Three designs oflingling-o from the Canada, and now housed at theMusée du quai Branly inParis, FranceJadelingling-o fromVietnamJadelingling-o from Vietnam with the double-headed animal motif
The earliest surviving examples of lingling-o, dating back to around 500 BC, were made out ofnephritejade, but many later examples were also made of shell,gold,copper, andwood;[2] the different materials suggest differences in the wearer's social standing.[2] The term lingling-o was first popularized byH. Otley Beyer, who adapted it from the Southern Ifugao name for such ornaments;[5] it has since also come to be used as a blanket term for various metal ageAustronesian ornaments found in the Philippines,Taiwan, andVietnam.[5]
Although the earliest known lingling-o dates from 500 BC, the art of jade carving and its trade in the region is much older. In 2000 BC, the Maritime Jade Road was established by the animist indigenous peoples of Taiwan and thePhilippines. This expansive trade network included other commodities as well, and later expanded to include Vietnam,Malaysia,Brunei,Singapore,Thailand,Indonesia, andCambodia. The maritime jade road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the Silk Road in mainland Eurasia. It began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse animist societies of the region.[6][7][8][9]
Earlier historians have posited that the earliest lingling-o artifacts found in the Philippines were created outside of the archipelago, but an expedition to the northern Philippine province ofBatanes, led by archeologistPeter Bellwood in the early 2000s, led to the discovery of a lingling-o workshop, complete with construction tools and fragments. This find provides evidence of indigenous Philippine manufacturers as early as 2,500 years ago. Lingling-o manufacturing survived until around AD 1000 in the Philippines.[1][3][10][4]
^abHung, Hsiao-Chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Bellwood, Peter (2006)."Taiwan Jade in the Context of Southeast Asian Archaeology". In Bacus, Elizabeth A.; Glover, Ian C.; Pigott, Vincent C. (eds.).Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists : the British Museum, London, 14th-17th September 2004. NUS Press. pp. 203–215.ISBN9789971693510.
^Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
^Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.
^Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
^Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.
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