Li Yuanhong | |
|---|---|
黎元洪 | |
 Lic. 1915 | |
| President of the Republic of China | |
| In office 11 June 1922 – 13 June 1923 | |
| Preceded by | Zhou Ziqi |
| Succeeded by | Gao Lingwei |
| In office 7 June 1916 – 17 July 1917 | |
| Preceded by | Yuan Shikai |
| Succeeded by | Feng Guozhang |
| Provisional Vice President of the Republic of China | |
| In office 1 January 1912 – 6 June 1916 | |
| President | Sun Yat-sen Yuan Shikai |
| Succeeded by | Feng Guozhang |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 19 October 1864 Huangpi,Hubei,Great Qing |
| Died | 3 June 1928(1928-06-03) (aged 63) Tianjin,Zhili,Republic of China |
| Political party | Republican Party Progressive Party |
| Other political affiliations | Research Clique |
| Alma mater | Beiyang Naval College |
| Awards | Order of Rank and Merit Order of Wen-Hu Order of the Golden Grain |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Qing dynasty1889–1911  Republic of China1911–1912 |
| Branch/service | Beiyang Navy Hubei Provincial Army Tongmenghui (1911) |
| Battles/wars | First Sino-Japanese War Xinhai Revolution |
Li Yuanhong (Chinese:黎元洪;pinyin:Lí Yuánhóng;Wade–Giles:Li2 Yüan2-hung2;courtesy name宋卿;Sòngqīng;Sung4-ch'ing1; October 19, 1864 – June 3, 1928) was a prominentChinese military and political leader during theQing Dynasty and theRepublic of China. He was theProvisional Vice President of the Republic of China from 1912 to 1913 as well as thepresident of the Republic of China between 1916 and 1917, and between 1922 and 1923.
He was born inHuangpi,Hubei. Li initially pursued a military career, graduating from theTianjin Military Academy in 1896. His leadership and military acumen quickly earned him recognition, leading to his involvement in significant historical events, including the1911 Revolution that ended over two hundred years of Qing rule in China. Li's role in the revolution, particularly his reluctant yet crucial leadership of theWuchang Uprising, established him as a key figure in the new Republic.
In the early years of the Republic, Li held several important positions, including serving as Vice President and later as President. His tenure was marked by efforts to stabilize the new republic amidst internal strife and external pressures. His first presidency (1916-1917) ended abruptly due to acoup by the warlordZhang Xun, who attempted to restore the Qing Dynasty. Li was restored to the presidency in 1917 but struggled to assert control in the fragmented political environment.
Li's later years were spent in relative obscurity after retiring from political life following his second term as president. He continued to be respected for his contributions to the establishment of the Republic of China and his commitment toconstitutionalism and national unity. Li died inTianjin, leaving behind a legacy of cautious yet principled leadership during one ofChina's most turbulent periods. His efforts to bridge the old imperial order and the new republican era are remembered as a testament to his dedication to his country.
A native ofHuangpi,Hubei, he was the son of a Qing veteran of theTaiping Rebellion named Li Chaoxiang (Chinese:黎朝相). He graduated from theTianjin naval academy in 1889 and served as an engineer in theFirst Sino-Japanese war. His cruiser was sunk and he survived because of his life belt, since he could not swim. He later joined theHubeiNew Army and became senior military officer inHankou. In 1910, he attempted to break up revolutionary rings that infiltrated his 21st Mixed Brigade. He did not arrest anyone caught in subversive activities, but simply dismissed them.
When theXinhai Revolution of 1911 broke out, theWuchang mutineers needed a visible high-ranking officer to be their figurehead. Li was well respected, had supported theRailway Protection Movement, and knew English, which would be useful in dealing with foreign concerns. He was reportedly dragged from hiding under his wife's bed and forced at gunpoint to be the provisional military governor of Hubei despite killing several of the rebels. Though reluctant at first, he embraced the revolution after its growing momentum and was named military governor of China on 30 November. Qing PremierYuan Shikai negotiated a truce with him on 4 December.
