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Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Либерально-демократическая партия России | |
|---|---|
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| Abbreviation | LDPR ЛДПР |
| Chairman | Leonid Slutsky |
| Deputy Head of the Supreme Council | Alexey Ostrovsky[1] |
| State Duma faction leader | Leonid Slutsky |
| State Duma faction's apparatus head | Maxim Zaytsev [ru][1] |
| Founder | Vladimir Zhirinovsky |
| Founded | 18 April 1992; 33 years ago (1992-04-18)[2][3] |
| Preceded by | Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (LDPSU) |
| Headquarters | 1st Basmanny Lane [ru], 3 building 1,Moscow |
| Newspaper | For the Russian People |
| Youth wing | Youth Organization of LDPR [ru] |
| Membership(2019) | 295,018[4] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Right-wing[14] tofar-right[17] |
| International affiliation | World Congress of Patriotic Parties (2003)[18] |
| Affiliated parties | Liberal Democratic Party of Azerbaijan Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus Liberal Democratic Party of Transnistria |
| Colours | Yellow and blue (official) Light blue (customary) |
| Slogan | Freedom, Patriotism, Law (Russian:«Свобода, патриотизм, закон») |
| Anthem | LDPR — Velikaya Rossiya! (ЛДПР — Великая Россия!) |
| Seats in the Federation Council | 3 / 178 |
| Seats in the State Duma | 21 / 450 |
| Governors | 0 / 85 |
| Seats in the Regional Parliaments | 236 / 3,928 |
| Ministers | 1 / 31 |
| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
ldpr | |
LDPR – Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (Russian:ЛДПР – Либерально-демократическая партия России,romanized: LDPR – Liberalno-demokraticheskaya partiya Rossii)[19][20] is a Russianultranationalist andright-wing populistpolitical party. It succeeded theLiberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (LDPSU) inRussia after thedissolution of the Soviet Union. The party was led byVladimir Zhirinovsky since its inception until his death in April 2022. Opposing bothcommunism andstate capitalism of the 1990s, the party scored a major success in the1993 Duma elections with almost 23% of the vote, giving it 64 seats of the 450 seats in theState Duma. In the2021 elections, the party received 7.55% of the vote, giving it 21 seats.
Despite the party's name, it has been described as "neither liberal nor democratic nor a party".[21][22][23] The LDPR was centered around Zhirinovsky,[24][9] and is often described aspopulist,[9][25][26]nationalist,[27][28][29] orultranationalist.[5][30] It has been described as adhering tostatism andauthoritarianism,[31][32][33][34] and has also been described asfascist,[35][36][37] though this label has been disputed.[25] The party, as part of the "systemic opposition", is considered to be traditionally loyal to the Kremlin.[9][38][39] Besides the aforementioned accusations, it has also been described asright-liberal.[40] The party has been a part of thefederal government since May 14, 2024, withMikhail Degtyarev serving asMinister of Sport.[41] Its members are generally called "zhirinovets" (Russian:жириновец,lit. 'Zhirinovite').[42][43]
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An effectivelymulti-party system emerged in theSoviet Union in the late 1980s in wake ofMikhail Gorbachev'sreforms. A formal law for this purpose was introduced in October 1990. In April 1991, theLiberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (LDPSU) became the second officially registeredpolitical party in the country.[2]
Former KGB GeneralFilipp Bobkov has stated that "in line withZubatov's ideas," theCentral Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union "proposed creating a pseudo-party controlled by the KGB" to direct the interests and sentiments of certain social groups, however he said that he was against the idea. FormerPolitburo memberAlexander Yakovlev described how KGB directorVladimir Kryuchkov proposed the creation of the party with Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachev at a meeting.[44] He also stated that the Central Committee took over which led to the creation of the Liberal Democratic Party. Yakovlev called the creation of the party a joint effort of the Central Committee and the KGB.[45][46] In the early 1990s, Mayor ofSaint Petersburg,Anatoly Sobchak claimed that party leaderVladimir Zhirinovsky was a "reserve" KGB captain, and a number of key supporters in the LDPR leadership quit the party, accusing Zhirinovsky of KGB ties.[47]
The outspoken leader of the party,Vladimir Zhirinovsky, an effective media performer,[2] gained 8% of votes during the1991 presidential elections.[48] He also supported theAugust 1991 coup attempt.[49]
In 1992, the LDPSU broke apart into its regional offsprings and the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) was created as its successor in Russia.
