Leon Shamroy,A.S.C. (July 16, 1901 – July 7, 1974) was an American film cinematographer known for his work in20th Century Fox motion pictures shot inTechnicolor. He andCharles Lang share the record for mostOscar nominations forCinematography. During his half-century career, he gained 18 nominations with 4 wins, sharing the record for wins withJoseph Ruttenberg.^[1]

In 1889, Shamroy's Russian father, family name Shamroyevsky, came to the United States to visit his brother, a revolutionary who had fled the homeland and become a physician in the U.S. Shamroy's father liked the United States and decided to stay. After he settled, he took a degree in chemistry atColumbia University and later opened a drugstore.

Shamroy was educated atCooper Union (1918),City College of New York (1919–20), andColumbia University (where he studied mechanical engineering). A product of a practical-minded family, young Leon often worked after school in one of his uncle's offices as a junior draftsman. Eventually he became an engineer himself, but left the field owing to inadequate remuneration. Some of his family migrated to California and became affiliated withD. W. Griffith. In 1920, he joined them at the Fox lab to help with the laboratory work and went on to spend thirteen years as a struggling technician.

His career in cinema began with experimental film shot on speculation and with the most rudimentary equipment. He became a cameraman in the 1920s when he filmed many of Charles Hutchinson's action films forPathé. His first experimental film,The Last Moment (1928), was a collaboration with the Hungarian directorPaul Fejos. It was the first silent film made without explanatory titles and was voted honor film of 1928 by the National Board of Review. Another film,Blindfold (In the Fog) attracted the attention ofHollywood, some of whom described Shamroy's camerawork as "worth its weight in gold."

Around this time, Shamroy went to Mexico where he worked forRobert Flaherty on a film calledAcoma, the Sky City, a story about an ancient Indian tribe. The footage was destroyed when the warehouse in which it was stored went up in flames. Flaherty wanted to form a new company and invited Shamroy's participation, but after paying his $10 union fee Shamroy only had $15 left. Instead, he made a two-reel documentary film based on an Indian legend. It was never released. Shamroy's next employment was at Columbia withHarry Cohn. It lasted five days. After his brief stint at Columbia, Shamroy worked forJack Cummings,Louis B. Mayer's nephew, on a series of MGM parodies of the famous screen epics, starring dogs. In one of the films,So Quiet on the Canine Front, the dogs were so realistic that when they were shot down theHumane Society was enraged.

Shamroy's next engagement was with an ethnological project in Asia that turned into something of a nightmare. He and the crew were terrified when a fourth-class passenger on the ship they were sailing on, theEmpress of Canada, ran amok and stabbed thirty people to death two days out ofYokohama. Years later, while working on a picture calledCrash Dive (1943), he learned that the star,Tyrone Power, had experienced the same shipboard horror. Somehow, Shamroy managed to survive the ordeal with his camera and 100,000 feet of film intact. He traveled throughoutJapan in 1930 and shot a lot of contraband footage. He left forChina where, again, he shot secret footage before continuing on toManila. He made films in places as far distant as theDutch East Indies,Bali,Samarai, andBatavia. DuringWorld War II, he gave his material over to theWar Department inWashington, D.C., which used it to determine bombing targets.^[2]

B. P. Schulberg ofParamount spotted his work and signed him up in 1932. At the time, Shamroy was broke, for he had squandered what little money he had on "poor starving girls and on whiskey."John M. Stahl, for whom Shamroy later shotLeave Her to Heaven (1945) saw his film,The Last Moment, and, though highly impressed, thought Shamroy was "too artistic."^[3]

Three-Cornered Moon (1933) was the first of several films he did withClaudette Colbert. During this period, he developed a solid reputation for understatedblack-and-white photography. In a loan to Columbia, briefly his employer in the previous decade, Shamroy usedzoom lenses onPrivate Worlds (1935), directed byGregory La Cava, long before they were commonly used. This was a film about mental illness, and the zoom lens was especially effective on the scene where Big Boy Williams, a patient, goes berserk. At the time, zoom lenses were few and far between and there were no light meters.

Shamroy left Paramount withB. P. Schulberg's fall from grace. Soon thereafter,David O. Selznick sent for him to make a test forJanet Gaynor. However, to his dismay, Shamroy discovered that tests were being done of her by other cameramen to see which one they liked best.Karl Struss was one of the others; he took 12 hours to Shamroy's twenty minutes. Shamroy was hired to do the picture,The Young in Heart (1938).

