The Duke of Tetuán | |
|---|---|
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| Prime Minister of Spain | |
| In office 14 July 1856 – 12 October 1856 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Preceded by | The Duke of la Victoria |
| Succeeded by | The Duke of Valencia |
| In office 30 June 1858 – 2 March 1863[1] | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Preceded by | Francisco Javier de Istúriz |
| Succeeded by | The Marquis of Miraflores |
| In office 21 June 1865 – 10 July 1866 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Valencia |
| Succeeded by | The Duke of Valencia |
| Minister of State of Spain | |
Interim | |
| In office 30 June – 2 July 1858 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Francisco Javier de Istúriz |
| Succeeded by | Saturnino Calderón Collantes |
| Minister of Overseas of Spain | |
| In office 30 June 1858 – 2 March 1863 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Marquess of Miraflores |
| Minister of War of Spain | |
| In office 30 July 1854 – 12 October 1856 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Fernando Fernández de Córdova |
| Succeeded by | Marquis of La Solana |
| In office 30 June 1858 – 2 March 1863[2] | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Fermín de Ezpeleta |
| Succeeded by | Marquess of Havana |
| In office 21 June 1865 – 10 July 1866 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Felipe Ribero y Lemoine |
| Succeeded by | Duke of Valencia |
| Minister of the Navy of Spain | |
Interim | |
| In office 25 November – 27 November 1858 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | José María Quesada y Bardalonga |
| Succeeded by | José MacCrohon y Blake |
| Governor of Cuba | |
| In office 21 October 1843 – 29 March 1848 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II |
| Prime Minister | Joaquín María López Salustiano Olózaga Luis González Bravo Ramón María Narváez Marquess of Miraflores Francisco Javier de Istúriz Carlos Martínez de Irujo Joaquín Francisco Pacheco Florencio García Goyena |
| Minister of Overseas[3] | Joaquín de Frías José Filiberto Portillo Francisco Armero Juan Baustista Topete y Viaña Juan de la Pezuela y Cevallos Jorgé Pérez Lasso de la Vega José Baldasano |
| Preceded by | Francisco Javier de Ulloa (as interim) |
| Succeeded by | Federico Roncali |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1809-01-12)12 January 1809 Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain |
| Died | 5 November 1867(1867-11-05) (aged 58) |
| Resting place | Convent of the Salesas Reales |
| Political party | Unión Liberal |
| Spouse | Manuela Barges |
| Relations | Margarita Diez-Colunje y Pombo (cousin) |
Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris, 1st Duke of Tetuán,GE (12 January 1809 – 5 November 1867), was a Spanish general andGrandee who wasPrime Minister of Spain on several occasions.
He was born atSanta Cruz de Tenerife in theCanary Islands, a son ofCarlos O'Donnell (born 1768) and Josefa Jorris y Casaviella. He was a paternal grandson ofJosé O'Donnell and Marie Anne d'Anethan. He was of distantIrish paternal ancestry, the 11th generation descendant ofCalvagh O'Donnell,Rí ofTír Chonaill,[4][5] aGaelic territory in the west ofUlster in the north ofIreland. He had an uncle, Francisco, and an aunt, Beatriz, who married Manuel Pombo y Ante (1769–1829), and had issue.
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O'Donnell was a strong supporter of the liberalCristinos and the regency ofMaria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies during the 1830s.[6] When GeneralBaldomero Espartero seized power in 1840, O'Donnell went into exile with Maria Christina and was involved in an attempted coup against Espartero in 1841. O'Donnell was soon back in power and was sent to Cuba as Captain General in October 1843.[6]
O'Donnell was responsible for the 1844 massacre known as the repression of "La Escalera". Thousands of slaves and free-coloured people in Cuba were confined in dungeons, tortured and executed in what became known as theYear of the Lash. In 1854, he made apronunciamiento against the government and was namedPrime Minister for a time. He served as War Minister of the Espartero government.[7]
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TheCrimean War caused an increase in grain prices due to the blockade of Russia, causing a famine inGalicia during 1854. Riots againstpower looms spread through Spain, and General O'Donnell intervened, marching onMadrid. Espartero relinquished power in O'Donnell's favour on 14–15 July 1856, and QueenIsabella II asked him to form a government as the 44thPrime Minister of Spain.[7]
For his new administration, O'Donnell formed theUnión Liberal Party, which was designed to combineProgressive, Moderate, andCarlist factions. O'Donnell attempted to define moderate policies for Spain with this new party, advocating alaissez-faire approach and confiscating church land. He was dismissed after only a few months in power on 12 October, and two years of reaction[clarification needed] followed.[citation needed]
In later governments, O'Donnell was more careful. His two later administrations worked laboriously to attract foreign investment to improve Spain's railroad infrastructure. He failed to achieve much economic growth, however, and increased industry only inBasque country andCatalonia, both of which already had substantial industrial centres. He was a proponent of a new and aggressiveimperial policy, intended principally to expand Spanish territory in Africa, particularly after French successes inAlgeria.[citation needed]
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In the first administration, he served twice simultaneously asMinister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister. He was the 136th Minister of Foreign Affairs and the 48th Prime Minister of Spain between 30 June 1858 and 2 July 1858, and the 138th Minister of Foreign Affairs between 21 October 1860 and 18 January 1863, remaining again solely as Prime Minister until 26 February 1863. His second term as the 53rd Prime Minister started on 21 October 1860.[6][better source needed]
He took a brief respite from his government in 1860 to command the Spanish army at theBattle of Tétouan and theBattle of Wad Ras during theSpanish-Moroccan War, overseeing the capture ofTétouan. He was rewarded for his abilities in the campaign with the titleDuke of Tetuán.[7]
In 1866, he repressed a revolt commanded by GeneralJuan Prim, and was subsequently dismissed by the queen for the brutality of his regime on 11 July 1866. He was the 103rdGrand Cross of theOrder of the Tower and Sword.
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The Duke of Tetuán was succeeded in his titles by his nephew,Carlos O'Donnell y Álvarez de Abreu (1834 – 1903), 2nd Duke of Tetuán, 2nd Count of Lucena and 9th Marquess of Altamira, who was the son of his brother Carlos O'Donnell y Jorris and wife María del Mar Álvarez de Abreu y Rodríguez de Albuerne. The 2nd Duke of Tetuán married in Madrid on 1 June 1861 to María Josefa de Vargas y Díez de Bulnes (Madrid, 25 July 1838 – 5 November 1905).
Media related toLeopoldo O'Donnell at Wikimedia Commons| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Spain 14 July 1856 – 12 October 1856 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Spain 30 June 1858 – 2 March 1863 | Succeeded by |
| Minister of State Acting 30 June 1858 – 2 July 1858 | Succeeded by | |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Spain 21 June 1865 – 10 July 1866 | Succeeded by |
| Spanish nobility | ||
| New creation | Count of Lucena 25 July 1847 – 5 November 1867 | Succeeded by |
| Duke of Tetuan 20 April 1860 – 5 November 1867 | ||
