| Lincoln College | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Oxford | ||||||||||||
 The Front Quad of Lincoln College | ||||||||||||
 Arms:see below | ||||||||||||
| Location | Turl Street,Oxford OX1 3DR | |||||||||||
| Coordinates | 51°45′12″N1°15′21″W / 51.75326°N 1.255905°W /51.75326; -1.255905 | |||||||||||
| Full name | The College of the Blessed Mary and All Saints, Lincoln | |||||||||||
| Latin name | Collegium Lincolniense | |||||||||||
| Established | 1427; 598 years ago (1427) | |||||||||||
| Named for | Richard Fleming (Bishop of Lincoln) | |||||||||||
| Sister college | Downing College, Cambridge | |||||||||||
| Rector | Nigel Clifford | |||||||||||
| Undergraduates | 308[1] (2011–12) | |||||||||||
| Postgraduates | 299 | |||||||||||
| Endowment | £122.4 million(2018)[2] | |||||||||||
| Website | www | |||||||||||
| Boat club | Boat Club website | |||||||||||
| Map | ||||||||||||
  Location in Oxford city centre | ||||||||||||
Lincoln College (formally,The College of the Blessed Mary and All Saints, Lincoln) is one of thecolleges of theUniversity of Oxford,.[3] Lincoln was founded in 1427 byRichard Fleming,Bishop of Lincoln. Thecharter for it was issued byKing Henry VI.
The college is situated onTurl Street in central Oxford and has threequadrangles. The first quadrangle dates from the 15th century, with the second Chapel quadrangle added in the early 17th century and The Grove added in the 19th century. The college library is located in the converted 18th-centuryAll Saints' Church which became part of the college in 1971. Its sister college isDowning College, Cambridge.Mensa, the oldesthigh-IQ society in the world, was founded at the college in 1946.
TheRector of the college is former president of the Royal Geographical SocietyNigel Clifford. Notable alumni include writers Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) and David John Moore Cornwell (John le Carré), former Britishprime ministerRishi Sunak and Labour politicianShabana Mahmood. Past fellows include the founder ofMethodismJohn Wesley, the physicianJohn Radcliffe and antibiotics scientistsHoward Florey,Edward Abraham, andNorman Heatley.
Richard Fleming, the thenBishop of Lincoln, founded the college in order to combat theLollard teachings ofJohn Wyclif. He intended it to be "a little college of true students of theology who would defend the mysteries of Scripture against those ignorant laymen who profaned with swinish snouts its most holy pearls".[citation needed]. To this end, he obtained a charter for the college fromKing Henry VI, which combined the parishes of All Saints,St Michael at the North Gate, and St Mildred's within the college under a rector. The college now usesAll Saints Church as its library and has strong ties with St Michael's Church at the North Gate, having used it as a stand-in for the college chapel when necessary.[4]
Despite insufficient endowment and trouble from theWars of the Roses (for their charter was from the deposedLancastrian), the college has survived and flourished thanks to the efforts of its fellows and the munificence of a second bishop of Lincoln,Thomas Rotherham. Richard Fleming died in 1431, and the first rector, William Chamberleyn, in 1434, leaving the college with few buildings and little money. The second rector, John Beke, secured the college's safety by attracting donors. By 1436, the college had seven fellows. John Forest, Dean of Wells and a close friend of Beke's, donated such an amount that the college promised to recognise him as a co-founder; it did not keep this promise. His gifts saw the construction of a chapel, a library, hall and kitchen.[5] After a pointed sermon from the incumbent rector, Thomas Rotherham was compelled to give his support and effectively re-founded it in 1478, with a new charter fromKing Edward IV.[6]
In the 18th century, Lincoln became the cradle ofMethodism whenJohn Wesley, a fellow there from 1726, held religious meetings with his brotherCharles and the rest of Wesley's 'Holy Club', whom the rest of the university took to calling 'Bible-moths'. His appearances at College became less frequent after he departed forGeorgia as amissionary chaplain in 1735. Indeed, he took to signing his publications as "John Wesley, Sometime Fellow of Lincoln College".[7] A portrait of him hangs in the Hall, and a bust overlooks the front quad. The room where he is believed to have worked is also named after him, and was renovated by American Methodists at the beginning of the 20th century.[8]