In the1993 Duma elections, the pro-reform party supportingPresidentBoris Yeltsin,Russia's Choice, received only 15% of the vote and the newCommunist Party of the Russian Federation only 12.4%. The LDPR emerged as the winner with 22.9% of the popular vote. In effect, the Russian population was divided between those who supported Yeltsin's reforms and to those who did not. It is regarded that the popularity of Zhirinovsky and his party arose from the electorate's dissatisfaction with Yeltsin and their desire for a non-communist solution.[50]
Zhirinovsky is credited with having successfully identified the problems of ordinary Russians and offering simple remedies to solve them. For example, he has suggested that all leaders oforganized crime should be shot and allChechens deported from Russia.[2] Zhirinovsky also called for territorial expansion of Russia. Many of Zhirinovsky's views are highly controversial and the LDPR's success in the early 1990s shocked observers both inside and outside Russia.[48]
TheDuma elected in 1993 was as an interim solution and its mandate expired in 1995. During the two years, Zhirinovsky's popularity waned and his party's support was halved in the1995 elections (11.2%). The Communists emerged as the winners, with 22.3% of the vote.[50]
In thepresidential elections of 1996, the LDPR nominated Vladimir Zhirinovsky as a candidate. Zhirinovsky gained 5.7% of the votes in the first round.
In 1999, the party participated in theelections as a "Bloc of Zhirinovsky" since theCentral Election Commission initially refused to register in the election lists of LDPR, which received 6.0% of the votes.[51] In the3rd State Duma, Zhirinovsky took up the post ofDeputy Chair of the State Duma and the post of the head of the faction occupied by his sonIgor Lebedev.
In thepresidential election of 2000, the party has again put forward Vladimir Zhirinovsky, who won 2.7% of votes.
In theparliamentary elections of 2003, the party won 11.5% of the votes and received 36 seats.
In the2004 presidential election, the LDPR nominatedOleg Malyshkin. The party leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky was hoping to take the post ofPrime Minister of Russia in case of Malyshkin's victory on elections. In the end, Malyshkin scored 2% of votes, having lost the election.[52]
In thelegislative elections in 2007, the LDPR received 5,660,823 votes (8.14%) and received 40 seats in the State Duma.[50]
In the2008 presidential election, Zhirinovsky was re-nominated as a candidate and scored 9.4% of the vote.
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In theparliamentary elections of 2011, the party scored 11.7% of the vote and won 56 seats. In the6th State Duma, Vladimir Zhirinovsky returned to the post of head of the LDPR faction and his son Igor Lebedev has held the position of Vice Chairman of the State Duma. In these elections the LDPR gained over one-fifth of votes inRussian Far East (e. g.Primorsky Krai).
In thepresidential elections 2012, the party again put forward by Zhirinovsky, whose campaign slogan for 2012 was "Vote Zhirinovsky, or things will get worse".[53]Proshka, adonkey owned by Zhirinovsky, became prominent during the presidential campaign when he was filmed in anelection advertisement video. On the last episode of debates withMikhail Prokhorov just before the elections, Zhirinovsky produced a scandal by calling those Russian celebrities which supported Prokhorov, including a pop-diva and a veteran of Russian pop sceneAlla Pugacheva, "prostitutes" ("I thought you are an artful person, politician, cunning man, but you are just a clown and a psycho", replied Pugacheva. "I am what I am. And such is my charm", replied Zhirinovsky).[54] As a result, Zhirinovsky gained 6.2% of the votes.
During thediplomatic crisis following the2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown by Turkey, Zhirinovsky suggested to bomb theBosporus with nuclear weapons.[55]
In theparliamentary elections in 2016, the party improved its result compared to the previous elections. The LDPR surpassed thecenter-left partyA Just Russia, becoming the third largest party in the State Duma. The LDPR won 39 seats, gaining 13.1% of the vote, nearly reaching the second placed Communist Party, which won 13.3% of votes and 42 seats. Also, the party gained single-member constituencies in Russian Far East (notably inKhabarovsk Krai).