With his talent and abilities now recognized, Shamroy landed a job throughMyron Selznick at20th Century Fox, where he remained for the next 30 years. It was during his tenure there that he developed his technique of using minimal lighting on a set. A film that Shamroy was quite proud of wasWilson (1944), a pacifist film made during World War II. It was never shown to the troops, for obvious reasons. For this picture, natural interiors were used, which was quite unusual in those days. One scene done in the Shrine Ballroom required that the lights be hidden behind flags. It took a hundred men moving arcs around the ballroom.Darryl F. Zanuck was so surprised by the first shots that he kissed Shamroy to the cheers of the staff. With 5,000 people in the blaze of light and hundreds of flags flapping, the re-creation of the Baltimore Democratic Convention of 1912 was a most startling shot on the screen.

In 1946, he shotMarilyn Monroe's first screen test. On her screen test, he recalled: "I thought, this girl will be anotherHarlow. Her natural beauty plus her inferiority complex gave her a look of mystery. I got a cold chill. This girl had something I hadn't seen since silent pictures. She had kind of a fantastic beauty likeGloria Swanson, and she got sex on a piece of film like Jean Harlow. Every frame of the test radiated sex. She didn't need a sound track, she was creating effects visually. She was showing us she could sell emotions in pictures."^[4]

During the 1950s, Shamroy filmed most of Fox's big pictures. Of all his films, he was most proud ofThe Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952). Despite the title, almost all ofSnows was shot in the studio. A few establishing shots of the real mountain were undertaken byCharles G. Clarke.

The Robe (1953) was the first film to be shot using theCinemascope process. The widescreen aspect ratio was an almost unparalleled challenge for Shamroy. While he helped many directors at Fox in the 1950s to adapt to the requirements of Cinemascope, Shamroy never really liked the new process. In an interview withCharles Higham, Shamroy exclaimed: "But those widescreen 'revolutions'; oh my God! You got a stage play again, you put pictures back to the earliest sound day...But though it wrecked the art of film for a decade, widescreen saved the picture business."^[5] Despite his reservations about Cinemascope, he became an industry pioneer in the 1950s/60s rush to develop new film formats. In 1956, he utilized Fox's Cinemascope 55 process. Here, a 55mm strip of film offered increased clarity in both color and definition. AlthoughThe King and I (1956) was shot using the process, it was only released in35mm reduction prints. Two years later Shamroy photographedSouth Pacific in a new process calledTodd-AO. With a film size of65mm and more versatile projectors able to adapt to any film gauge, Shamroy's technique was apparent. Shamroy shot three other films in this way:Porgy and Bess (1959),Cleopatra (1963), andThe Agony and the Ecstasy (1965).

Shamroy once noted: "The obtrusive camera is like a chattering person—something we can do without. It's okay for the camera to join the conversation, so to speak, but it must never dominate. It must never distract from the story. The real art of cinematography lies in the camera's ability to match the varied moods of players and story, or the pace of the scene."^{[citation needed]}

Shamroy was notable for being gruff and short-tempered, regularly clashing with directorsRouben Mamoulian,John M. Stahl, andOtto Preminger. He was also known for being a perfectionist, something thatFritz Lang andHenry Fonda found irritating during filming ofYou Only Live Once.^[6] He once claimed thatLee Garmes "will never see the day that he's as good as I am and that goes for anybody in the motion picture business", implying that he saw himself as better than any other cinematographer.^[7]

Shamroy died in 1974 at the age of 72.

He was married three times and had four children. On November 1, 1925, he married Rosamond Marcus, who gave birth to his son, Paul Shamroy (August 24, 1926 - May 12, 1969). They divorced in February 1937. He then married Audrey Mason, daughter ofE. Mason Hopper, on February 2, 1938. They had two children: Patricia Mason and Timothy Cullinan. Their marriage ended in a divorce on April 23, 1948. From May 12, 1953, until his death, he was married to movie actressMary Anderson. He and Anderson had one son, Anderson Alexander Shamroy, who died July 1, 1956, at the age of two months.

• Directory of photography with Schulberg Productions, 1933–37
• Director of photography with Selznick International 1938
• Director of Cinematography with20th Century Fox 1933–
• President of the Academy Award Winners School of Photography, Incorporated, 1946
• Film Daily Critics Award 1949, 53, 54, 55
• Motion Picture Association of America (chairman of the photography committee research division 1946–1950)
• Society of Motion Picture Engineers Club

• International Photographer Magazine, 1997
• Who's Who in America 1960–1961

• Leon Shamroy atIMDb
• Leon Shamroy atFind a Grave

• 1901 births
• 1974 deaths
• 20th Century Studios people
• American cinematographers
• Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
• Best Cinematographer Academy Award winners
• Artists from New York City
• Columbia University alumni
• Presidents of the American Society of Cinematographers

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