The city anchors theLexington–Fayette metropolitan area of 516,811 people and the greaterLexington–Fayette–Richmond–Frankfort combined statistical area of 747,919 people. It has been consolidated entirely within Fayette County since 1974 and has a nonpartisan mayor-council form of government, with 12 council districts and three members elected at large, with the highest vote-getter designated vice mayor.
Lexington was named in June 1775, in what was then consideredFincastle County, Virginia, 17 years beforeKentucky became astate. A party of frontiersmen, led by William McConnell, camped on the Middle Fork ofElkhorn Creek (now known as Town Branch and rerouted under Vine Street) at the site of the present-dayMcConnell Springs. Upon hearing of the colonists' victory in theBattles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, they named the site Lexington. It was the first of many American places to be named after theMassachusetts town.[6]
On January 25, 1780, 45 original settlers signed the Lexington Compact, known also as the "Articles of Agreement, made by the inhabitants of the town of Lexington, in theCounty of Kentucky."[7] The settlement at Lexington at this time was also known as Fort Lexington, as it was surrounded by fortifications to protect from potential attacks from British-allied Indians. The Articles allocated land by granting "In" lots of 1/2 acre to each share, along with "Out" lots of 5 acres for each share. Presumably the "In" lots were for the family dwelling inside the fortifications, while the "Out" lots were to be "cleared" for farming. (Corn is the only crop specifically mentioned in the Articles.) It is known that several of these original settlers (perhaps many of them) served under GeneralGeorge Rogers Clark in theIllinois campaign (also called the Northwestern campaign) against the British in 1778–79.[8][9] While the ostensible founder of Lexington, William McConnell, is not one of the signees, an Alexander McConnell is. Within two years of signing the Agreement, both John and Jacob Wymore were killed by Indians in separate incidents outside the walls of "Fort Lexington".[10]
HistoricHenry Clay law office in downtown Lexington
In December 1781, a huge caravan of around 600 pioneers from Spotsylvania County, Virginia—dubbed "The Travelling Church"—arrived in the Lexington area. Led by the preacher Lewis Craig and Captain William Ellis, the Travelling Church established numerous churches, including the South Elkhorn Christian Church in Lexington.[11] On May 6, 1782, the town of Lexington was chartered by an act of theVirginia General Assembly.[2] Around 1790, theFirst African Baptist Church was founded in Lexington byPeter Durrett,[12] a Baptist preacher andslave held by Joseph Craig. Durrett had helped guide "The Travelling Church" on its trek to Kentucky. This church is the oldest black Baptist congregation in Kentucky and the third-oldest in the United States.[12][13]
In the early 1800s, Lexington was a rising city of the vast territory to the west of the Appalachian Mountains; Josiah Espy described it in a published version of his notes as he toured Ohio and Kentucky:[14]
Lexington is the largest and most wealthy town in Kentucky, or indeed west of the Allegheny Mountains; the main street of Lexington has all the appearance of Market Street in Philadelphia on a busy day ... I would suppose it contains about five hundred dwelling houses [it was closer to three hundred], many of them elegant and three stories high. About thirty brick buildings were then raising, and I have little doubt but that in a few years it will rival, not only in wealth, but in population, the most populous inland town of the United States ... The country around Lexington for many miles in every direction, is equal in beauty and fertility to anything the imagination can paint and is already in a high state of cultivation.[15]
In the early 19th century, Lexington planterJohn Wesley Hunt became the first millionaire west of the Alleghenies.Henry Clay, a lawyer who married into one of the wealthiest families of Kentucky and served as Speaker of theUnited States House of Representatives in 1812, helped to lead theWar Hawks, pushing for war with Britain to bolster the markets of American products.[16] Six companies of volunteers came from Lexington, with a rope-walk on James Erwin's farm on the Richmond Road used as a recruiting office and barracks until the war ended.[17] Several Lexingtonians served with prominence as officers in the war. For example, Captain Nathaniel G.S. Hart commanded the Lexington Light Infantry (also known as the "Silk Stocking Boys") and was killed while a captive after the Battle of the River Raisin.[18] Henry Clay also served as a negotiator at theTreaty of Ghent in 1814.