In 2015, Zhirinovsky expressed a desire to participate in thepresidential elections in 2018. In the past, key figures in the LDPR other than Zhirinovsky had been discussed as potential presidential candidates, such as Zhirinovsky's son Igor Lebedev as well as his close associatesMikhail Degtyarev,Yaroslav Nilov andAlexei Didenko.[56] After the parliamentary elections of 2016, Zhirinovsky said he would run himself.[57]
On 9 July 2020, the popular governor of the Khabarovsk Krai and member of the LDPR,Sergei Furgal, who defeated the candidate of Putin'sUnited Russia party in elections two years previously, was arrested and flown to Moscow on charges of involvement in the murders of several businessmen in 2004 and 2005.[58] He denied the allegations.[59] Starting on 11 June,mass protests were held in Khabarovsk Krai in support of Furgal. On 20 July, President Vladimir Putin dismissed Furgal from his position of governor and appointed Moscow-based politicianMikhail Degtyarev, who is also a member of the LDPR, as acting governor. Several regional lawmakers in Khabarovsk opted to leave the LDPR in protest against Furgal's dismissal.[60] The protests included chants of "shame on LDPR",[61] with LDPR loyalists outraged at the party leadership's failure to rally around Furgal.[62]
In February 2022, Zhirinovsky was hospitalized incritical condition inMoscow withCOVID-19.[63][64] In March, he was reportedly placed in amedically induced coma,[65] and underwent treatment for COVID-19 complications such assepsis andrespiratory failure.[66][67] Zhirinovsky claimed to have been vaccinated against COVID-19 eight times.[68]
On 25 March 2022, Zhirinovsky was reported to have died in a hospital. Despite confirmation from several sources, including his own political party, the news was quickly denied by family members.[69] On 6 April 2022,Vyacheslav Volodin, theSpeaker of the Duma, announced that Zhirinovsky had died following a long illness. He was 75.[70][71]
After Zhirinovsky's death,Leonid Slutsky, the head of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs, was elected party leader.[62]
In May 2022, an extraordinary congress of the party was held, at which its new leader was elected. Initially, Leonid Slutsky and Khabarovsk GovernorMikhail Degtyarev were considered the main candidates. However, shortly before the congress, Degtyarev declined to run for party leader and publicly endorsed Slutsky.[72] Other persons who declared their intention to run for the leadership of the party were not allowed to vote. In this connection, Slutsky was elected the new leader of the party on an uncontested basis.[62]
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In 2024, Slutsky was nominated as the party's presidential candidate. Speculation about Slutsky's possible intention to run for president began immediately after his election as party leader. At the same time, Slutsky himself refused to give a clear answer about his participation in the elections, stating only that the party would definitely nominate its presidential candidate.[73]
According to media reports, the nomination of Slutsky was the main option for the party's participation in the election. In addition, according to political scientists, participation in the elections was necessary for Slutsky to strengthen his position in the party. If Zhirinovsky was one of the founders and the undisputed party leader, then Slutsky did not have such authority, and he had to fight several intra-party groups at once, includingAlexei Didenko andYaroslav Nilov, who previously were removed by Slutsky from leadership positions in the party's apparatus,[74] and also such asBoris Chernyshov, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma and2023 candidate for Mayor of Moscow, applying for the post of party leader.[75]
In May 2024, when thesecond Mishustin government was formed,Mikhail Degtyarev was appointedRussian Minister of Sport. Degtyarev became the first Liberal Democratic Party member to join the government since 1999.
