With the exception of the animatedThe Clone Wars TV series, non-film material produced prior to April 2014 was collectively known as theStar Wars Expanded Universe (EU). Lucasfilm, now under Disney, later rebranded the Expanded Universe asStar Wars Legends and declared itnon-canonical to the franchise. Mostworks produced after April 25, 2014 are part of the official canon as defined by Lucasfilm, although a handful ofLegends media has still been released after said date.
The firstStar Wars spinoff material wasStar Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (1976), the novelization of the 1977 film. Lucas later commissionedAlan Dean Foster, who ghostwrote the novelization, to write a sequel, which resulted inSplinter of the Mind's Eye (1978). Lucas originally intended to use this as the basis for a potential low-budget sequel toStar Wars, but when it became one of the most successful films of all time, Lucas decided to write his own story for the film sequel,The Empire Strikes Back (1980).[1] While this was in production, Lucas approved theStar Wars Holiday Special (1978), with which he had limited involvement.
Running from April 1977 to May 1986,[2][3][4] theStar Wars comic book series fromMarvel Comics met with such strong sales that former Marvel editor-in-chiefJim Shooter credited it with saving Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978.[5] The series became one of the industry's top selling titles in 1979 and 1980.[6] An adaptation of the third theatrical film,Return of the Jedi, was released as a separate four-issuelimited series (1983–1984).[7]
Two spin-off television films focusing on the life of theEwoks, introduced inReturn of the Jedi, aired in 1984 and 1985. The furry creatures were also the subject ofan American/Canadian animated television series produced byNelvana, which ran for two seasons between 1985 and 1986. A sister series,Droids, features the further adventures ofR2-D2 andC-3PO. In 1985, Marvel Comics'Star Comics imprint published a bi-monthlyEwoks tie-in comic, which ran for two years, and in 1986, published an eight-issueDroids series.[12] The two series featured a crossover storyline.[13]
TheStar Tours ride was opened atDisney Parks in 1987 to commemorate the saga's 10th anniversary.
Following the series' 10th anniversary, the release ofStar Wars spin-off media was largely halted. In 1987, the fan newsletterBantha Tracks was absorbed by the official Lucasfilm magazine, which focused on the company's projects outside ofStar Wars.[10] Some fans feared that the franchise had come to an end, and the period between 1987 and 1991 has been called the "Dark Times."[10]
There were some bright spots in this era, however. In 1987,West End Games began publishingStar Wars: The Roleplaying Game, and the subsequent ancillaryrole-playing game material such as sourcebooks, gamebooks, and adventure modules. These have been called "the first publications to expand greatly beyond what was known from the vintage era of the movies," and would serve as a resource for a number of franchise novelists.[14]
The lack of newStar Wars material ended with the 1991 release ofTimothy Zahn's novelHeir to the Empire.[10]Heir to the Empire, which reached #1 onThe New York Times Best Seller list,[15] began what would become a large collection of works set before, between, and especially after the original films.[16] StarWars.com wrote in 2014 that the novel "jumpstarted a publishing program that endures to this day and formalized the Expanded Universe".[16] It introduced, among others, the popular charactersGrand Admiral Thrawn andMara Jade, and was followed by the sequelsDark Force Rising (1992) andThe Last Command (1993).[16][17] TheThrawn trilogy is widely credited with revitalizing theStar Wars franchise.[16][18][19] InThe Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski suggests this renewed interest was a factor in Lucas's decision to create theprequel trilogy.[19]
Around this same time, the comics license was transferred toDark Horse Comics, who launched a number of series set after the original film trilogy, including the popularDark Empire sequence (1991–1995) byTom Veitch andCam Kennedy.[20] The comic launched months after the firstThrawn novel and was a sequel to those novels; it notably resurrected the film charactersEmperor Palpatine andBoba Fett. Zahn was critical of the concept of resurrecting Emperor Palpatine through cloned bodies, feeling it undermined and contradicted the meaning of the ending ofReturn of the Jedi.[21]
TheJedi Prince series of young-reader novels, released between 1992 and 1993, depicts Luke, Leia, and Han about a year afterReturn of the Jedi.[22]The Truce at Bakura (1993) depicts the immediate aftermath of the aforementioned film.[22] In 1993, Dark Horse publishedTales of the Jedi, expanding the fictional universe to the time of theOld Republic, approximately 4,000 years before the films. Later, the series spawned theKnights of the Old Republic computer roleplaying games, which led to many new productions set during the Old Republic era, such as the Bane Trilogy and the Knights of the Old Republic comic line.[23]