The growing town was devastated by acholera epidemic in 1833, which had spread throughout the waterways of the Mississippi and Ohio valleys: 500 of 7,000 Lexington residents died within two months, including nearly one-third of the congregation ofChrist Church Episcopal.[19]London Ferrill, second preacher of First African Baptist, was one of three clergy who stayed in the city to serve the suffering victims.[13]
Farmers in the areas around Lexington held slaves for use as field hands, laborers, artisans, anddomestic servants. In the city, slaves worked primarily as domestic servants and artisans, although they also worked with merchants, shippers, and in a wide variety of trades. Farms raised commodity crops of tobacco and hemp, and thoroughbred horse breeding and racing became established in this part of the state. By 1850, Lexington had the highest concentration of enslaved people in the entire state. The city also had a significant population offree blacks, who were often of mixed race. By 1850, First African Baptist Church, led byLondon Ferrill, a free black from Virginia, had a congregation of 1,820 persons. At that time, First African Baptist Church had the largest congregation of any church, black or white, in the state of Kentucky.[13]
City school superintendent Massillon Alexander Cassidy (1886–1928) implementedProgressive Era reforms. He focused on upgrading the buildings and setting up teacher-training. He emphasized the need to improve literacy rates and expand access to public schooling. Cassidy's own philosophy stressed the use of science, business, and expertise. He also had a paternalistic attitude toward blacks, who were in segregated public schools.[20]
Amidst the tensions between black and white populations over the lack ofaffordable housing in the city, a race riot broke out on September 1, 1917. At the time, the Colored A. & M. Fair (one of the largest African American fairs in the South) on Georgetown Pike had attracted more African Americans from the surrounding area into the city. Also during this time, someUnited States National Guard troops were camping on the edge of the city. Three troops passed in front of an African American restaurant and shoved some people on the sidewalk. A fight broke out, reinforcements for the troops and civilians both appeared, and soon a riot began. TheKentucky National Guard was summoned, and once the riot had ended, armed soldiers and police patrolled the streets. All other National Guard troops were barred from the city streets until the fair ended.[21]
On February 9, 1920, tensions flared up again, this time over the trial ofWill Lockett, a black man who murdered Geneva Hardman, a 10-year-old white girl. When a large mob gathered outside the courthouse where Lockett's trial was underway, Kentucky GovernorEdwin P. Morrow massed the National Guard troops into the streets to work alongside local law enforcement. As the mob advanced on the courthouse, the National Guard opened fire, killing six and wounding 50 others. Fearing further retaliation from the mob, Morrow urged theUnited States Army to provide assistance. Led by Brigadier GeneralFrancis C. Marshall, approximately 1,200 federal troops from nearbyCamp Zachary Taylor moved into the city the same day to assist National Guard forces and local police in bringing order and peace. Marshall declaredmartial law in the city and had soldiers positioned throughout the area for two weeks. Lockett was eventually executed on March 11 at theKentucky State Penitentiary inEddyville, after being found guilty of murdering Hardman.[22]
In 1935, during theGreat Depression, the Addiction Research Center (ARC) was created as a small research unit at theUnited States Public Health Service hospital in Lexington.[23] Founded as one of the firstdrug rehabilitation clinics in the nation, the ARC was affiliated with a federal prison. Expanded as the first alcohol and drug rehabilitation hospital in the United States, it was known as "Narco" of Lexington. The hospital was later converted to operate as part of thefederal prison system; it is known as theFederal Medical Center, Lexington and serves a variety of health needs for prisoners. Lexington also served as the headquarters for apack horse library in the late 1930s and early 1940s.[24]
The Lexington-Fayette metro area includes five additional counties:Clark,Jessamine,Bourbon,Woodford, andScott. This is the second-largest metro area in Kentucky after Louisville. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 285.5 sq mi (739 km2), of which 284.5 sq mi (737 km2) is land and 1.0 sq mi (2.6 km2), or 0.35%, is covered by water.[25]
Lexington's strict urban growth boundary protects area horse farms from development.