A number of Russian media outlets noted that Slutsky had purged the party of disloyal politicians.[76] So, in December 2023, former State Duma deputyVasily Vlasov, who was one of Zhirinovsky's closest associates, was expelled from the Liberal Democratic Party.[77] In June 2025, Yaroslav Nilov was expelled from the party, whom Zhirinovsky publicly announced as one of his possible successors.[78]
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The LDPR seeks "a revival of Russia as a great power". It opposes bothcommunism andcapitalism. It prefers amixed economy withprivate ownership, but with a strong management role reserved for the state.[79] Inforeign policy, the party places a strong emphasis on "civilizations". It has supported the restoration of Russia with its "natural borders" (which the party believes includeTranscaucasia,Central Asia,Belarus and Ukraine).[80] The LDPR regards the United States andNATO[81] as Russia's main external threats.
The party has harshly criticised thediscrimination against ethnic Russians in theBaltic states and demanded that they should be givenRussian citizenship and protected against discriminatory legislation.[2] The LDPR is also againstcorruption[82] andenlargement of the European Union, identifying as aEurosceptic party,[83] instead preferringpan-Slavism.[11] Professor Henry E. Hale lists the party's main policy stands asnationalism and a focus inlaw and order.
Although it often uses radical opposition rhetoric, the LDPR frequently votes for government proposals. This has led to speculation that the party receives funding from theKremlin.[48] Political parties in Russia that had broken the 3% voting barrier and entered the parliament (State Duma) are officially financed by government, according to federal law. As such, all opposition parties in the State Duma are largely funded by the federal budget (e. g. in 2018, LDPR received 99.7% of its funding from the government,CPRF 90%, andA Just Russia 81%).[84][85]
Zhirinovsky had stated that he wants to see amonarch titled "supreme ruler" lead Russia and had promised to shoot his political opponents if elected president.[86][87][88]
The party's organization was almost entirely centered on its former leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky, who died on 6 April 2022.[48][89]
The party is in alliance with several parties in the formerSoviet republics, includingArmenia,Belarus,Estonia and Ukraine.[90][91]
In 2003, the party claimed 600,000 members and had issued 475,000 party cards.[2] According to a 2008 survey by Colton, Hale and McFaul, 4% of the Russian population are loyalists of the party.[48]
| No. | Leader (birth–death) | Took office | Left office | Tenure | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .jpg) | Vladimir Zhirinovsky (1946–2022) | 18 April 1992 | 6 April 2022 (died in office) | 29 years, 353 days |
| ― |  | Leonid Slutsky (b. 1968) | 6 April 2022 | 27 May 2022 | 51 days |
| 2 | 27 May 2022 (elected) | Incumbent | 3 years, 183 days | ||
| Election | Candidate | First round | Second round | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| 1991 | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | 6,211,007 | 7.81 | Lost | ||
| 1996 | 4,311,479 | 5.70 | Lost | |||
| 2000 | 2,026,513 | 2.70 | Lost | |||
| 2004 | Oleg Malyshkin | 1,405,315 | 2.02 | Lost | ||
| 2008 | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | 6,988,510 | 9.35 | Lost | ||
| 2012 | 4,458,103 | 6.22 | Lost | |||
| 2018 | 4,154,985 | 5.65 | Lost | |||
| 2024 | Leonid Slutsky | 2,795,629 | 3.24 | Lost | ||
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Rank | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | 12,318,562 | 22.92 | 64 / 450 | 1st | Opposition | |
| 1995 | 7,737,431 | 11.18 | 51 / 450 |  13 | 3rd | Opposition(1995–98) | |
| Coalition(1998–99) | |||||||
| Support(1999) | |||||||
| 1999 | 3,990,038 | 5.98 | 17 / 450 | 34 | 5th | Support | |
| 2003 | 6,944,322 | 11.45 | 36 / 450 |  19 | 3rd | Support | |
| 2007 | 5,660,823 | 8.14 | 40 / 450 | 4 |  3rd | Support | |
| 2011 | 7,664,570 | 11.67 | 56 / 450 | 16 | 4th | Support | |
| 2016 | 6,917,063 | 13.14 | 39 / 450 | 17 | 3rd | Support | |
| 2021 | 4,252,096 | 7.55 | 21 / 450 | 18 | 4th | Support(2021–2024) | |
| Coalition(2024–present) |
Media related toLDPR at Wikimedia Commons| Chairmen |
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