Hesse used byConrad of Thuringia),Luxembourg, thekingdom of Ruthenia (Volhynia), theHouse of Habsburg (the Habsburgs all but abandoned their original coat of arms after gaining theDuchy of Austria in the 1270s, but it remained in use in derived lineages such as theHouse of Kyburg), thekingdom of Bulgaria and theArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Rubenids).
Unlike theeagle, which is comparatively rare in heraldry because it was reserved as animperial symbol, the lion became a symbol ofchivalry and was not restricted to royal coats of arms. TheZürich armorial (14th century) has a number of coats of arms with lions, most of them ofministeriales of the House of Habsburg.
The lion in thecoat of arms of Bohemia is depicted with two tails (à la queue fourchée). According toMénestrier, this is due to a jest made byEmperor Frederick, who grantedVladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia a coat of arms with a lioncoué, that is, with its tail between its legs. Vladislaus' men refused to follow this emblem, calling it an ape, so that Frederick agreed toimprove the arms by giving the lion not just one but two erect tails.[12]
As manyattitudes (positions) now exist in heraldry as the heraldist's imagination can conjure, as a result of the ever-increasing need for differentiation, but very few of these were apparently known to medieval heralds.[13] One distinction commonly made (especially among French heralds), although it may be of limited importance, is the distinction of lions in the walking positions asleopards.[13] The following table summarizes the principal attitudes of heraldic lions:
| Attitude | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rampant |  | A "lion rampant" is depicted in profile standing erect with forepaws raised.[14] The position of the hind legs varies according to local custom: the lion may stand on both hind legs, braced wide apart, or on only one, with the other also raised to strike; the wordrampant is often omitted, especially in early blazon, as this is the most usual position of a carnivorous quadruped; Note: the termsegreant denotes the same position, but is only used in reference to winged four-legged beasts likegriffins anddragons.[15] |
| Passant |  | A "lion passant" is walking, with the right fore paw raised and all others on the ground.[16] A "Lion of England" denotes alion passant guardant Or, used as anaugmentation.[16] Note: A lion thus depicted may be called a "leopard" (see discussion below). |
| Statant |  | A "lion statant" is standing, all four feet on the ground, usually with the forepaws together.[17] This posture is more frequent incrests than in charges on shields.[18] |
| Salient |  | A "lion salient" is leaping, with both hind legs together on the ground and both forelegs together in the air.[18] This is a very rare position for a lion,[18] but is also used of other heraldic beasts. |
| Sejant |  | A "lion sejant" is sitting on his haunches, with both forepaws on the ground.[19] |
| Sejant erect |  | A "lion sejant erect" is seated on its haunches, but with its body erect and both forepaws raised in the "rampant" position (this is sometimes termed "sejant-rampant").[19] |
| Couchant |  | A "lion couchant" is lying down, but with the head raised.[20] |
| Dormant |  | A "lion dormant" is lying down with its eyes closed and head lowered, resting upon the forepaws, as if asleep.[20] |
Other terms are used to describe the lion's position in further detail. Each coat of arms has a right and left (i.e.dexter andsinister) side -with respect to the person carrying the shield - so the left side of the shield as drawn on the page (thus the right side to the shield bearer) is called the dexter side. The lion's head is normally seen in agreement with the overall position, facing dexter (left) unless otherwise stated. If a lion'swhole body is turned to face right, he isto sinister orcontourné. If hiswhole body faces the viewer, he isaffronté. If hishead only faces the viewer he isguardant orgardant, and if he looks back over his shoulder he isregardant. These adjectives follow any other adjectives of position.
A lion (or other beast)coward carries the tail between its hind legs.[21] The tail also may be knotted (nowed), forked (queue fourchée), doubled (double-queued; as in the arms of the kingdom of Bohemia), or cut off (defamed).
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In addition to the attitudes it is depicted in, a certain variety is present in heraldic lions regarding the presence of additional physical features. Beyond the presence of double or forked tails, heraldic lions are sometimes depicted with two heads, as in the case of the arms of the Mason of Birmingham, from whom they were passed to theUniversity of Birmingham. Alternatively, a lion may be depicted with one head connected to two distinct bodies, in which case it its termed bicorporated. If the conjoined bodies are three, the lion is instead termed tricorporated. These multi-bodied lions, however, are very rare.[22] Also, the claws and tongue of the lion may be described as a different tincture than a "proper" lion. If the claws are a different color, it is said to be armed of that tincture, and if the tongue is a different color it is langued of that tincture. For example, the blazon of the monarch of Scotland isOr, a lion gules, within a double tressure flory counter-flory of the same, armed and langued azure.