In 1994, Lucas Licensing's Allan Kausch and Sue Rostoni discussed the relationship between Lucas' creations and the derivative works by other authors:
Gospel, or canon as we refer to it, includes the screenplays, the films, the radio dramas and the novelizations. These works spin out of George Lucas' original stories, the rest are written by other writers. However, between us, we've read everything, and much of it is taken into account in the overall continuity. The entire catalog of published works comprises a vast history—with many off-shoots, variations and tangents—like any other well-developed mythology.[24]
1996–1999: Special Editions andShadows of the Empire
The 1996Steve Perry novelShadows of the Empire, set in the as-yet-unexplored time period betweenThe Empire Strikes Back andReturn of the Jedi, was part of a multimedia campaign that also included a comic book series andvideo game.[25][26] The multimedia project was largely meant to reinvigorate the franchise ahead of the prequel trilogy, along with Lucas's 1997Special Editions of the original trilogy.[27] Lucas incorporated elements of the Expanded Universe into the Special Editions; for example,Coruscant, the New Republic capital planet created by Zahn in theThrawn trilogy, made its film debut in the Special Edition ofReturn of the Jedi,[16][28] before being featured more heavily in the prequel trilogy.An eponymous comic book series, later subtitledRepublic, launched in 1998 and introducedKi-Adi-Mundi ahead of his appearance in the films.[29]
In 1999,Star Wars book publishing moved fromBantam Spectra toDel Rey Books. A new series set between 25 and 30 years after the original films,The New Jedi Order (1999–2003), was written by multiple authors and introduced a new threat: theYuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy.[30][31] The first novel in the series,R. A. Salvatore'sVector Prime, killed off popular characterChewbacca.[32][a]
Before 1999, the bulk of Expanded Universe storytelling explored the time periods either afterReturn of the Jedi or long beforeA New Hope (e.g. theTales of the Jedi series). The time period shortly before the original trilogy (including the rise of theGalactic Empire and the personal histories ofAnakin Skywalker andEmperor Palpatine) was left open for Lucas to develop in the form of a prequel trilogy, which began withEpisode I: The Phantom Menace (1999).
As of 2004, over 1,100Star Wars titles had been published, including novels, comics, non-fiction, and magazines. Then-president of Lucas Licensing, Howard Roffman, estimated that there were more than 65 millionStar Wars books in print. He said, "The books are a way of extending the fantasy ofStar Wars. The movies have had a really profound effect on a couple of generations.Star Wars has become a cultural touchpoint, and our fans are avidly interested in exploring more stories."[31]
Originally, Lucasfilm tracked the narrative content of the Expanded Universe instory bibles,[42] alongsideofficial reference books such asA Guide to the Star Wars Universe (1984/1994) and theStar Wars Encyclopedia (1998). In 2000,LucasArts lead tester Leland Chee was hired as Continuity Database Administrator for Lucas Licensing, and developed a database of franchise continuity based in part on 1998's encyclopedicStar Wars: Behind the MagicCD-ROM.[b] The database came to be known as theHolocron,[42][44][45][46] a term used within theStar Wars universe for "ancient repositories of knowledge and wisdom".[47] The Holocron consists of over 55,000 entries for franchise characters, locations, species, and vehicles.[42]
Lucas Licensing's managing editor Sue Rostoni said in 2001, "Our goal is to present a continuous and unified history of theStar Wars galaxy, insofar as that history does not conflict with, or undermine the meaning of Mr. Lucas'sStar Wars saga of films and screenplays."[48] Lucasfilm's director of fan relationsSteve Sansweet clarified:
When it comes to absolute canon, the real story ofStar Wars, you must turn to the films themselves—and only the films. Even novelizations are interpretations of the film, and while they are largely true to George Lucas' vision (he works quite closely with the novel authors), the method in which they are written does allow for some minor differences ... The further one branches away from the movies, the more interpretation and speculation come into play. LucasBooks works diligently to keep the continuingStar Wars expanded universe cohesive and uniform, but stylistically, there is always room for variation.[49]
In August 2005, Lucas said of the Expanded Universe:
I haven't read any of the novels. I don't know anything about that world ... But I do try to keep it consistent ... if I come up with a name or something else, I look it up and see if it has already been used. When I said [other people] could make their ownStar Wars stories, we decided that ... we would have two universes: My universe and then this other one. They try to make their universe as consistent with mine as possible, but obviously they get enthusiastic and want to go off in other directions.[50]
