Aliberal arts college orliberal arts institution of higher education is acollege with an emphasis onundergraduate study in theliberal arts of humanities and science. Such colleges aim to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional or vocationalcurriculum.[1] Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects, including general sciences as well as the traditionalhumanities subjects taught as liberal arts. Although it draws on European antecedents,[2] the liberal arts college is strongly associated withAmerican higher education, and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on theAmerican model.
There is no formal definition of a liberal arts college, but one American authority defines them as schools that "emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in the liberal arts fields of study".[3] Other researchers have adopted similar definitions.[4]
Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate, some also offergraduate programs that lead to amaster's degree ordoctoral degree in subjects such asEnglish,general biology,fine arts, andlaw. Similarly, the term "liberal arts college" most commonly refers to an independent institution with a specialty in non-vocational coursework. It may also sometimes refer to auniversity college within or affiliated with a larger university. Most liberal arts colleges outside the United States follow this model.
Liberal arts colleges are distinguished from other types of higher education chiefly by their generalist curricula and small size. These attributes have various secondary effects in terms of administration as well as student experience.[5] For example,class size is usually much lower at liberal arts colleges than at universities, and faculty at liberal arts colleges typically focus on teaching more than research.[6]
From a student perspective, a liberal arts college typically differs from other forms of higher education in the following areas: higher overall student satisfaction, a general feeling that professors take a personal interest in the student's education, and perception of encouragement to participate in discussion.[7] Many students select liberal arts colleges with precisely this sense of personal connection in mind.[7]
From an administrative standpoint, the small size of liberal arts colleges contributes to their cohesion and ability to survive through difficult times.[8] Job satisfaction is also typically higher in liberal arts colleges, for both faculty and staff.[9] The smaller size also makes it feasible for liberal arts colleges to adopt relatively experimental or divergent approaches, such as theGreat Books curriculum atSt. John's orShimer, or the radicallyinterdisciplinary curriculum ofMarlboro.
In addition, most liberal arts colleges are primarily residential,[citation needed] which means students live and learn away from home, often for the first time.
The distinctiveness of these attributes is somewhat eroded by the tendency of universities to adopt aspects of the liberal arts college, and vice versa.[10] For example, several American universities, including theUniversity of California campuses inSanta Cruz andSan Diego, developed a cluster colleges model in which small liberal-arts-college-like units within a larger university form a "honeycomb ofresidential colleges".[11] In addition, some universities have maintained a sub-unit that preserves many aspects of the liberal arts college, such asColumbia College within Columbia University.[10]
Liberal arts colleges themselves sometimes cluster to offer greater curricular breadth or share other resources (for instanceColgate University andHamilton College in New York allow cross enrollment).[12]
In academia, liberal arts generally refer to subjects or skills that aim to provide general knowledge and comprise the arts, humanities, general sciences, and social sciences (rather than professional or technical skills).[13] Most liberal arts colleges, however, also offer courses in subjects that are not traditionally considered part of the liberal arts, such as computer science.[14]
Liberal arts colleges are found in all parts of the world. Notwithstanding the European origins of the concept of liberal arts education,[2] today the term is largely associated with the United States, and most self-identified liberal arts colleges worldwide are built on the American model.[16] The Global Liberal Arts Alliance, which incorporates institutions on five continents, refers to itself as "an international, multilateral partnership of American style liberal arts institutions".[17]
In 2009, liberal arts colleges from around the world formed theGlobal Liberal Arts Alliance, an international consortium and "matching service" to help liberal arts colleges in different countries deal with their shared problems.[18]
Keep in mind,U.S. News & World Report no longer provides rankings for liberal arts colleges at "global" universities. These colleges are members of the top 2,000 universitiesU.S. News & World Report ranks around the world.[19]
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The liberal arts college model took root in the United States in the 19th century, as institutions spread that followed the model of early schools likeHarvard,Yale, andDartmouth, although none of these early American schools are regarded as liberal arts colleges today.[21] These colleges served as a means of spreading a basically European cultural model across the new country.[21] The model proliferated in the 19th century; some 212 small liberal arts colleges were established between 1850 and 1899.[22] As of 1987, there were about 540 liberal arts colleges in the United States.[4]
The oldest liberal arts college in America is considered to beWashington College, the first college chartered after American independence. Other prominent examples in the United States include the so-calledLittle Ivy colleges inNew England, the surviving predominantly femaleSeven Sisters colleges along the northeastern seaboard, theClaremont Colleges inSouthern California, and theOhio Five, but similar institutions are found all over the country. TheMaple League inCanada is a consortium of four universities –Acadia,Bishop's,Mount Allison andSt. Francis Xavier – who together form an alliance of small, rural, undergraduate liberal arts education institutions withFrancophone heritage and a commitment to truth and reconciliation with indigenous communities.
