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ArchbishopLeon Tourian (Armenian:Ղեւոնդ Դուրեան; 29 December 1879 – 24 December 1933) was a cleric of theArmenian Apostolic Church. Appointedprimate of the EasternDiocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America in 1931, he was assassinated inNew York City byArmenian Revolutionary Federation members.[1] Tourian's murder was part of a conflict within the diaspora of the Armenian Apostolic Church in theUnited States and an example of cross-bordersectarianism.[2]
Tourian was born inIstanbul,Ottoman Empire.[3] Tourian was archbishop ofSmyrna, Vicar Patriarch ofConstantinople, and later a prelate inGreece,Bulgaria, and, Armenian Archbishop ofEngland.
Archbishop Tourian was appointed to head the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church in New York in 1931.[citation needed]
The incident that resulted in a plot to assassinate the archbishop took place on 1 July 1933, in a pavilion for the celebration of Armenian Day at theCentury of Progress Exposition inChicago. Archbishop Tourian, upon his arrival to deliver aninvocation, ordered the removal of the red, blue, and orangeTricolor of theFirst Republic of Armenia (1918–20) from the stage before he would step out on it.[4]
From the archbishop's point of view, appearing beside this flag would provoke the wrath of Armenia'sSoviet government, which was a serious concern, since the church's ultimate seat of spiritual authority lay in the Holy See atEtchmiadzin, within the borders ofSoviet Armenia, and theCatholicos of All Armenians felt bound to keep peace with Soviet authorities.[4]
Armenian language newspaperHairenik – which had close ties with ARF – started publishing threatening letters for Tourian's life. Even the newspaper offered $100 reward to someone who will "teach Tourian a lesson". Later on Tourian asked for police protection.[1]
However the members of the nationalistArmenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), known asDashnaks, for whom the flag was a sacred symbol of the Armenian nation, took this as an act of treason. Tourian was soon attacked by five ARF members inWorcester, Massachusetts. Two of the attackers were convicted.[5] After this incident Tourian hired abodyguard.[citation needed]
Tourian wasassassinated on December 24, 1933, when several men attacked him in theChurch of the Holy Cross, inWashington Heights, Manhattan, at the start of the Christmas Eve service. Tourian’s constant bodyguard, Kossof Gargodian, was sitting in the back of the church certain that there would be no assault upon Tourian in a holy place, on the day before Christmas.[6]
When, at the end of the procession, the archbishop passed the fifth row of pews from the rear, he was suddenly surrounded by a group of at least nine men. Two men stabbed Tourian with largebutcher knives, and once the archbishop fell, the attackers scattered and mixed with the crowd. Two of the assailants were seized by the parishioners, beaten, and subsequently handed over to the police.[7]
The police soon apprehended the other seven assailants, who were all ARF members. On July 14, 1934, after a trial that lasted five weeks, two of them, Mateos Leylegian and Nishan Sarkisian, were found guilty of first degree murder, and the other seven of first degree manslaughter. Leylegian and Sarkisian were sentenced to death, butGovernor of New YorkHerbert Lehman commuted the death sentences to life imprisonment "on account of most unusual circumstances in this case".[8] The other seven were given prison terms of varying lengths, from 10 to 20 years.[9][10]
After the killing,American Armenian followers of theArmenian Apostolic Church became split between local churches affiliated with the Catholicosate of All Armenians (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin), located at the time inSoviet Armenia, and those affiliated with theCatholicosate of Cilicia, inAntelias, nearBeirut,Lebanon, though the liturgy has stayed the same. Individual congregations became either entirely Dashnak or anti-Dashnak in their membership, with forcible expulsions and violent fights in some instances. For decades to come, Armenians of the Dashnak persuasion would hold the nine Dashnak defendants to be innocent scapegoats and Archbishop Tourian to be a traitor to his nation, while non-Dashnak Armenians would consider the nine suspects and the entire Dashnak party responsible for the crime.[citation needed] After the death of Tourian, his followers blocked other Armenian believers from entering churches, due to their supposed resistance to Soviet Armenia, highlighting the growth of political sectarianism within the diaspora.[11]
At present there are two Armenian church structures in the United States: the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, which is divided into the Eastern and Western Dioceses of the Armenian Church of America; and the Holy See of Cilicia, which is divided into the Eastern and Western Prelacies of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America.[4]
The murder of Tourian provides an example of an international sectarian conflict along political lines within the same sect. In the Armenian diaspora there were different political ambitions about alignment with either the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin or the Catholicosate of Cilicia, leading to a 'sectarianization' and ultimately division of the diaspora.[2]
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