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Leonard Williams Levy (April 9, 1923 – August 24, 2006) was an Americanhistorian, the Andrew W. Mellon All-Claremont Professor of Humanities and chairman of the Graduate Faculty of History atClaremont Graduate School, California, who specialized in the history of basic American Constitutional freedoms.
He was born inToronto, Ontario, and educated at theUniversity of Michigan as an undergraduate and atColumbia University, where his mentor for the Ph.D. degree wasHenry Steele Commager.
Levy's first book was a revision and expansion of his doctoral dissertation onLemuel Shaw, chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.The Law of the Commonwealth and Chief Justice Shaw was first published by Harvard University Press in 1957, and has regularly been reprinted.
Levy's most honored book was his 1968 studyOrigins of the Fifth Amendment, focusing on the history of the privilege against self-incrimination. This book was awarded the 1969Pulitzer Prize for History. He wrote almost forty other books, such asThe Establishment Clause,Treason Against God: A History of the Offense of Blasphemy,Blasphemy: Verbal Offenses Against the Sacred, from Moses to Salman Rushdie, andReligion and the First Amendment. He also was editor-in-chief of the four-volumeEncyclopaedia of The American Constitution. In his 1999Origins of the Bill of Rights he described the political background and intent of most of the amendments in the Bill of Rights.
Levy's most controversial work focused on the early history offreedom of the press in colonial and revolutionary America. In 1960 he publishedLegacy of Suppression: Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History, in which he argued that the law governing freedom of the press, and thus the original intention of the First Amendment's free-press clauses, was narrower than the generally libertarian views held by James Madison, and, in particular, that the law of freedom of the press included the old English common law crime ofseditious libel. Levy's work challenged the prevailing views codified in the work ofZechariah Chafee, who had long taught at theHarvard Law School. As a pendant to his 1960 monograph, he publishedJefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side in 1963; this book offered a vigorous critique ofThomas Jefferson for holding narrower views of freedom of speech and press than has long been believed.Jefferson and Civil Liberties began the modern reconsideration of Jefferson's historical reputation. In the 1973 paperback edition, Levy added an extensive preface discussing and responding to the criticism that the book received for being critical of Jefferson.
In 1985 after nearly two decades of research, Levy publishedEmergence of a Free Press, a thorough and wide-ranging revision ofLegacy of Suppression.Emergence of a Free Press received the 1986 Mencken Award for Best Book from the Free Press Association.[1] While maintaining that his earlier views of the state of the law were correct, Levy acknowledged the criticisms posed by historians of journalism, who stressed the difference between "law on the books" and "law as applied". Thus, Levy conceded that in actuality freedom of the press may well have been wider and more generous than his earlier book had posited.
In 1990 Levy was appointed a distinguished scholar in residence; adjunct professor of history and political science atSouthern Oregon State College inAshland, Oregon.[2] He died August 24, 2006, in Ashland.
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