Lexington has had to manage a rapidly growing population while working to maintain the character of the surrounding horse farms that give the region its identity. In 1958, Lexington enacted the nation's firsturban growth boundary, restricting new development to an urban service area (USA). It set a minimum area requirement of 40 acres (160,000 m2) to maintain open space for landholdings in the rural service area.[26]
West Short Street in downtown
In 1980, the comprehensive plan was updated: the USA was modified to include urban activity centers (UACs) and rural activity centers (RACs).[27] The UACs were commercial and light-industrial districts in urbanized areas, while RACs were retail trade and light-industrial centers clustered around theInterstate 64/Interstate 75 interchanges. In 1996, the USA was expanded when 5,300 acres (21 km2) of the RSA were acquired through the expansion area master plan (EAMP).[26] This was controversial: this first major update to the comprehensive plan in over a decade was accompanied by arguments among residents about the future of Lexington and the Thoroughbred farms.[27]
The EAMP included new concepts of impact fees, assessment districts, neighborhood design concepts, design overlays, mandatorygreenways, major roadway improvements, storm water management, and open-space mitigation for the first time. It also included a draft of the rural land management plan, which included large-lot zoning and traffic-impact controls. A pre-zoning of the entire expansion area was refuted in the plan. A 50-acre (200,000 m2) minimum proposal was defeated. Discussion of this proposal appeared to stimulate the development of numerous 10-acre (40,000 m2) subdivisions in the RSAs.[27]
Three years after the expansion was initiated, the RSA land management plan was adopted, which increased the minimum lot size in the agricultural rural zones to 40 acres (160,000 m2).[26] In 2000, a purchase of development rights plan was adopted, granting the city the power to purchase the development rights of existing farms; in 2001, $40 million was allocated to the plan from a $25 million local, $15 million state grant.[27]
Lexington is in the northern periphery of thehumid subtropical climate zone (Köppen:Cfa),[28] with hot, humid summers and moderately cold winters with occasional mild periods; it falls in USDAhardiness zone 6b.[29] The city and the surrounding Bluegrass region have four distinct seasons that include cool plateau breezes; moderate nights in the summer; and no prolonged periods of heat, cold, rain, wind, or snow. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 33.9 °F (1.1 °C) in January to 76.7 °F (24.8 °C) in July, while the annual mean temperature is 56.3 °F (13.5 °C).[30] On average, 25 days at or above 90 °F (32 °C) occur annually and 23 days per winter where the high is at or below freezing.[31] Annual precipitation is 49.84 in (1,270 mm), with the late spring and summer being slightly wetter; snowfall averages 14.5 in (37 cm) per season.[31] Extreme temperatures range from −21 °F (−29 °C) on January 24, 1963, to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 10 and 15, 1936.[30]
The Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includesBourbon,Clark, Fayette,Jessamine,Scott, andWoodford Counties. The MSA population is 516,811 as of the 2020 census.[35]
Lexington, Kentucky – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of the 2020 census, there were 322,570 people, 129,784 households, and 74,761 families within the city. The population density was 1,137.3/sq mi (439.1/km2). Theracial makeup of the city was 70.7%non-Hispanic White, 15.6%Black or African American, 0.3%Native American, 4.1%Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 7.4% of the population.
