Leonard Blavatnik | |
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Леонард Валентинович Блаватник | |
 Blavatnik in 2018 | |
| Born | (1957-06-14)June 14, 1957 (age 67) |
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| Education | |
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| Spouse | Emily Appelson |
| Children | 5 |
Sir Leonard Valentinovich Blavatnik[a] (Ukrainian: Леонард Валентинович Блаватник; born June 14, 1957) is a Soviet/Ukrainian-born British-American businessman and philanthropist. In 2024,Forbes estimated his net worth at $32.1 billion, ranking him the 52nd-richest person in the world.[2][3] In 2017, Blavatnik received aknighthood for services to philanthropy.[4]
Blavatnik made his initial fortune, alongside otherRussian oligarchs, in the privatization of state-owned aluminum and oil assets after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[5] He owns most ofWarner Music Group and has stakes in several publicly traded assets via his privately heldAccess Industries Holdings.[6]
Blavatnik was born inOdesa in 1957, then in theUkrainian SSR and part of theSoviet Union, to aJewish family.[7][8][9] His parents moved toYaroslavl, a Russian city north ofMoscow, when he was a child.[10] He attendedMoscow State University of Railway Engineering but did not complete his coursework due to the family's request for emigration visas. At the University of Railway Engineering, he became close friends withViktor Vekselberg, another Ukrainian Jew.[10] Vekselberg would later go on to foundRenova Group.[10]
Blavatnik's family emigrated from the Soviet Union to the United States of America in 1978 and, in 1981, he received a master's degree in computer science from theSchool of Engineering and Applied Science atColumbia University,[11] and anMBA fromHarvard Business School in 1989.[7][12][13]
In 1986, Blavatnik founded the holding company, Access Industries Holdings.[10] The New York-based business[14] controls 21% ofLyondellBasell, the world's largest producer ofpolypropylene.[6] Through Access Industries Holdings, Blavatnik owns most of Warner Music Group and has stakes in several publicly traded assets.[6]
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Blavatnik bought up former state assets in Russia that were privatized by the government.[15] Blavatnik began his business career by accumulating shares in aluminum smelters. He did this via his holding company, Access Industries.[10] He has been described as a victor in Russia's "aluminum wars".[5] Blavatnik made his wealth through the acquisition of these commodities.[16][17]
One of his investments, Sual, later became part ofUnited Company Rusal, the world's largest aluminium producer.[18] Blavatnik was a board member of Rusal from 2007 to 2016.[10] The company also invested in regional electricity generating stations, which it used to supply power to its energy-intensive aluminium businesses.[19] In a 2002 interview, Blavatnik told Bloomberg he was even considering creating his own railways.[19] He and a friend from university,Viktor Vekselberg, formed the Renova investment vehicle.[17][20]
Blavatnik and Vekselberg initially obtained a stake in the Irkutsk Aluminum Plant. They accumulated smelters and plants until their company Sual had become the second-largest aluminum firm in Russia. In 1996, they obtained a coal mine in Kazakhstan.[17]
In 1997, Blavatnik Access Industries united with Viktor Vekselberg's Renova Corp andMikhail Fridman'sAlfa Group, to form a company AAR (Alfa, Access, Renova).[10] Blavatnik’s key role within the group was to act as a connection to western businesses such asBritish Petroleum. Fridman, who was very well-connected politically, had been a member of Boris Yeltsin’s inner circle in the mid 1990s.[21]
The first order of business for AAR was to buy 40 per cent of a struggling oil producer Tyumen Oil (TNK), one of few remaining state-owned oil companies, for $800 million.[10][17] Tyumen Oil was auctioned off with criteria that exactly matched the profile of AAR. AAR far outbid its competitors but reportedly paid just a quarter of the agreed sum.[17] TNK then went on an acquisition spree, focusing on the oil company Sidanco, which was part-owned by the U.K. oil giant,British Petroleum (BP).[22] In 1999, TNK acquired Sidanco's best assets via bankruptcy proceedings.[22]
BP later sued TNK in New York courts, claiming that the Sidanco assets were acquired illegally. The 1999 lawsuit was resolved in 2003 when British Petroleum acquired TNK for $8 billion, forming TNK-BP, one of the largest oil companies in Russia.[10] The deal, labelled in the press as "Russia's deal of the decade", gave BP unprecedented access to vital Russian oil and gas.[23] It was the first time that a foreign company was in control of a major producer in Russia's energy heartland.[21] The deal also made Len Blavatnik, Mikhail Fridman, German Khan and Viktor Vekselberg, who controlled half of TNK-BP, billions of dollars.[10] At the time, Fridman told the press: "Any business should be sold if you're offered the right price. If you don't, the market will punish you. Or God. Or maybe they are the same thing."[21] At the time of the purchase, Blavatnik, a U.S. citizen, was living in New York.[24]