Regarding the Holocron database in 2012, Chee said: "What setsStar Wars apart from other franchises is that we develop a singular continuity across all forms of media, whether it be the films, TV series, video games, novels and comics, and the Holocron is a key component to Lucasfilm being able to do this."[51] The Holocron was divided into five levels of canon (in order of precedence):
G-canon was "George Lucas canon": EpisodesI–VI (the released films at that time) overrode the lower levels of canonicity,[52] even when referring to elements introduced in other media. In the words of Leland Chee: "George's view of the universe is his view. He's not beholden to what's gone before."[45]
T-canon wasTelevision canon: The canonicity level comprisingThe Clone Wars, which Lucas co-created.[52]
C-canon wasContinuity canon: Most of the material from the Expanded Universe including books, comics, and video games.[52] The creation of stories that introduced radical changes in the continuity, likeThe Force Unleashed video game (which introducedDarth Vader's secret apprentice Starkiller), required Lucas's approval, and he spent hours explaining the character relationships to the developers.[45]
S-canon wasSecondary canon: Any element introduced in Continuity canon that was contradicted by other material.[52] TheHoliday Special is an example, except for elements referenced in higher levels of canon.[45][53]
D-canon wasDetours canon: Elements of the unreleased showDetours, though primarily intended as a parody of the franchise, were to follow a serial storyline that existed in a low level of canonicity.[54]
N-canon wasNon-canon: "What if" stories (such as the first 20 issues of theStar Wars Tales comic anthology),crossover appearances (such asStar Wars character appearances inSoulcalibur IV), game statistics, and anything else directly contradicted by higher levels of canon.[52]
Since April 2014, theLegends label has been featured on reprints of Expanded Universe works that fall outside theStar Wars franchise canon.
In October 30, 2012,the Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm forUS$4.06 billion (equivalent to about US$5.56B in 2024 due to inflation).[55][56][44] Subsequently, Lucasfilm formed the "Lucasfilm Story Group", which was established to keep track of and define the canon and unify the films, comics, and other media.[57][58] Among its members are Chee, Kiri Hart, andPablo Hidalgo.[59] To prevent the planned sequel trilogy from being beholden to and restrained by the plotlines of the Expanded Universe works, the choice was made to discard that continuity.[60][a][c]
On April 25, 2014, Lucasfilm rebranded most of the Expanded Universe material with the exception ofThe Clone Wars asStar Wars Legends and declared it non-canonical to the franchise. The company's focus would be shifted towards a restructuredStar Wars canon based on new material.[60][63][64] Chee said in a 2014Twitter post that a "primary goal" of the story group would be to replace the previous hierarchical canon (of the Holocron) with one cohesive one.[58] However, the final season ofThe Clone Wars, which was released in 2020,[65] contradicted aspects of the 2016 canon novelAhsoka. The next year,The Clone Wars spin-off seriesThe Bad Batch contradicted canon elements of the 2015Kanan comic book series.The Bad Batch executive producer Jennifer Corbett explained that "Everything we did was for a reason and it might not match 100% but it's sort of just wanting to honor what existed but also give another take on it in this story."[66]
In 2019, Marvel published a one-issue continuation ofits 1977Star Wars comic series for the company's 80th anniversary, making it the first new story to be published in theLegends continuity.[67][68] In 2021, Del Rey Books announced it would be republishing several popularLegends novels as part of the Essential Legends Collection for the franchise's 50th anniversary, starting withHeir to the Empire,Darth Bane: Path of Destruction andShatterpoint.[69]
In its 2014 announcement, Lucasfilm explained that the only preexisting works to be considered canonical within the franchise would be the primary episodic films and the 2008The Clone Wars film and TV series.[70][d] The announcement called these works "theimmovable objects ofStar Wars history, the characters and events to which all other tales must align."[60][63] It was also made clear that a plannedStar Wars sequel trilogy, and subsequent works developed within the restructured canon, would not be based onLegends material but could possibly draw from it.[60][63][72] The first new canonical novel wasA New Dawn byJohn Jackson Miller, published in September 2014,[73] acting as a prologue to the animated television seriesStar Wars Rebels, which was released a month later.[74] Marvel began publishing newStar Wars comic book series in January 2015,[75][76][77] and theJourney to Star Wars publishing initiative included books and comics tying in to the sequel trilogy films.