As is common with Oxford colleges, the college has a long-standing rivalry with neighbourBrasenose College (which was founded by a later bishop of Lincoln,William Smyth). The two colleges share a tradition revived annually onAscension Day. The story goes that, centuries ago, as a mob chased students at the university through the town, the Lincoln porter allowed in the Lincoln students but refused entry to the Brasenose member, leaving him to the mercy of the mob. An alternative is that a Lincoln man bested a Brasenose man in a duel. Either episode resulted in the Brasenose student's death, and ever since, on Ascension Day, Lincoln College has invited in members of Brasenose College every year through the one door connecting the two colleges, for free beer as penance. Since the nineteenth century, the beer has been flavoured with ivy so as to discourage excessive consumption.[9]
Academically, Lincoln was one of the top ten in theNorrington Table each year from 2006 to 2015 (excluding 2010 and 2011).[10][11] Lincoln ranked third in the Norrington Table in 2021[12] and second in 2022.[13]
The college is associated with the Goblin Club, an exclusive all-male dining society founded in 1902.[14] In May 2019, the JCR voted to extend a ban on the society on the grounds that it was perceived to be both elitist and racist.[15]
In 1958, the college was the first in Oxford or Cambridge to provide aMiddle Common Room exclusively for the use of graduate students.[16][17] Like many of Oxford's colleges, Lincoln admitted its first mixed-sex cohort in 1979,[18] after more than half a millennium as a men-only institution. The MCR is now located in the Berrow Foundation Building, which was inaugurated in 2014.[17]
In 2007, the college took the rare step of unveiling a commissioned portrait of two members of staff who were not fellows or benefactors of the college, in commemoration of their work. Chef Jim Murden and butler Kevin Egleston have worked in the college's kitchen and buttery for 33 and 28 years respectively, as of 2010. ArtistDaphne Todd was commissioned for the painting, who has had such previous sitters as theGrand Duke of Luxembourg andSpike Milligan.[19]
As part of the college's commitment to environmentalsustainability, a dedicatedGreen Impact team was set up in 2021,[20] which has since won an Oxford University gold award.[21]Biodiversity initiatives across the college's various properties have led to creation of awild-flower garden outside the entrance to the college library.[22]
According toNikolaus Pevsner, Lincoln College preserves "more of the character of a 15th century college than any other in Oxford". This is mainly because both the façade toTurl Street and the frontquad are still of only two storeys (although theparapets andbattlements are of the 19th century). The college also owns most of the buildings across Turl Street from the college proper, in whole or in part, which chiefly contain student accommodation. The creeper that covers the college's front quad walls isVirginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) – dark green in the summer through to scarlet in autumn, but bare in winter.[23]
There are three quads: the Front Quad (15th century), the Chapel Quad (1608–1631) and The Grove (19th century), as well as a number of irregular spaces. Unlike many other colleges, all of the architecture of the college proper is stone and there is no modern accommodation annexe. To quote the Lincoln CollegeFreshers' Handbook, "Unlike most colleges, we have no grotty sixties annexe to spoil all the pretty bits".[24] The college bar, Deep Hall (orDeepers), is immediately below the great hall and used to be the college beer cellar. It is one of the oldest parts of the college, and the pillars inside it are perhaps the oldest feature of the college.[citation needed] The wine cellar is accessed through Deep Hall, and extends completely beneath the Grove.
The Rector's lodgings in Turl Street areneo-Georgian and were built in 1929–1930; they are reached from within college through a gate in Chapel Quad, but have a main door on Turl Street.[citation needed]
The college is known as being the setting for many literary works.C. P. Snow was inspired for his novelThe Masters by the story ofMark Pattison, a fellow at Lincoln, whose enthusiastic hopes for Lincoln were frustrated by older, more conservative fellows of the college; Snow's story transposes the story to a Cambridge College.[25] It was the setting for three episodes ofInspector Morse. Later,Lewis has used Turl Street in front of the college for filming. Lincoln College is the setting for much of the plot inHeresy by S.J. Parris (pseudonym for the literary criticStephanie Merritt), a historical crime novel.[26]
Lincoln College has one of the oldest working medieval kitchens in the UK.[27][verification needed]