The arms of theCinque Ports depict lionsdimidiated with the hulks of ships, incorporating the front half of the lion and the rear of the vessel. This was originally the result of the joining of the lions or of the royal arms of England with the ships argent of the arms of the townships of the Ports. Over time, the conjoined figure came to be considered as a single heraldic charge in itself, and granted as such as new charges.[22]
Winged lions are depicted in arms as both passant and, more commonly, sejant, and also appear as supporters. This figure is commonly referred to as theLion of Saint Mark, although Arthur Fox-Davies defined as a Lion of Saint Mark one present in a specifically religious context and depicted with ahalo.[22] The winged lion is the traditional symbol ofVenice, whose patron saint is Mark the Evangelist.[23]
A sea-lion, also called a morse, is depicted with the tail of afish replacing its hindquarters, hind legs and tail. It is described as naiant when depicted horizontally, and as resurgent when rising from water. They typically appear as supporters, but are also known as charges and crests. The lion-dragon is a lion with the lower body, hind legs, wings and tail of awyvern, although Fox-Davies doubted the existence of this figure outside of heraldry books and reported not to know of any actual use of it. The man-lion, also called a lympago, possesses a human face.[22]
Both lions and leopards may have been among the earliest beasts to appear in heraldry.The Oxford Guide to Heraldry notes that the earliest English treatise on heraldry, a late-13th or early-14th centuryAnglo-Norman manuscript titledDe Heraudrie,[24] mentions the crow, eagle, griffin, heron, leopard, lion, martlet, popinjay, and swan.[25] Citing Bado Aureo, theOxford Guide further suggests that the leopard, said to be "borne of an adulterous union between a lioness and apard," and like amule incapable of reproducing, may be an appropriate charge for a person born of adultery or barred from reproducing (such as anabbot).[26]
As a general rule, English heralds tend to identifylions as rampant (upright, in profile facing dexter), andleopards as passant guardant (walking, head turned to full face), but the heraldic distinction between lions and leopards is often ambiguous and in some cases may be controversial (as in the case of theroyal arms of England, discussed below). Part of the confusion arises from international differences in translation or in the defining characteristics of each, particularly in charges that show some characteristics of each.
English heraldArthur Charles Fox-Davies asserted in 1909 that theleopard, denoting a lion passant guardant, was a term of French origin that had "long since become obsolete in English armory. In French blazon, however, the old distinction is still observed." Fox-Davies continued, "[French heralds] term our lion passant aléopard-lionné and our lion rampant guardant is theirlion-léopardé."[27] Dutch heraldistJohannes Rietstap, however, defined aLéopard lionné as a lion rampant guardant (i.e., upright like a lion with its head turned to full face like a leopard) and aLion léopardé as a lion passant (i.e., walking like a leopard with its head facing dexter like a lion).[28] German-American heraldistCarl-Alexander von Volborth agrees with Rietstap's translations, in contrast to those of Fox-Davies as stated above.[29]
As if to clarify the situation, English heraldist Hugh Clark wrote in hisIntroduction to Heraldry (1829):
The true heraldic lion, according to French authors, is always to be represented in profile, or, as the ancient heralds say, showing but one eye and one ear. His attitude, also, should always be rampant or ravaging. When passant and full-faced, they blazoned him a leopard,vide Lion Leopardé: in England, however, the lions in the royal and other achievements have always been blazoned as lions, however depicted since the time of Henry III, in whose reign they were called "Leopards".Lion Leopardé ... is a French term for what the English call aLion passant gardant. The wordleopard is always made use of by the French heralds to express in their language, a lion full-faced, orgardant. Thus, when a lion is placed on an escutcheon in that attitude which we callrampant gardant, the French blazon it aLion Leopardé. When he is passant only, they call himleopard lioné.[30]
English heraldist Charles Boutell wrote in 1890 that the lions of England were generally termedleopards until the end of the 14th century, including in the roll of arms ofHenry III of England, and in a statute ofEdward I of England, dating to 1300, which made reference to "signée de une teste de leopart—marked with the King's lion."[31] InEnglish Heraldry (1867), Boutell explained:
Only when he was in this rampant attitude did the early Heralds consider any Lion to be a Lion, and blazon him by his true name. A lion walking and looking about him, the early Heralds held to be acting the part of a leopard: consequently, when he was in any such attitude, they blazoned him as "a leopard". The animal bearing that name bore it simply as an heraldic title, which distinguished a Lion in a particular attitude. These heraldic "leopards" were drawn in every respect as other heraldic "lions", without spots or any leopardish distinction whatever. This explains the usage, retained until late in the 14th century, which assigned to the Lions of the Royal Shield of England the name of "leopards". They were so called, not by the enemies of England for derision and insult, as some persons, in their ignorance of early Heraldry, have been pleased both to imagine and to assert; but the English Kings and Princes, who well knew their "Lions" to be Lions, in blazon styled them "leopards", because they also knew that Lions in the attitude of their "Lions" were heraldic "leopards".[32]
InHeraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning (1976), German heraldistOttfried Neubecker explained:
When the blazon does not specifically mention a position, the lion may be assumed to be rampant. If he is in a different position, other terminology must be used, referring to the position of his head and limbs. An early heraldic convention found in medieval blazons uses the distinction between a lion and a leopard previously employed by the ancient Greeks. In antiquity, the lion, having a heavy mane, was generally shown in profile, while the leopard, having less hair, was shown looking towards the observer. A lion looking towards the observer therefore came to be given the name of the animal usually shown in that pose.[33]
According to Neubecker, what inOld French is termed aléopard is alwaysguardant (head turned toward the observer), thus the modern English heraldic terms "lion passant guardant", "lion passant", and "lion rampant guardant" correlate to the Old French termsléopard,lion léopardé, andléopard lionné, respectively.[34]
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A small group of examples is depicted listed below.
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![Noble arms of the Polish Wieniawa family[year needed]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPOL_COA_Wieniawa.svg)
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Western depictions
Heraldic lions have also found their way onto municipal or county seals in the United States.
Outside of classical heraldry, lions have also found their way onto the coats of arms or emblems used by modern states in Asia, often based on traditional depictions of lions in the respective cultures or regions.
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![Emblem of Tibet with a pair of snow lions (1959[citation needed], based on the 1906 Flag of Tibet)](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aEmblem_of_Tibet.svg)
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