In 2013, the Russian oil companyRosneft paid AAR $28 billion in cash for its 50% stake in TNK-BP. AAR's original investment had been $8 billion of assets. Up to that point, AAR had taken $19 billion in dividends from the joint venture.[25] The sale represented the liquidation of the majority of Blavatnik's Russian assets.[26]
In 1999, Blavatnik's TNK company obtained Chernogorneft at auction for at $180 million, even though the company had produced $1.2 billion worth of oil the year before.[17] In 2022, Blavatnik sold his stake in Russian aluminum producer United Co. Rusal International PJSC, divesting his last major asset in the country, according to Bloomberg News.[27]
In August 2005,Access Industries bought petrochemicals and plastics manufacturerBasell Polyolefins fromRoyal Dutch Shell andBASF for $5.7 billion. On December 20, 2007, Basell completed its acquisition of theLyondell Chemical Company for an enterprise value of approximately $19 billion. The resulting company,LyondellBasell Industries then became the world's eighth largest chemical company based on net sales.[28] On January 6, 2009, the U.S. operations of LyondellBasell Industries filed for bankruptcy.[29]
On April 30, 2010, LyondellBasell emerged fromChapter 11 bankruptcy protection in a significantly improved financial position. As part of its exit financing, LyondellBasell raised $3.25 billion of first-priority debt, as well as $2.8 billion through the rights offering jointly underwritten by Access Industries,Apollo Management, andAres Management.[30] LyondellBasell stock has increased 103% in value since April 2010. Access currently[when?] owns approximately 21% of LyondellBasell.
In 2010, Blavatnik suedJPMorgan Chase after losing $100 million by allegedly following Morgan's advice three years earlier to buy mortgage securities with AAAcredit ratings.[31] In 2013, the New York State Supreme Court ordered JPMorgan Chase to pay Blavatnik $50 million in damages.[32][33]
At the time, Blavatnik toldThe New York Times: "The small guy can't get anywhere with suits like this. I am a wealthy man. I will spend whatever it takes."[13]
In early 2010, Access Industries was reported as one of a handful of bidders forMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer.[34] On May 6, 2011,Warner Music Group announced its sale to Access for US$3.3 billion.[35] On July 20, 2011, an Access affiliate acquired Warner Music Group for $3.3 billion.[36][37] Though WMG was the World's third largest record company[38] and considered a "trophy asset", it was also laden down with debt[39] and struggling to find an answer to online music piracy.[40]
In May 2020, Warner Music announced it would proceed with an initial public offering that valued the company at $13.3 billion.[41] The company listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange in June 2020. At which point, Blavatnik sold $1.9 billion of shares.[40]
In 2012, Access Industries made a €100 million investment inDeezer, the music streaming service.[42]
In 2014, Access acquired Perform Group for £702 million. Its rivals included Germany's Sportsman Media Group and IMG of the U.S.[43]
In 2016, Blavatnik launched Access Entertainment, which boughtJames Packer's stake inRatPac Entertainment and a 24.9% stake in Bad Wolf in 2017.[44][45]
In 2017, Blavatnik was named as possible purchaser of the publisherTime Inc.. He prepared the bid with Edgar "Ed" Bronfman Jr, the former chief executive of Warner Music.[46] In March 2017, Bronfman and Blavatnik walked away from the deal, citing valuation issues.[47]
In April 2018, it was reported that Blavatnik was a front runner in the bidding to purchase Britain's third oldest theatre, theTheatre Royal Haymarket. Sources reported that the bid was around £40 million.[48] Blavatnik’s Access Entertainment finalized its purchase of the Theatre Royal Haymarket in June 2018.[49][50]
Blavatnik also owns AI Film, the independent film and production company that backedLee Daniels’ filmThe Butler and the summer 2015 releaseMr. Holmes.[51] He was an early investor in Rocket Internet and Beats Music, helped finance fashion designer Tory Burch, and, in 2013, paid $115 million for wireless spectrum in Norway.[52]
Blavatnik has been the owner ofDAZN Group since 2014, when Access Industries increased its stake in the company from 42.5% to 77%.[53]