The first sequel trilogy film,The Force Awakens, was released in December 2015.[78] There was some minor fan backlash against the restructured canon, with one group successfully campaigning to buy a billboard pleading for Lucasfilm to continue the original non-canonical Expanded Universe separately from the canon.[79]Rebels supervising directorDave Filoni reintroduced popularLegends character Thrawn into the canon in the 2016 third season ofRebels.[33] Timothy Zahn was hired to write new canonical novels about the character.[80][81][82] Since co-creatingThe Clone Wars, Filoni has followed Lucas (who incorporated Expanded Universe elements into the Special Editions, prequels, andThe Clone Wars) in incorporating multiple spin-off elements into his series.[33][83] Some cancelledThe Clone Wars episodes were adapted into books and comics inThe Clone Wars Legacy multimedia project.
AfterThe Force Awakens, multiple films were released, including the anthology filmsRogue One (2016) andSolo: A Star Wars Story (2018), as well as the second and third sequel trilogy films,The Last Jedi (2017) andThe Rise of Skywalker (2019). Dozens of novels, comics published by Marvel andIDW, and games likeBattlefront II (2017) were released.[84] Additionally, the animated seriesResistance, set in the sequel trilogy era, premiered in late 2018 and ran until early 2020.[85]
The Mandalorian, a post-Return of the Jedi live-action series written byJon Favreau premiered in late 2019 on the Disney streaming serviceDisney+.[86] In early 2020, a final season ofThe Clone Wars animated series debuted on the streaming service.[65]
In February 2020, it was announced that a new line of books and comics, labeledThe High Republic, would begin publishing starting in August. The line takes place 200 years prior to the events ofThe Phantom Menace and will not overlap any films or series currently planned for production.[87]
In December 2020, multiple live-action series were announced for Disney+, includingObi-Wan Kenobi,Andor,Lando, threeMandalorian spin-offs, andThe Acolyte (set during the High Republic).[88][89][90] On April 2, 2021, several legacyStar Wars films and series were added to Disney+.[91]The Bad Batch debuted on May 4.[92]
Multiple comics relaunched in 2020, moving to the era betweenThe Empire Strikes Back andReturn of the Jedi.[93][94][95]
TheStar Wars Legendsfictional universe spans multiple eras. The names, symbols, and dates of the publishing eras were first introduced in October 2000[96] and were refined[97] up to February 2015:[98]
Before the Republic (pre-25,053 BBY [Before the Battle of Yavin]): The only major releases in this era were theDawn of the Jedi comic series and novel.
^abDiscussing the restructuredDisney canon in 2014, Chee said the death of Chewbacca inVector Prime was a key factor in the decision to rebrand the existing Expanded Universe as non-canon.[32]
^This included the first release of certaindeleted scenes from the original trilogy.[43]
^All events set afterReturn of the Jedi, such as the Yuuzhan Vong War (in which Chewbacca was killed) and Boba Fett's escape from the sarlacc, were removed from continuity. Major characters likeMara Jade (and by extension her marriage to Luke Skywalker) and Han Solo and Leia Organa's children were likewise removed. Other notable exclusions from the canon were theEwoks television movies, the 2003Clone Wars animated series, theKnights of the Old Republic video games, theShadows of the Empire multimedia project, and video game characters like Darth Vader's apprentice, Starkiller, and stormtrooper-turned-JediKyle Katarn.[61][62]
^The sole exception is the serialized short story "Blade Squadron" byDavid J. and Mark S. Williams, which debuted inStar Wars Insider Issue 149 on April 22, 2014, three days prior to the "Legends" announcement. "Blade Squadron" is thus the first canonicalStar Wars story outside the original six episodic films andThe Clone Wars.[71]
^Shooter, Jim (July 5, 2011)."Roy Thomas Saved Marvel". Jimshooter.com. Archived fromthe original on September 12, 2015.In the most conservative terms, it is inarguable that the success of theStar Wars comics was a significant factor in Marvel's survival through a couple of very difficult years, 1977 and 1978. In my mind, the truth is stated in the title of this piece.
^Miller, John Jackson (March 7, 1997), "Gone but not forgotten: MarvelStar Wars series kept franchise fans guessing between films",Comics Buyer's Guide, no. 1216, Iola, Wisconsin, p. 46,The industry's top seller? We don't have complete information from our Circulation Scavenger Hunt for the years 1979 and 1980, but a very strong case is building forStar Wars as the industry's top-selling comic book in 1979 and its second-place seller (behindAmazing Spider-Man) in 1980.