The most common spoken language in Lexington is English with theSouthern American English dialect being the native and most common of the city and region, but there are approximately 196 languages from all parts of the world spoken in Lexington.[41] The non-English language spoken by the largest group isSpanish followed bySwahili.[42] Other more common non-English languages in the city areArabic,Nepali,Japanese,French,Mandarin,Kinyarwanda,Korean andPortuguese.[41] Local estimates drawn fromEnglish Language Learner enrollment inFayette County Public Schools estimates that approximately 23% of the total Lexington population speaks a language other than English at home.[41]
Of the 131,929 households reported in the 2019American Community Survey, 52% were married couples living together, 15% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27% were non-families. 28.4% of households were home to children under the age of 18. The average household size was 2.37, and the average family size was 2.99. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
In 2019, 20.9% of residents were under the age of 18, 14.2% were from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $57,291 in 2019, slightly below the national average of $62,843, and for a family it was $53,264. Males living alone had a median income of $36,268 versus $30,811 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $34,442. About 8.7% of families and 14.6% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 17.6% of those under the age of 18 and 9.4% of those ages 65 and older.
The table below illustrates the population growth of Fayette County since the first U.S. Census in 1790. Lexington city limits became coterminous with Fayette County in 1974.
Lexington has one of the nation's most stable economies. Lexington describes itself as having "a fortified economy, strong in manufacturing, technology, and entrepreneurial support, benefiting from a diverse, balanced business base".[49] The Lexington Metro Area had an unemployment rate of 3.7% in August 2015, lower than many cities of similar size.[50]
Other sizable employers include the Lexington-Fayette County government and other hospital facilities. TheFayette County Public Schools employ 5,374, and the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government employs 2,699. Central Baptist Hospital,Saint Joseph Hospital, Saint Joseph East, and the Veterans Administration Hospital employ 7,000 persons in total.[51]
June has two popular music festivals: Bluegrass and Broadway. TheFestival of the Bluegrass, Kentucky's oldestbluegrass music festival, is in early June; it includes three stages for music and a "bluegrass music camp" for school children. For more than two decades, during the second and third weekends, UK Opera Theatre presents a Broadway medley "It's A Grand Night for Singing!"[59]
Later in June, the Gay and Lesbian Services Organization hosts the Lexington Pride Festival, which celebratespride of theLGBTQIA+ community and welcomesallies. The festival offers live music, crafts, food, and informational booths from diverse service organizations. Lexington MayorJim Gray, elected in 2010 and openly gay, proclaimed June 29, 2013, as Pride Day.[60] Lexington has one of the highest concentrations of gay and lesbian couples in the United States for a city its size.[60]
Area residents gather downtown for the Fourth of July festivities, which extend for several days. On July 3, theGratz Park Historic District is transformed into an outdoor music hall, when the Patriotic Music Concert is held on the steps of Morrison Hall at Transylvania University. The Lexington Singers and theLexington Philharmonic Orchestra perform at this event. On the Fourth, events include a reading of theDeclaration of Independence on the steps of the Old Courthouse, a10K run, a parade, street vendors for wares and food, and fireworks.[61][62] The Woodland Arts Fair, an outdoor art fair hosted by the Lexington Art League in the summer, is almost five decades old and attracts over 70,000 attendees.[63][64]
"Southern Lights: Spectacular Sights on Holiday Nights", which takes place from November 18 to December 31, is held at theKentucky Horse Park. It includes a 3 mi (4.8 km) drive through the park, showcasing numerous displays, many in character with the horse industry and history of Lexington. The "Mini-Train Express", an indoor petting zoo featuring exotic animals, the International Museum of the Horse, an exhibit showcasing the Bluegrass Railway Club's model train, andSanta Claus are other major highlights.[65]
LexArts Gallery HOP is a seasonal event when the city's art galleries are open to the public on the third Friday of January, March, May, July, September, and November.[67]
TheUniversity of Kentucky Art Museum is the premier art museum for Lexington and the only accredited museum in the region. Its collection of over 4,000 objects ranges from Old Masters to Contemporary. It regularly hosts special exhibitions.[69]