Most liberal arts colleges are private institutions, but a handful of public liberal arts schools exist (such as theUniversity of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia).
According toU.S. News & World Report, the top ten ranked Liberal Arts Colleges in America for 2022 were:Williams College,Amherst College,Swarthmore College,Pomona College,Wellesley College,Bowdoin College,United States Naval Academy,Claremont McKenna College,Carleton College, andMiddlebury College, based on institutional stats and proprietary questionnaires .[20]
Liberal arts colleges in Canada includeAcadia University,Bishop's University,Glendon College ofYork University,Mount Allison University,St. Francis Xavier University,St. Thomas University,Trent University,University of Lethbridge, and theUniversity of King's College.
The leading organization is the National Institute of Educators of Liberal Arts and Artistic Education "Instituto Nacional Superior del Profesorado en Artes" located inBuenos Aires, Argentina, initially created in 1923 byErnesto de la Cárcova, under the name "Escuela Nacional Superior de Bellas Artes", the original school of Liberal Arts building became theErnesto de la Cárcova Museum. From 1983 to 2013 the institute was part of the IUNA National University Institute for the Arts, and since 2014, the Ruanova Institute of Performing Arts and Higher Education, named afterMaria Ruanova, became part of theUNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes, (UNA) National University of the Arts[23][24]
With the exception of pioneering institutions such asFranklin University Switzerland, established as a Europe-based, US-style liberal arts college in 1969,Saint Louis University Madrid Campus, established in 1967, andRichmond, The American International University in London, established in 1972[25] only recently have efforts been made to import the American liberal arts college model to Europe.
In the Netherlands, universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology "university college" since the late 1990s. This trend was spearheaded by Dutch sociologistHans Adriaansens, who was "frustrated with the large-scale climate of university education in the Netherlands".[26] Dutch university colleges of this kind includeLeiden University College The Hague,University College Utrecht,University College Maastricht,Amsterdam University College,University College Roosevelt,Erasmus University College,University College Groningen andUniversity College Tilburg.
Other liberal arts colleges in continental Europe includeThe American University of Paris,Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts in Slovakia,Jacobs University Bremen,Bard College Berlin, theLeuphana University of Lüneburg with their Bachelor program Studium Individuale and the University College Freiburg in Germany. Bard College Berlin was founded in Berlin in 1999 as the European College of Liberal Arts,[27] and in 2009 it introduced a 4-year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English and leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities.[28] In the Czech Republic, theFaculty of Humanities, Charles University, a part ofCharles University started providing liberal arts education in 1994 as the Institute for Liberal Education and gained full academic autonomy in 2000.
Although liberal arts colleges as such remain rare, liberal arts degree programs are beginning to establish themselves in Europe. For example, University College Dublin offers the degree, as doesSt. Marys University College Belfast, both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland. In 2010 the University of Winchester introduced its Modern Liberal Arts[29] undergraduate program, the first of its kind in the UK. In 2012,University College London began its interdisciplinaryArts and Sciences BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.[30]King's College London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.[31] TheNew College of the Humanities also launched a new liberal education programme. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.[32] The first Liberal Arts degree program inSweden was established atGothenburg University in 2011,[33] followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme atUppsala University's CampusGotland in the autumn of 2013.[34] Liberal arts colleges in Italy includeJohn Cabot University andThe American University of Rome in Rome. The University College of North Staffordshire, founded in 1950 in the United Kingdom, was frequently referred to as the "Keele Experiment" because of its innovative curriculum and emphasis on a scholarly community resident together on campus. The college becameKeele University in 1962 and continues to reflect many features of the liberal arts college model. It has been described as the closest example of a liberal arts college in the UK. This distinctiveness was reinforced with the opening of the new Keele Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences in 2016.
In September 2016Chavagnes Studium, a Liberal Arts centre in France, began offering a 2-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts with a Catholic perspective.[35]
Lingnan University inHong Kong was established as a liberal arts college in the early 20th century, although it subsequently became a full-fledgeduniversity.Ginling College in Nanjing similarly followed the model of an American liberal arts college from its founding in 1915 until forced to conform with the Nationalist educational system in the 1930s.[36] In Zhuhai City,Hong Kong Baptist University andBeijing Normal University openedUnited International College, which adopted the liberal arts college education system.