The collegechapel was built in lateperpendicular style between 1629 and 1631; its windows are enamelled rather than stained, which is a process of painting the windows then firing them, a complicated procedure. They are the work ofAbraham van Linge, who was an expert in this technique. The east window of the chapel depicts twelve biblical scenes: the top six depict scenes from Jesus' life (including theLast Supper), whilst the six below depict corresponding scenes from theOld Testament (includingAdam and Eve atCreation and the whale spitting outJonah). The north windows show theTwelve Prophets, and the south windows theTwelve Apostles. The screen separating theante-chapel (containing the organ) from the chapel proper is made of cedar, and reportedly filled the chapel with the strong scent of cedar for around the first one hundred years of its existence.[28]
Much of the chapel was restored in a project beginning in 1999, having been deemed to be in unacceptable disrepair in the early 1990s, when a funding campaign began. The black slate and white marble tiles were repaired, cleaned and replaced where necessary, whilst most of the age damage was to be found in the woodwork, which was suffering greatly from poor ventilation and having been laid directly on to earth, resulting in worm andwet rot. Cracks in the enamel of the windows were also repaired where most obvious and disfiguring. The renovations were made with the intention of preserving the chapel's 17th-century character as much as possible.[29] The chapel has remained much unchanged since the wooden figurines (ofSaint Peter,Saint Paul,Moses andAaron) were placed on the front pews and the carved ceiling was installed in the 1680s.[28]
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Perhaps the college's most striking feature, its library, is located in the converted 18th-centuryAll Saints Church handed over to the college in 1971. All Saints church tower is a feature of Oxford's skyline, one of the city's "dreaming spires". After the church spire collapsed in 1700, amateur architect andDean of Christ ChurchHenry Aldrich designed a new church. It is believed, however, that on some of the later features of the church, particularly on the tower and spire, the work ofNicholas Hawksmoor, theBaroquearchitect, is to be found. The tower has a full peal of eight bells, which are regularly rung.[citation needed]
Its library holds some 60,000 books. Graduates and undergraduates are able to work in the building until 2.00 a.m. most nights; theBodleian and faculty libraries have earlier closing times.[30] It is kept up-to-date by regular purchases, and welcomes suggestions for books pertinent to studies.[31] The upper reading room, or Cohen Room, has an elaborate plastered ceiling and the Senior Library (downstairs) holds some of the college's older books, including pamphlets from theEnglish Civil War, Wesleyana, and plays dating from the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as well as a small collection of manuscripts. The science library is also to be found downstairs. Access to the library is generally restricted to current students and staff at the college, although alumni may use the library if acceptable justification is provided.[32]
Lincoln College has visiting undergraduate student arrangements withMiddlebury College,Simon's Rock College of Bard,Drew University, andNational Taiwan University.[33] The college also has ties to Middlebury College'sBread Loaf School of English, which runs a summer graduate course using Lincoln's facilities during the University of Oxford's long summer vacation.[34] A clock donated by Middlebury stands in the Porters' Lodge.[citation needed]
The college grace is read aloud at everyformal hall, usually by a student. To encourage readers, students who read the grace twice in a term receive a bottle of wine. The college grace is in Latin.[35][n 1]
The college arms incorporate (1) the arms of Bishop Richard Fleming, the founder; (2) the arms of theSee of Lincoln; (3) the arms of Bishop Thomas Rotherham, the second founder.[citation needed]
Theblazon (description in formal heraldic terms) is:Tierced per pale, Barry of six argent and azure, in chief three lozenges gules, on the second bar of an argent a mullet pierced sable; Argent, thereon an escutcheon of Gules two lions passant guardant or, on a chief azure the Blessed Virgin Mary ducally crowned seated on a throne issuant from the chief, on her dexter arm the infant Jesus and holding in her sinister hand a sceptre, all gold: the escutcheon ensigned with a mitre azure garnished and stringed or; Vert, three stags statant two and one or.