The localWoolworth's building was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places for its significance as a site of protests during theCivil Rights Movement againstsegregation during the 1960s. Activists conducted sit-ins to gain integrated lunch service, full access to facilities, and more employment. However, in 2004, the building was demolished by its owner, and the area was paved for use as a parking lot until further development.[70]
Kroger Field (formerly Commonwealth Stadium) during a Kentucky Football Game against the Florida Gators
TheKentucky Wildcats, the athletic program of the University of Kentucky, is Lexington's most popular sports entity. The school fields 22 varsity sports teams, most of which compete in theSoutheastern Conference as a founding member.[72] Themen's basketball team is one of the winningest programs inNCAA history, having won eight national championships. The basketball program was also the first to reach 2000 wins.[73]
The city is home to twohorse-racing tracks,Keeneland andThe Red Mile harness track. Keeneland, sporting live races in April and October, is steeped in tradition; little has changed since the track's opening in 1936. Keeneland hosted the2015 Breeders' Cup, with the event's signature race, theBreeders' Cup Classic, won byTriple Crown winnerAmerican Pharoah. This track also has the world's largest Thoroughbred auction house; 19Kentucky Derby winners, 21Preakness Stakes winners, and 18Belmont Stakes winners were purchased at Keeneland sales. Its most notable race is theBlue Grass Stakes, which is considered an important preparation for the Kentucky Derby. The Red Mile is the oldest horse racing track in the city and the second-oldest in the nation. It runs liveharness races, in which horses pull two-wheeled carts called sulkies. The two tracks announced a partnership in 2014.[79]
TheKentucky Horse Park, located along scenicIron Works Pike in northern Fayette County, is a comparative latecomer to Lexington, opening in 1978. Although commonly known as a tourist attraction and museum, it is also a working horse farm with afarrier and famous retired horses such as 2003 Kentucky Derby winnerFunny Cide. Since its opening in April 1978, the Kentucky Horse Park has hosted theRolex Kentucky Three Day Event, which is one of the top-three annual equestrianeventing competitions in the world and is held immediately before theKentucky Derby atChurchill Downs inLouisville. In September and October 2010, Lexington was the first city outside of Europe to host theWorld Equestrian Games.[80]
A player shoots a shot at the 2023 Lexington Dirt Bowl at Douglass Park.
Lexington is home toRoller Derby of Central Kentucky andLexington Bike Polo League. In 2017, Lexington hosted the World Hardcourt Bike Polo Championship, the most competitive bike polo tournament in the world, at facilities in Coolavin Park.[81] Two years prior the city hosted the North American Hardcourt Bike Polo Championship for teams from across Canada, Mexico, and the United States.[82] In 2023, Roller Derby of Central Kentucky returned to competitive play at Central Bank Center after a three-year hiatus.[83]
The Dirt Bowl is a long-standing local basketball tournament held by Lexington Parks and Recreation at Douglass Park. The league has been around since the early 1970s. Sports Illustrated covered it in 1983 and called it one of the premier summer leagues in the country at the time. The basketball courts at Douglass Park were originally dirt, giving the tournament its "Dirt Bowl" name. The courts have since been paved.[84]
Lexington has over 100 parks, ranging in size from the 8,719 sq ft (810.0 m2) Smith Street Park to the 659-acre (2.7 km2) Masterson Station Park.[85][86] Many Lexington parks recently received improvements as part of a $25,183,270.63 investment from theAmerican Rescue Plan Act.[87] Lexington's parks include:
Five public golf courses at Kearney Hill Links, Lakeside, Meadowbrook, Tates Creek, and Picadome
Sixdog parks at Jacobson, Masterson Station, Coldstream, Pleasant Ridge, Veteran's Park, and Wellington
Three public 18-holedisc golf courses at Shillito Park, Jacobson Park, and Veterans Park
A public skate park at Woodland Park, featuring 12,000 sq ft (1,100 m2) of "ramps, platforms, bowls, and pipes"[85]
Lexington-Fayette elects a mayor on a nonpartisan basis every four years.[90] The current mayor, Linda Gorton, is a registered Republican[91] and is in her second term. She defeated former councilmember David Kloiber in the November 2022 General Election by a 71% to 14% margin.[92] Gorton, 75, is eligible to run for one additional term in 2026. The mayor may serve up to three consecutive terms.[90]
The city's legislative branch is the 15-memberUrban County Council. Twelve of the members represent specific districts and serve two-year terms; three are "at-large" members elected citywide and serve four-year terms. The at-large member receiving the highest number of votes in the general election automatically becomes the vice mayor, who acts as the presiding officer of the council when the mayor is absent.
The Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government Center
Most Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government meetings are open to the public. Council meetings are held Thursdays at 6 p.m. at the LFUCG Government Center at 200 East Main Street.[93]
Lexington has three main active judicial courts in its downtown district. It is served by Fayette Circuit Court, Fayette District Court, and US District Court, Eastern District of Kentucky Lexington Division.[94][95]
Memorial Hall is the most frequently photographed building at the University of Kentucky.
According to theUnited States Census, among Lexington's population over the age of 25, 22.4% hold a bachelor's degree, 11.4% hold a master's degree, 3.1% hold a professional degree, and 2.6% hold a doctoral degree.
The city is served by theFayette County Public Schools. The system currently consists of six district high schools, along with multiple smaller multidistrict high schools, 12 middle schools, one combined middle/high school, and 37 elementary schools, and is supplemented with many private schools. FCPS opened two new elementary schools in August 2016, and opened a new high school in August 2017.[96][97][98] Fayette County Public Schools' Fiscal Year 2023 – 2024 general fund budget is $677,440,375.[99]
The two traditional colleges arethe University of Kentucky, which is the state's flagship public university, andTransylvania University, which is the state's oldest four-year university and the first university west of the Alleghenies.[100]
The office of theLexington Herald-Leader on Loudon Avenue in Lexington, Kentucky
Lexington's largest daily circulating newspaper is theLexington Herald-Leader.Business Lexington[101] is a monthly business newspaper. TheChevy Chaser Magazine[102] andSouthsider Magazine[102] are two community publications.
The region is also served by eight primary television stations, includingWLEX,WKYT,WDKY,WTVQ,WLJC,WUPX,WKLE,WKON. The state's public television network,Kentucky Educational Television, is headquartered in Lexington and is one of the nation's largest public networks, reaching all 1.6 million television households in the state.[103]
Lexington suffers considerabletraffic congestion for a city of its size due to the lack of freeways, the proximity of the University of Kentucky to downtown, and the substantial number ofcommuters from outlying towns.[citation needed] For traffic relief on northern New Circle Road,Citation Boulevard is planned.[104]
TheBlue Grass Airport is on the west side of Lexington on US Route 60. It has passenger flights by four carriers: Allegiant, American, Delta and United.[108]
In 2019, 79.3% of working Lexingtonians commuted by driving alone, 9.3% carpooled, 2.0% used public transportation, and 3.0% walked. 1.9% of commuters used all other forms of transportation, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycle. About 4.4% worked from home.[109]
In 2015, 7.2 percent of city of Lexington households were without a car, which increased slightly to 7.4 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Lexington averaged 1.7 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[110]
Primary law enforcement duties within Lexington-Fayette County are the responsibility of the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government Division of Police. As of July 1, 2021, the Division of Police (also called Lexington Police Department) is authorized for 639 sworn police officers and 16 traffic safety officers. The Division of Police resulted from the merger of the Lexington Police Department with the Fayette County Patrol in 1974. The Fayette County Sheriff's Office is responsible for court service, including court security, prisoner transport, process and warrant service, and property tax collection. The 1974 merger also consolidated the office of city jailer into the office of county jailer, a constitutional position. In 1992 (effective 1993), the Kentucky General Assembly enabled a correctional services division to be established by ordinance, making employees civil-service employees rather than political appointees.[111]
All fire/rescue protection within Lexington-Fayette County (with the exception of theBlue Grass Airport) is provided by theLexington Fire Department. The current department was formed with the merger of the county and city fire departments in 1973. Lexington Fire Department is the largest single fire department in Kentucky with over 600 personnel and 24 individual fire stations broken into five districts (battalions).[112]
Shinhidaka was formed by a 2006 local government merger. One of the entities involved in the merger wasShizunai, which established a sister city relationship with Lexington in 1988.[113]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official records for Lexington were kept at the State College on South Limestone Street from October 1872 to July 1876 before closing, the Tower State College Building on theUniversity of Kentucky campus from September 1888 to July 1915 after reopening downtown in 1887, various locations near downtown from July 1915 to July 1944, andBlue Grass Airport since July 1944. For more information, see[1].