International Christian University inTokyo, which opened in 1953, defines itself as "Japan's first liberal arts college".[37] Other Japanese liberal arts programs include the other four members of the Global Five which includesSchool of International Liberal Studies atWaseda University,Akita International University,Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University andSophia University's Faculty of Liberal Arts.[38]
Yale-NUS College was started in 2011 asSingapore's first liberal arts college as a collaboration betweenYale University in the United States and theNational University of Singapore.[39] It attracted controversy over concerns that Yale was compromising on its liberal values by opening a college in a country where there are strong curbs on freedom of speech and assembly, with Yale faculty members expressing their "concern regarding the history of lack of respect for civil and political rights in the state of Singapore".[40] In response, many existing faculty and students have noted that there has been little repression of freedom of expression at the college and that it provides a great opportunity to promote the liberal arts in Asia.[41] In August 2021, NUS announced the closure of Yale-NUS College, with the Class of 2025 being the last cohort to receive an NUS degree. It will be replaced by NUS College, a merger between Yale-NUS College and the NUS University Scholars Programme.
Kalayaan College in the Philippines is one of the best examples of a liberal arts college in the country. Located in theNew Manila district ofQuezon City, it was founded in 2000 by former educators from theUniversity of the Philippines led byJosé Abueva, President of the University from 1987 to 1993 and current Chairman of the KC Board of Trustees. It offers the same kind of education provided by UP to qualified students who are unable to enter the country's premier state university because of its limited college quotas.[42] The curriculum and grading system is patterned after the academic programs and the grade structure offered by theUniversity of the Philippines and is composed of administrators and faculty members who graduated from UP, and/or are also members of the UP academic community.[43]
Sogang University was founded asSouth Korea's first liberal arts college. In 1960, Jesuits founded Sogang College. Although, it becameSogang University in 1970, it is still following model of American liberal arts college in many aspects.[44]Seoul National University in South Korea established the College of Liberal Studies in 2007, initially as an educational project. However, after being established as a proper college in the SNU, it has become the only college that allows students to create their own major.[45]
Liberal arts colleges in India include undergraduate UG or bachelor's degree/diploma and postgraduate PG or master's degree/diploma as well as doctoral PhD and postdoctoral studies and research, in this academic discipline. The highly rankedIIT Guwahati offers a"Master's Degree in Liberal Arts". There are also programs such asAjeenkya DY Patil University inPune,India,Forman Christian College inLahore,Pakistan,Aga Khan University andHabib University inKarachi, Pakistan andFLAME University inPune,Maharashtra,India, referred to as India's 'first college ofLiberal Education'.[46] The University is a member of the Global Liberal Arts Alliance[47] has also recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) withNuffield College,University of Oxford.[48]
Also,Ahmedabad University, a private,[49] non-profit university offers its students a liberal education which is focused on research and interdisciplinary learning[50].
Baghdad College has offered a liberal arts curriculum since the early 20th century, but despite its name it has never offered more than ahigh school education.[citation needed]Effat University in Saudi Arabia, a women's institution, is a member of the Global Liberal Arts Alliance.[citation needed] Israel's first liberal arts college,Shalem College, was established in 2013.[51]
Three institutions in Africa are members of the Global Liberal Arts Alliance:Al Akhawayn University in Morocco,American University of Cairo in Egypt, andAmerican University of Nigeria. The Egyptian and Nigerian schools are universities with a liberal arts component, but Al Akhawayn was founded on the model of an American liberal arts college.
Ashesi University is a liberal arts college located inBerekuso, Ghana, established in 2002. The school's president,Patrick Awuah, described the school's mission as "educating a new generation of leaders in Africa who think ethically and who are problem solvers and have the ability and the desire to confront problems on the continent".[52]
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Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts college located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its kind in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy and theology.
The Millis Institute is the School of Liberal Arts at Christian Heritage College located in Brisbane. It offers a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts in which students can choose to major in Philosophy, Theology, History or Literature.
A new School of Liberal Arts has been formed in theUniversity of Wollongong; the new Arts course entitled 'Western Civilisation' was first offered in 2020. The interdisciplinary curriculum focuses on the classic intellectual and artistic literature of theWestern tradition. Courses in the liberal arts have also been developed at theUniversity of Sydney andUniversity of Notre Dame.
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