DAZN (pronounced "da zone") has been described as the "Netflix of sports". The company is part of Perform Group, a U.K. based sports media company owned by Len Blavatnik's Access Industries.[54]
DAZN specialise in buying rights to broadcast sports including football, boxing and Formula 1 motor racing, outside of their domestic markets. The sports streaming service is available in Japan, Germany and Canada.[55]
In May 2018, DAZN signed an eight year, $1 billion deal with Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Boxing to stream fights on a new U.S. subscription service.[56]
In June 2018, DAZN paid €600 million for domestic screening rights for Italian Serie A football matches in a three-year deal.[57] The deal was believed to involve 2.5 billion euros ($3 billion) of payments over its three-season lifespan[58]
In October 2018, DAZN signed the largest commercial deal in history with a single athlete when they paid Mexican boxer Saul "Canelo" Alvarez $365 million for the rights to screen 11 fights.[56]
DAZN's last set of published results, for the year to 2019, showed a loss of more than $1.3 billion for continuing and discontinued operations.[55] The company, which is dependent on subscriptions, saw revenue take a hit when theCOVID-19 pandemic brought an abrupt halt to live sports.[58] Shortly after the outbreak of the pandemic, DAZN was forced to tell European football leagues that it would not pay for games that had been put on hold.[59] Chief Executive Officer Simon Denyer explained: "With revenues dropping and investment not available, we can only survive by making some hard decisions."[59]
In late 2020, DAZN unveiled a slate of original documentary programming featuring global sporting icons such as Ronaldo and British boxer Anthony Joshua.[58]
In February 2022, Blavatnik agreed a $4.3 billion recapitalisation of DAZN. TheFinancial Times reported that this would enable the company to target new revenue streams in betting.[60]
Access Industries purchased the mobile phone technology companyAcision from the IT Group Logica for £265 million in 2007.[61] As of 2018, Access Industries owned 60% ofIce Group, Norway's third largest telecoms company.[62]
Blavatnik is a member of the Board of Trustees atCarnegie Hall,[63] a member of the Board of Directors at92NY[64] and a member of the Board of Directors at theCenter for Jewish History.[65] He is also a member of theHarvard Medical School Board of Fellows,[66] a member of theCouncil on Foreign Relations[67] and a member of the Board of Governors atTel Aviv University.[68]
In the wake of sanctions targeting Russian oligarchs during theRusso-Ukrainian War, media attention debated Blavatnik's status as a Russian oligarch, and his corresponding connection toVladimir Putin. Some outlets have suggested Blavatnik has been involved inreputation laundering through his philanthropic projects, and that he maintains close connections toViktor Vekselberg, an oligarch sanctioned by the US government.[69][70][71] Blavatnik denies connections to Putin,[69] and has attempted to avoid the label of oligarch.[71] In December 2023, Ukraine's PresidentVolodymyr Zelensky imposed personal sanctions against Blavatnik.[72][73]
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Blavatnik, the Blavatnik Family Foundation, and Access companies, have supported many cultural and philanthropic institutions over the past 15 years, serving as the primary benefactors for numerous major art and cultural exhibitions, including theBritish Museum, theTate Modern (which named a new wing the "Blavatnik Building" in 2017),[74]), theRoyal Opera House, theNational Portrait Gallery, theCourtauld Gallery, and theMuseum of Modern Art. Since 2007, the Blavatnik Family Foundation together with the New York Academy of Sciences has supported theBlavatnik Awards for Young Scientists. The annual award recognizes the accomplishments of outstanding young scientists in the U.S., the U.K., and Israel in the areas of life sciences, physical sciences and engineering and provides all finalists with a significant cash prize.[75][76] In 2020,The Times newspaper described Blavatnik as "Britain's arts philanthropist-in-chief".[77] Some critics characterize his donations as influence-buying and whitewashing.[16][5] Writing inThe Sunday Times, Richard Morrison responded to the criticism, stating that "it's both discourteous and self-defeating for people in the UK arts scene to regard every source of non-government funding, whether corporate or philanthropic, as potentially 'tainted'."[78]
Blavatnik is also a financial supporter ofYale University, where he launched in 2016[79] the Blavatnik Fund for Innovation, which supports early-stage biotechnology companies, as well as the Blavatnik Fellowship.[80]