The college guarantees all undergraduates three years of college-owned accommodation. Similarly, virtually all graduate students are provided housing for the duration of their studies. The college's housing stock is extensive and centrally located. About 50 students live on the three quads described above, with over 100 more living in rooms above the shops on the other side of Turl Street.[36] These include the Mitre rooms, formerly guest rooms of theMitre Inn, which has been owned by the college since the 15th century. The accommodation was incorporated into the college in 1969, but the restaurants were left to the inn. Lincoln House, directly across from the college, was constructed in 1939 as an annexe. There were at one point vague plans for a bridge over Turl Street connecting the annexe to the college proper; these never materialised. Further accommodation is provided atBear Lane (acrossHigh Street). Donors Emily and John Carr gave to the college numbers 113 and 114 on the High Street, with land extending back to Bear Lane, which the college still owns and which constitutes the Bear Lane accommodation.[37]
OnMuseum Road nearKeble College is a further accommodation complex. Here, 12 terraced houses are officially called Lincoln Hall, but most commonly referred to as 'Mus Road'. The EPA Science Centre, named afterEdward Abraham, was constructed behind them in the early 21st century and contains apartment-style accommodation, teaching facilities and the college's archives. A number of outlying houses make up the remainder of the housing stock.[citation needed]
Due to Lincoln's small numbers and tight-knit community, itsJunior Common Room (JCR) plays a greater role in student life than do the JCRs of most other colleges.[citation needed] JCR elections, held in Trinity and Michaelmas Terms, attract one of the highest turnouts of any Oxford college.[citation needed] The JCR, like all JCRs in Oxford, is both a communal room for undergraduates (with a television, kitchen, daily newspapers, a DVD library and sofas) as well as the name of the body that represents said undergraduates to the senior members of college and on a university-wide basis.[38] All undergraduate members of the college are automatically members of the JCR, unless they specifically express a desire not to be a part of it. Honorary membership to others is sometimes extended, but have limited rights compared to other members.[39]
The JCR is run by an Executive of ten officers, headed by the President, which is ultimately responsible for the JCR, whilst the JCR Committee comprises forty-two members and fulfils a wide range of duties, all aimed at the general improvement of the lives of and facilities available to the undergraduate body of the college.[39] Members of the JCR Committee are elected by popular vote.[39]Shabana Mahmood, the MP for Birmingham Ladywood, served as JCR president in 2000–2001. JCR meetings are held three times a term, in 2nd week, 5th week and 8th week of each.[39]
The JCR was founded in 1854 as the Lincoln College Debating Society but was renamed in 1919 (although it continued to be referred to by its former name for some time after). From 1886, the society provided members of the Common Room with tobacco and cigarettes from its funds, as well as tea and coffee;[40] however, "The President shall have the power to stop smoking while the Torpid[a rowing eight entering a regatta inHilary Term] and the Eight[an eight entering a regatta inTrinity Term] are in training."[41] Tobacco and cigarettes are no longer available from the JCR, but tea and coffee are to be found in the JCR kitchen.[citation needed]
The Lincoln MCR is the oldest (founded in 1960) of the Oxford MCRs. With around 350 graduate students in residence each year, the MCR organises a full and varied programme of meetings, social events and sporting activities during term time and vacations. The MCR is located in the Berrow Foundation Building, completed in 2016 by design studioStanton Williams.[42][17]
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Notable former students of the college have progressed to careers in academia, business, politics and sports. Alumni include;Philip May (husband of former Prime MinisterTheresa May),Steph Cook (Olympic gold medalist),William Davenant (poet),John Hobson (economist and influential theorist of imperialism),John le Carré (author),Rachel Maddow (political commentator and author),Dr. Seuss (author and illustrator),Rishi Sunak (BritishPrime Minister),Adebayo Ogunlesi (lawyer and investment banker) andEdward Thomas (poet). Between 1998 and 2002, five future Parliamentarians studied at Lincoln at overlapping times: MPsRishi Sunak,Lee Rowley,Miatta Fahnbulleh,Shabana Mahmood and life peerCharles Banner.Princess Elisabeth of Belgium, heir apparent toKing Philippe, started to read history and politics in 2021.[43][44]
Past fellows includeJohn Radcliffe (physician after whom theRadcliffe Camera,Radcliffe Infirmary,Radcliffe Observatory andJohn Radcliffe Hospital are named),Howard Florey (awarded theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 for his role in large scale production ofpenicillin),Edward Abraham andNorman Heatley (biochemists also instrumental in the development of penicillin)Nevil Sidgwick (chemist) andJohn Wesley (theologian).
Lincoln was the first college in Oxford (or Cambridge) to admit a Jewish Fellow, the Australian-bornphilosopherSamuel Alexander (appointed 1882).[45]
In 1955,Paul Shuffrey, the civil servant and editor, and a former Lincoln student, endowed a fellowship in memory of his father, the leading architect and architectural designer,Leonard Shuffrey.[46][47]
Novelist and Lincoln graduateJohn le Carré, himself a one-time spy, revealed that fictional spymasterGeorge Smiley was partly modelled on former Lincoln rectorVivian H. H. Green. At least one other recent Lincoln Rector, SirMaurice Shock, enjoyed a prior career in British intelligence, although there is little evidence to substantiate the college's reputation as a recruiting ground for spies.[48]
From 1954 to 1972, the Rector of the college wasWalter Fraser Oakeshott, most famous for discovering theWinchester Manuscript ofSir Thomas Malory'sLe Morte d'Arthur in 1934 while an Assistant Master atWinchester College. Lincoln College's largest performance space is named after him.
The academicMark Pattison was elected as Rector of the college in 1861 and is thought to have been the inspiration for the character of Dr. Casaubon inGeorge Eliot's novelMiddlemarch.
The current Rector isNigel Clifford who assumed the position in 2024.