^"Athens of the West".National Register of Historic Places (Essay). National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. May 2, 2019. Archived fromthe original on August 3, 2020. RetrievedJune 18, 2020.
^abcCommonwealth of Kentucky. Office of the Secretary of State. Land Office. "Lexington, Kentucky". Accessed September 18, 2013.
^Of these 45 original co-founders, the most common surnames were Wymore (4) and Thompson (3), while Johnson, Niblack, Collins, McDonald, Lindsay, Shannon, Stevenson, and Martin have two signees per name. The Lexington "Articles of Agreement" can be found in the Pogue Library of Murray State University, Murray, KY.
^Paul L. Trovillion, Jr.,A History and Genealogy of the Wymores of Southern Illinois,' pp. 1–4, 'Silver Horse: Paducah, KY, 1998.
^Copies of the full Lexington "Articles of Agreement" may be found in the Pogue Library, Murray State University, and inFayette County, Kentucky Records, Vol. 1: pp. 356–357, by Michael L. Cook, C.G. & Betty Cummings Cook, C.G. Cook Publications, 3318 Wimberg, Evansville, IN 47712.
^Paul L. Trovillion, Jr.,A History and Genealogy of the Wymores", p. 6.
^"Athens of the West;" Lexington, Kentucky: The Athens of the West – A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary; National Park Service; 2009
^Hammack, James W. Jr. (1976).Kentucky and the Second American Revolution: The War of 1812. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
^Coleman, J. Winston (1981).Lexington, the Athens of the West. Lexington, Ky.: Winburn Press. p. 28.
^Lindsey, Helen B. (July 1944). "The Lexington Light Infantry Company War of 1812".Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society.42 (140):263–266.
^Richard E. Day and Lindsey N. DeVries. "A Southern Progressive: M. A. Cassidy and the Lexington Schools, 1886–1928."American Educational History Journal 39.1/2 (2012): 107–125.
^Brackney, Peter (January 20, 2020).The Murder of Geneva Hardman and Lexington's Mob Riot of 1920.The History Press. pp. 89–100,103–120.ISBN978-1-4671-4396-7.
^"Need in Kentucky".The Indianapolis Star. November 21, 1937.Archived from the original on April 2, 2024. RetrievedSeptember 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^"Fayette County". QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. Archived fromthe original on June 6, 2011. RetrievedDecember 29, 2010.
^abc"Station Name: KY LEXINGTON BLUEGRASS AP".U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. RetrievedJune 4, 2021.
Day, Richard E., and Lindsey N. DeVries. "A Southern Progressive: M. A. Cassidy and the Lexington Schools, 1886–1928."American Educational History Journal 39.1/2 (2012): 107–125online.
Leet, Karen M. et al.Civil War Lexington, KY: Bluegrass Breeding Ground of Power (2011)excerpt and text search
Hollingsworth, Randolph (2004).Lexington: Queen of the Bluegrass. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Press.ISBN9780738524665.
Jillson, Willard Rouse (October 1929). "The Founding of Lexington, Kentucky".Filson Club History Quarterly.3 (5).
Klotter, James C.; Rowland, Daniel, eds. (2012).Bluegrass Renaissance: The History and Culture of Central Kentucky, 1792–1852. Lexington, Kentucky:University Press of Kentucky.ISBN9780813136073. (emphasis on the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and "neoclassical" Lexington)
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