While Li commanded the rebel army,Sun Yat-sen of theRevolutionary Alliance became the first provisional president inNanjing on 1 January 1912. Li was made vice president as a compromise and he formed People's Society to campaign for the presidency. Meanwhile, the north was still under the control of the Qing. A negotiation made Sun step down in favor ofYuan Shikai as president with Li keeping his vice-presidency. This ended the Qing dynasty and reunified north and south China. People's Society later merged with the pro-YuanRepublican Party.
In 1913, he combined the Republicans withLiang Qichao's Democratic Party to form theProgressive Party. The Progressives became the biggest rivals to the oppositionNationalists led by Sun. He supported Yuan against Sun during the Second Revolution which earned him the enmity of his former comrades. When Yuan pulled off his presidential coup, Li was viewed as a potential threat and confined inBeijing where he became a passive bystander under Yuan's grip. Yuan could never fully trust Li because he wasn't a protégé within theBeiyang Army's inner circle and because of his past association with the revolutionaries. Nevertheless, Yuan married his son to Li's daughter to strengthen their ties. Li kept his office and honors as vice president but had no power. Some factions called on Li to claim the presidency when Yuan crowned himself emperor in 1916. He refused for fear of his life but he also declined the aristocratic title of Prince granted by Yuan in theEmpire of China (1915–16),[1] a decision which would help his standing later on. Li remained in self-imposed isolation at his residence during the monarchic period, and until the death of Yuan.
Li served as president from 7 June 1916 to 17 July 1917. When Yuan died, he left a will containing Li's name along with PremierDuan Qirui andXu Shichang. The will was an imperial tradition started by theKangxi Emperor, and was not constitutional in the republic. Nevertheless, the Beiyang generals pressed Li into office, since he was acceptable to therebellious southern provinces. Li tried to return to the 1912 constitutional arrangement, but Duan held the real power. TheNational Assembly of the Republic of China reconvened on 1 August 1916, after having been disbanded over two and a half years earlier. Duan was eager to pull China intoWorld War I but Li was more hesitant. They conflicted greatly over Duan's decision to cut ties withGermany. Li forced Duan to resign on 23 May 1917, when the premier's secret loans fromJapan were exposed. Duan fled to Tianjin to muster his forces, and most generals abandoned the government. In response, Li asked GeneralZhang Xun for assistance. In exchange, Zhang asked for the dissolution of parliament which was granted on 13 June. Zhang, who was secretly pro-German, unexpectedly occupied Beijing from 14 June to 12 July 1917 and kept the president prisoner. Zhang then proceeded with a move that would undermine most of his support when heattempted to restore EmperorPuyi and the Qing dynasty on 1 July. Li was released to the Japanese legation where he asked for Duan's assistance in saving the republic. Duan overthrew Zhang within two weeks, and restored the republic by 12 July; Duan himself was reinstated as premier by 14 July. Vice PresidentFeng Guozhang was made acting president in Nanjing. On 17 July, distraught from recent events, Li officially resigned from office and moved to Tianjin in retirement.
He served again as president of China between 11 June 1922 and 13 June 1923 afterCao Kun forced out PresidentXu Shichang. Li was chosen because he was respected by all of the factions and was hoped to reunify the country. He accepted only with the private assurances thatwarlord forces be disbanded; they were never honored. Like his first term, he called back the original National Assembly but he was even more powerless than before. He organized the "Able Men Cabinet" consisting of prestigious experts but it became undone when he arrested the finance minister for graft after examining rumours and circumstantial evidence; a court threw out the charges. Cao soon harbored presidential ambitions himself and orchestrated strikes to force Li out of office. Cao went as far as trying to bribe the assembly into impeaching him. When Li was vacating the capital, he attempted to take the presidential seal with him but was intercepted. He fled to Japan for medical treatment and returned to Tianjin in 1924 where he later died. His tomb, built in 1935 and restored in 2011, is situated on campus ofCentral China Normal University in Wuhan. He marriedWu Jingjun (1870-1930) and had four children.
Media related toLi Yuanhong at Wikimedia Commons| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by | President of the Republic of China First term 1916–1917 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of the Republic of China Second term 1922–1923 | Succeeded by |
| Beiyang government (1913–1928) |
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| Constitutional government indirect elections(1948–1996) | ||
| Constitutional government direct elections(since 1996) | ||
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