Since 2017, the fund has supported 73 projects with over $20 million in direct support for research and fellowships.[81] In September 2023, the Blavatnik Family Foundation donated an additional $40 million to the Innovation Fund.[82][83]
Blavatnik founded the Blavatnik Archive in 2005 to support primary source-based scholarship and education by preserving and disseminating materials that contribute to the study of 20th century Jewish and world history.[84][85]
In 2010, it was announced that Blavatnik and the Blavatnik Family Foundation would donate £75 million to theUniversity of Oxford to establish a new school of government.[86] The gift is one of the largest philanthropic gifts in the university's 900-year history. Blavatnik also indicated the possibility of increasing his benefaction up to £100 million over time.[87] TheBlavatnik School of Government began accepting students in September 2012, and the new permanent home of the school was constructed on theRadcliffe Observatory Quarter. The building, which was finished in summer 2015, was designed by the Swiss architectsHerzog & de Meuron. The first dean of the school is professorNgaire Woods. At the time of the donation, Lord Patten, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, described it as "a once-in-a-century opportunity for Oxford."[88]
In 2011, Blavatnik donated more than £50 million to the Tate Modern gallery in London – the largest donation in the gallery's history. In 2017, the gallery named its new £266 million extension building the Blavatnik Building.[89]
In 2013,Harvard University announced a $50 million donation from Blavatnik's foundation to sponsor the establishment of the Blavatnik Biomedical Accelerator[90] and encourage life sciences entrepreneurship at the university[91] and named the first five HBS graduates to receive the Blavatnik Fellowship in Life Science Entrepreneurship.[92] At the same time, Blavatnik also announced three $250,000 national prizes, in conjunction with the New York Academy of Sciences, for young scientists restricted to scientists under the age of 42.[93] At the time, Blavatnik told the media: "The Nobel's about $1 million, I thought $250,000 was big enough to make it really interesting but not big enough to be scary. There are a lot of rewards for established scientists, but I don't think young scientists get enough encouragement and support in a systematic way."[93] In 2018,Harvard Medical School announced a $200 million donation from Blavatnik's foundation to sponsor research, investments in data science, and the creation of subsidized lab space for biotech startups.[26] In December 2023, Blavatnikhalted donations to Harvard aftercontroversial testimony by Harvard presidentClaudine Gay before theUnited States House of Representatives and antisemitism at Harvard after theOctober 7 attacks.[94][95]
In 2014, Blavatnik became a trustee ofCarnegie Hall in New York City.[96] In 2016, the Blavatnik family foundation made a $25 million gift to Carnegie Hall. In response, Carnegie Hall renamed its first level of boxes "The Blavatnik Family First Tier". The boxes will carry the Blavatnik name until 2066.[96]
In 2016, Blavatnik funded a new hall at theVictoria and Albert Museum redevelopment.[89]
In 2016, Blavatnik supported the $1.2 billion regeneration of rundown section of Miami's South Beach area into a centre for arts and culture. He loaned the project an artwork byDamien Hirst titled "Gone But Not Forgotten". The work comprises a vitrine containing the gold-plated 10,000-year-old skeleton of a mammoth.[97]
In 2018, Columbia'sSchool of Engineering and Applied Science announced a gift from Blavatnik's foundation to fund engineering innovations in health.[12] He also received the 2017Samuel Johnson Medal from the school.[98]
In June 2020, on the day of the Warner initial public offering, Access announced a $100 million fund to support "charitable causes related to the music industry, social justice and campaigns against violence and racism", supported by the Blavatnik family foundation.[40]
In December 2020, Blavatnik made a donation of £10 million towards the renovation of theCourtauld Institute of Art.[77]
In December 2021, Blavatnik donated half of the £15 million required to prevent the sale and dispersal of theHonresfield Library on the open market. The collection, originally created by Lancashire Industrialists William and Alfred Law, includesBrontë family manuscripts,Jane Austen letters, and handwritten poems byRobert Burns.[99]
In February 2022, Blavatnik made a multi-million pound contribution to theImperial War Museum in London. The money will be used to establish the Blavatnik Art, Film and Photography Galleries.[100]
