Lepreum orLepreon (Ancient Greek:Λέπρεον), alternately namedLepreus orLepreos (Λέπρεος) was anAncient Greek city-state inTriphylia, a district ofElis (now part of theElis regional unit). It was located 40stadia away from the sea at the west end of MountMinthi and built around two citadels (one atAgios Dimitrios, one at Phyrcus). Surrounded by an abundance of natural resources, Lepreum became an important city in theClassical andHellenistic ages where it became the capital of the Triphylia region. The city has also been identified by some scholars as the mythical city ofAepy, a city described byHomer in theIliad but never discovered.[1] The ruins of ancient Lepreum have been excavated near the present villageLepreo.
Its name derived from Leprea (daughter of Pyrgeus) or fromLepreus.[2]
Lepreon was the chief town of Triphylia, which is said to have been originally inhabited by theCaucones, whence Lepreon is called byCallimachusΚαυκώνων πτολίεθον "fortified city of the Caukones".[3] The Caucones were afterwards expelled by theMinyans, who founded Lepreon, which one of six cities (along withMakistos,Phrixa,Purgoi,Epeion, andNoudion) founded by the Minyans in the territory of theCaucones.[4]
The earliest traces of habitation in the area are from theNeolithic, with the inhabitants exploiting the area's natural resources and evidence of ties with theAegean civilizations. It was the site of a grove sacred toDione (ΔιώνηDiṓnē, from earlier*ΔιϝωνᾱDiwōnā "she ofDyeus").
Shortly after the establishment of the city and following theFirst Messenian War, Lepreon and the rest of the Triphylia region were subdued by the Eleians, who governed them as subject places. The Triphylian cities, however, always bore this yoke with impatience; and Lepreum took the lead in their frequent attempts to shake off the Eleian supremacy. The greater importance of Lepreum is shown by the fact that it was the only one of the Triphylian towns which took part in theGreco-Persian Wars.[5] In 421 BC, Lepreum and the other cities of Triphylia revolted against the Eleians with the assistance ofSparta,[6] with the Eleians accepting Triphylian independence in 400 BC.[7] With the weakening of Spartan power by their loss at theBattle of Leuctra in 371 BC the Spartans attempted to gain supremacy over Tryphilia, who responded by joining the recently establishedArcadian League for defence.[8][9] Hence, Lepreum is called an Arcadian town byPliny the Elder,[10] andPausanias states the townsfolk claimed to be Arcadians in his time, though he notes that they had been subject to Eleians from ancient times and thatAristophanes described the town as Eleian.[11]
During theClassical andHellenistic ages Lepreum became the leading city of the Triphylia region, and was called a "blessed country" byStrabo; It controlled an area of high fertility, had both a good defensive position and mild climate thanks to the surrounding mountains and had easy access to both theNeda River and the sea. Due to its position in control of the roads linkingElis withArcadia andMessenia, Lepreum was the de facto capital of Triphylia and was the only city in Triphylia to send troops to theBattle of Plataea during theGreco-Persian Wars.[1] A temple dedicated toDemeter was built during the classical period in the Acropolis and parts of it still stand today.
After the time ofAlexander the Great, the Eleians again reduced the Triphylian cities, which therefore were obliged to join theAetolian League along with the Eleians. But whenPhilip V of Macedon, in his war with the Aetolians, marched into Triphylia, the inhabitants of Lepreum rose against the Eleian garrison in their town, and declared in favour of Philip, who thus obtained possession of the place.[12]
By 170 AD, when visited byPausanias, the city had lost much of its power and influence, although it was still considered the capital of Triphylia. The city was finally abandoned between 800 and 1000 after a series of raids by pirates and barbarians.[1]
The ancientGreek Olympics were a time of inter-city sporting competition, and as such an Olympic truce was maintained in which, during the Olympic games, any attacks by participant cities on other participant cities were forbidden. At one set of games, however, the fortress at Phyrcus was attacked bySpartan forces, who were subsequently fined 200,000drachmas, a heavy fine in a period where the average wage of a skilled worker was 1 drachma a day.[13]
The early buildings in the city were built on a foundation of limestone and porous bedrock, with walls of mud bricks. The buildings were orientated on a north-south line, with doors on the north side to avoid the strong south winds.[1]
Lepreus, son of Pyrgeus (who was killed byHeracles) is considered by some to be the city's mythical founder, similar to the founding ofRome byRomulus and Remus. Other historians however assert that the city's name comes from the fact that the original settlers were afflicted with leprosy, while some claim that it was due to the presence of a temple of Zeus Leukaios (Of the White Poplar).[14]
Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Lepreum".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Lepreum".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
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