Lela orlila is a type ofMalay cannon, used widely in theNusantara archipelago. They are similar to alantaka but longer and had larger bore.[1]: 122 Lela can be configured asswivel gun, fixed gun, or mounted in a gun carriage. It is the equivalent of European falcon andfalconet.[2]: 50
The cannon was named after a heroine of the Malay classic romance story called "Laila Majnun".[3]: 93 It seems that the adoption of the word stems from the name given to some particular piece. The customs of naming special cannon was not uncommon in Europe in the early days and also in Nusantara to the recent times.[4] On Malay literature the name is usually coupled with rentaka, as "lela rentaka".[1]: 156, 177, 210–212 It is also called aslilla by theDutch andlelo in several parts of the archipelago.[5]
Usually lela are about 100–180 cm (39–71 in) long and made frombrass orbronze.[1]: 122 [2] They fire 1.13–2.5 kg (2.5–5.5 lb) round shot with a range of over 360 m (1,180 ft).[2]: 50–51 Alternatively they can also be loaded with scattershots (grapeshot orcase shot).[6]: 162 Malay cannon usually fired stone balls made from boulders of riverbanks,[7]: 31 and to lesser extent were cast metal balls fromiron or brass.[3]: 97 They used lead and tin slugs (called "dadu-dadu")[8]: 209 at close quarters, and the case shot were made of stones in arattan basket.[3]: 97 Lela has a bore (caliber) of between 19 and 76.2 mm (0.75 and 3.00 in).[3]: 95 [8]: 209 Some big lela are double barreled and sometimes one or moreminiaturemeriam kecil were cast on top of their barrel for use if the enemy charged before the gun could be reloaded.Lela rambang orjala rambang is a type of lela, made from brass, withblunderbuss (flared) muzzle which fired slugs or stones. They are also calledlela mulut katak (frog-mouthed lela).[3]: 95 [8]: 209
Lela always had a tube cast in the back, in which a wooden handle or tiller would be fitted. This tiller is used for aiming the gun.[3]: 93 Lela has forked pivot mount (calledcagak,cangkak lela, orrangking) with spike underneath to fit it on a ship's rail or the edge of a stockade.[9][3]: 95 For land use they are commonly placed on corners of a fort or stockade, so they could cover alternately two different walls.[3]: 95 Often, they have dolphins (metal lugs on top to lift the cannon) but they may be purely ornamental, as they can be picked up without hoisting it with ropes.[3]: 93 Compared to European falconet with its history dating back to the 1500s, lela were shorter in range and lighter in weight but excels in ornamentation and design.[7]: 11
Lela also refer to medium to large size Malay cannon. According to Isabella L. Bird,lelah is long and heavy gun made from brass, used for the defense of the stockades behind which the Malays usually fight (apilan and kota mara, or the Malaykubu fortification).[10] They can reach as far as 1000 yards (914 m), and fire 4 pound (1.8 kg) shot.[8]: 209 [11]
The origin ofgunpowder-based weaponry inNusantara archipelago can be traced from the late 13th century. TheMongol invasion of Java brought gunpowder technology tojava in the form of a cannon (Chinese:炮—"Pào").[12]: 1–2 [13][14]: 220 This resulted in eastern-stylecetbang which is similar to Chinese cannon. Swivel guns however, only developed in the archipelago because of the close maritime relations of the Nusantara archipelago with the territory of West India after 1460 CE, which brought new types of gunpowder weapons to the archipelago, likely through Arab intermediaries. This weapon seems to be a cannon and gun of Ottoman tradition, for example theprangi, which is a breech-loading swivel gun. A new type of cetbang, called the western-style cetbang, was derived from the Turkish prangi. Just like prangi, this cetbang is a breech-loading swivel gun made of bronze or iron, firing single rounds or scattershot (a large number of small bullets).[15]: 94–95
the earliest lela, just like lantaka, werebreech-loaded weapons.[16] This indicated that the cetbang is the direct predecessor of them. Michael Charney (2004) pointed out that early Malay swivel guns were breech-loaded.[2]: 50 There is a trend towardmuzzle-loading weapons during colonial times.[17] Nevertheless, whenMalacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511 CE, both breech-loading and muzzle-loading swivel guns were found and captured by thePortuguese.[2]: 50
De Barros mentions that withthe fall ofMalacca (1511), Albuquerque captured 3,000 out of 8,000 artillery. Among those, 2,000 were made from brass and the rest from iron, in the style of PortugueseBerço (breech-loading swivel gun). All of the artillery had its proper complement of carriages which could not be rivalled even by Portugal.[18][19]: 22, 247 [20]: 127–128 Afonso de Albuquerque compared Malaccan gun founders as being on the same level as those of Germany. However, he did not state what ethnicity the Malaccan gun founders were.[20]: 128 [14]: 221 [21]: 4 Duarte Barbosa stated that the arquebus-maker of Malacca wasJavanese.[22]: 69 The Javanese also manufactured their own cannon in Malacca.[23] Anthony Reid argued that the Javanese handled much of the productive work in Malacca before 1511 and in 17th century Pattani.[22]: 69
Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan Hasbullah explained several facts about the existence of gunpowder weapons in Malacca and other Malay states before the arrival of the Portuguese:[24]: 97–98
The cannons found in Malacca were of various types:esmeril (1/4 to 1/2-pounderswivel gun,[25] probably refers tocetbang orlantaka),falconet (a cast bronze swivel gun larger than theesmeril, 1- to 2-pounder[25]), mediumsaker (long cannon orculverin between a six and a ten pounder, probably refers tomeriam),[26] andbombard (short, fat, and heavy cannon).[2]: 46 The Malays also had 1 beautiful large cannon sent by the king ofCalicut.[2]: 47 [19]: 22
Despite having a lot of artillery and firearms, the weapons of Malacca were mostly and mainly purchased from the Javanese and Gujarati, where the Javanese and Gujarati were the operators of the weapons. In the early 16th century, before the Portuguese arrival, the Malays were a people who lacked firearms. The Malay chronicle,Sejarah Melayu, mentioned that in 1509 they did not understand “why bullets killed”, indicating their unfamiliarity with using firearms in battle, if not in ceremony.[21]: 3 As recorded inSejarah Melayu:
Setelah datang ke Melaka, maka bertemu, ditembaknya dengan meriam. Maka segala orang Melaka pun hairan, terkejut mendengar bunyi meriam itu. Katanya, "Bunyi apa ini, seperti guruh ini?". Maka meriam itu pun datanglah mengenai orang Melaka, ada yang putus lehernya, ada yang putus tangannya, ada yang panggal pahanya. Maka bertambahlah hairannya orang Melaka melihat fi'il bedil itu. Katanya: "Apa namanya senjata yang bulat itu maka dengan tajamnya maka ia membunuh?"
After (the Portuguese) coming to Malacca, then met (each other), they shot (the city) with cannon. So all the people of Malacca were surprised, shocked to hear the sound of the cannon. They said, "What is this sound, like thunder?". Then the cannon came about the people of Malacca, some lost their necks, some lost their arms, some lost their thighs. The people of Malacca were even more astonished to see the effect of the gun. They said: "What is this weapon called that is round, yet is sharp enough to kill?"[27][14]: 219
Lendas da India byGaspar Correia andAsia Portuguesa byManuel de Faria y Sousa confirmedSejarah Melayu's account. Both recorded a similar story, although not as spectacular as described inSejarah Melayu.[28][29] TheEpic of Hang Tuah narrates a Malaccan expedition to the country of Rum (theOttoman Empire) to buybedil (guns) and largemeriam (cannons) after their first encounter with the Portuguese in 1509 CE, indicating their shortage of firearms and gunpowder weapons.[30][note 1] The Malaccan expedition to Rum (Ottoman Turks) to buy cannons never actually happened, it was only mentioned in the fictitious literatureHikayat Hang Tuah, which in reality was based on the sending of a series of Acehnese embassies to the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.[31]
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In 1600 CE, lela cannons were becoming more common in the archipelago. Several renowned foundries of the region wereTerengganu in theMalay peninsula,Gresik inJava, and theMinangkabau lands of interiorSumatra,[32] at Brunei andBanjarmasin inBorneo,Sulu in Southern Philippines,Makassar inSulawesi, andAceh.[4]
Lela were also used inBanjarese fortified raft calledkotta mara. The kotta mara could be used asfloating battery or as a water castle. Rectangular kotta mara could be equipped with 12 lela,[33] while the kotta mara with cornerbastions could mount 16 lela.[34]
Lela were mounted on theapilan (gunshield) of Malay war and piraticalprahu.Sunting apilan is the name given to two lelas or light guns standing on the gun-shield of a heavy gun.[35]
Lieutenant T.J. Newbold recorded about the Malay pirate prahu:[36]
The prahus used by Malay pirates are from eight to ten tons burthen, extremely well manned and remarkably fast, particularly with the paddles commonly used. They are generally armed withswivels on their bows, centre, and stern, of small calibre, but long range. When preparing to attack, strong bulwarks of wood calledApilans are erected, behind which the crew ensconce themselves, fighting with their long guns until their prey is disabled; or till the gong sound the signal for boarding.
— Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 5
Brunei was known for its foundries in the 19th century. Brass was the preferred metal as it was cheaper and easier to work compared to the related but harder alloy bronze, or iron. However, bronze is much stronger and was therefore more popular for use in making weapons.[7]: 17 The process used wascire perdue usingterracotta and awax mould.[37][7]: 17
Bangsamoro ofPhilippines were still using rentaka and lela during thePhilippine–American War of 1899–1902. Rentaka and lela were brought by Malay from Peninsular and Borneo Malay to Southern Philippine. Bangsamoro have since retained more of the adopted Malay culture relative to the rest of the Philippines.[16]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Indonesian traditional weapons, armors, and premodern gunpowder-based weapons | ||||||||||||||||||||
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