In 2022, theNational Portrait Gallery, London accepted a £10 million gift from the Blavatnik Family Foundation.[101][102] The new Blavatnik Wing[103] on the Gallery’s first floor contains nine galleries hosting more than one hundred years of British portraits and is part of the Gallerty's Inspiring People[104] project.[105] The Gallery said the gift was the most significant in its history.[106]
In 2024, theHighlander Research and Education Center learned that the Blavatnik would no longer associate with the center. The center had signed a letter calling for ceasefire in theIsrael-Gaza War and learned of other organizations similarly defunded by the foundation.[107]
In 2011, Blavatnik donated to both US PresidentBarack Obama and hisRepublican Party rival, former Massachusetts governorMitt Romney.[108]
Blavatnik, who is closely associated with Russian oligarchs such asViktor Vekselberg andOleg Deripaska, is one of the largest donors to the Republican Party and, in 2015–2016, donated a total of $7.35 million to six Republican political candidates, including South Carolina SenatorLindsey Graham, Florida SenatorMarco Rubio and Arizona SenatorJohn McCain.[109][110][111] In February 2016, Blavatnik donated over $1 million to an anti-Donald Trump GOP group.[112] He also donated $1 million to the committee for the2017 inauguration of Donald Trump.[109] In August 2017, political scientistBo Rothstein resigned from the Blavatnik School of Government out of opposition to Blavatnik's politics.[113]
Blavatnik and his American wife, Emily, also donated toDemocratic Party candidatesKamala Harris,Chuck Schumer, andHillary Clinton.[114]
In 2017 two senior Trump administration officials went on record as being lobbyists for Blavatnik's Access Industries.[115]
Since April 2016, Blavatnik has contributed $383,000 to theRepublican National Committee and $1 million to Trump's inauguration fund. These donations included $12,000 directed to Trump's legal fund.[108] However, he did not give directly to the Trump 2016 presidential campaign.[116] Between 2015 and 2017, Blavatnik contributed $3.5 million to Republican Senate LeaderMitch McConnell's super PAC.[117]
Blavatnik donated $5,200 to thePete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign and $5,600 to theJoe Biden 2020 presidential campaign.[118]
Blavatnik was a member of aWhatsApp group chat that existed from November 2023 until early May 2024 involving some of the United States' most powerful business leaders with the stated goals of "chang[ing] the narrative" in favor of Israel and "help[ing] win the war" on U.S. public opinion followingHamas's October 7th attack on Israel.[119] Members of the group chat discussed how they received private briefings by, and worked closely with, members of theIsraeli government.[119] Blavatnik and other members also participated in a video call in April 2024 withNew York City Mayor,Eric Adams in an effort to, according to reporting byThe Washington Post, "pressure Columbia’s president and trustees to permit the mayor to send police to the campus".[119] They also discussed making political donations to Adams; Blavatnik himself solicited donations from others in the group.[119] Blavatnik's spokesperson told the Washington Post that he donated $2,100 to Adams's campaign in April 2024.[119]
Blavatnik is married to Emily Appelson Blavatnik.[120] The couple have four children.[121][122]
He owns aGrade II listed building on "the most expensive street in the world",Kensington Palace Gardens (number 15), which is valued at £200 million. He acquired the property in 2004. Other residents on the street include Israeli and Russian ambassadors.[123] He also has a residence in Manhattan valued at more than $250 million.[124]
Blavatnik is a friend ofIsraeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu and has donated to a private legal defense fund forDonald Trump.[125]
Blavatnik is also a longtime friend and business partner of Ukrainian-born Russian oligarchViktor Vekselberg,[20] one of Russia's richest men, who is close to Russian PresidentVladimir Putin, as well as several other Russia-associated oligarchs who are underinternational sanctions for support of totalitarian regimes and criminal activities.[109]
Blavatnik holds British and American citizenship.[80]
In theSunday Times Rich List 2015, Blavatnik was listed as the UK's richest person,[126] with a fortune of £16.9 billion.Forbes ranks Blavatnik as the 59th richest in the world as of November 2019. As of 2019[update], Blavatnik was ranked 27th in theForbes 400 list.[127]
In May 2021, Blavatnik once again topped theSunday Times Rich List, having seen his wealth increase by £7.2 billion in the year, to a total of £23 billion. In doing so, he replacedSir James Dyson.[128]
In 2013, Blavatnik was made chevalier of the FrenchLegion d'Honneur.[129] He wasknighted byQueen Elizabeth II in the2017 Birthday Honours for services to philanthropy.[130]
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