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Lendu language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nilo-Saharan language spoken in DR Congo
Lendu
Balendru
Native toDemocratic Republic of Congo
EthnicityLendu [fr],Hema,Alur,Okebu
Native speakers
(760,000, includingNdrulo cited 1996)[1]
Dialects
  • Badha
Language codes
ISO 639-3led
Glottologlend1245
Linguasphere03-BAD

TheLendu language is aCentral Sudanic language spoken by the Balendru, an ethno-linguistic agriculturalist group residing in easternDemocratic Republic of the Congo in the area west and northwest ofLake Albert, specifically theIturi Province. It is one of the most populous of theCentral Sudanic languages. There are three-quarters of a million Lendu speakers in the DRC. A conflict between the Lendu and theHema was the basis of theIturi conflict.[2]

Besides the Balendru, Lendu is spoken as a native language by a portion of the Hema,Alur, andOkebu. InUganda, the Lendu tribe live in the districts ofNebbi andZombo districts, northwest of Lake Albert.[citation needed]

Names

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Ethnologue givesBbadha as an alternate name of Lendu, butBlench (2000) listsBadha as a distinct language. A draft listing of Nilo-Saharan languages,available from his website and dated 2012, listsLendu/Badha.

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
FrontCentralBack
Closeiu
Near-closeɪʊ
Midɛəɔ
Opena

Consonants

[edit]
LabialDental/
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
PalatalVelarLabial-
velar
Glottal
centralsibilant
Nasalmnɲ(ŋ)
Stop/
Affricate
voicelessptt͡st͡ʃkk͡pʔ
voicedbdd͡zd͡ʒɟɡɡ͡b
prenasalᵐbⁿdᶮd͡ʒᵑɡᵑᵐɡ͡b
vl. implosiveɓ̥ɗ̥ʄ̊
vd. implosiveɓɗʄ
Fricativevoicelessfθsʃh
voicedvðzʒ
prenasalⁿz
Rhoticrɽ
Approximantplainljw
glottalizedʼw
  • [ŋ] is mainly heard as an allophone of/n/ when preceding velar consonants.

Implosives

[edit]

Demolin (1995)[3] posits that Lendu hasvoiceless implosives,/ɓ̥ɗ̥ʄ̊/ (ƭƈ/). However, Goyvaerts (1988)[4] had described these ascreaky-voiced implosives/ɓ̰ɗ̰ʄ̰/, as inHausa, contrasting with a series of modally voiced implosivesɗʄ/ as inKalabari, and Ladefoged judges that this seems to be a more accurate description.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Lendu atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^"AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Lendu people".www.101lasttribes.com. Retrieved2024-02-05.
  3. ^Demolin, Didier. 1995. The phonetics and phonology of glottalized consonants in Lendu. In Connell, Bruce and Arvaniti, Amalia (eds.), Phonology and Phonetic Evidence. Papers in Laboratory Phonology IV, 368-385. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  4. ^Goyvaerts, Didier L. 1988. Glottalized Consonants a New Dimension. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 3. 97-102. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  5. ^Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 87–89.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Kutsch-Lojenga, Constance. 1989.The Secret behind Vowelless Syllables in Lendu. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 11. 115–126. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Tucker, Archibald N. 1940.Lendu. In The Eastern Sudanic Languages: Volume I, 380–418. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Trifkovic, Mirjana. 1977.Tone preserving vowel reduction in Lendu. Studies in African Linguistics 8. 121–125.
Official language
National languages
Indigenous
languages
(byprovince)
Bandundu
Équateur
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Katanga
Kinshasa
Maniema
Nord-Kivu
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Part of the proposedNilo-Saharan language family
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Kaba
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Yulu
Fongoro?
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Lendu–Mangbetu
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Italics indicateextinct languages
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