There have been several legends and myths surrounding theRMSTitanic and its destruction after colliding with aniceberg in theAtlantic Ocean. These have ranged from stories involving the myth about the ship having been described as "unsinkable" to the myth concerning the final song played by theship's musicians.^[1]

Contrary to popular mythology,Titanic was never described as "unsinkable" without qualification untilafter she sank.^[2][3] Three trade publications (one of which was probably never published) describedTitanic as "practically" unsinkable prior to her sinking. Many survivors recalled in video interviews as well as in testimony that they had considered the ship "unsinkable". ShipbuilderHarland and Wolff did not claim she was unsinkable, but a promotional item from the White Star Line stressed the safety ofOlympic andTitanic, claiming that "as far as it is possible to do so, these two wonderful vessels are designed to be unsinkable".^[4] Claims by trade publications that vessels were unsinkable or being practically unsinkable were not unique to theOlympic-class ocean liners or other White Star ships. Similar claims were made about the CunardersLusitania andMauretania, and German linersKaiser Wilhelm der Grosse andKaiser Wilhelm II. Advanced safety features on these liners were heavily publicised, de-emphasising the likelihood of these ships' sinking in a serious accident.

TheTitanic was designed to comply with the Grade 1 subdivision proposed by the 1891 Bulkhead Committee, meaning that it could stay afloat with any two adjoining out of its 16 main compartments open to the sea. The height of the bulkhead deck above the water line in flooded condition was well above the requirements, and the vessel would have been able to float with 3 adjoining compartments flooded in 11 of 14 possible combinations.^[6] The subdivisions could be sealed from communication with each other with cast iron watertight doors. To somewhat lower the chance of a sailor being caught in them, a geared system dropped the doors gradually, over 25 to 30 seconds, by sliding them vertically on hydraulic cataract cylinders.^[7]

The first unqualified assertion ofTitanic's unsinkability appeared inThe New York Times on 16 April 1912, a day after the tragedy.Philip A. S. Franklin, vice president of theInternational Mercantile Marine Company (White Star Line's holding company) stated after being told of the sinking, "I thought her unsinkable, and I based my opinion on the best expert advice available. I do not understand it."^[8] This comment was seized upon by the press, and the idea that the White Star Line hadpreviously declaredTitanic unsinkable (without qualification) gained immediate and widespread currency.^[9]

An often-quoted story that has been blurred between fact and fiction states that the first person to receive news of the sinking wasDavid Sarnoff, who would later lead media giantRCA. In modified versions of this legend, Sarnoff was not the first to hear the news (though Sarnoff willingly promoted this notion), but he and others did staff theMarconi wireless station (telegraph) atop theWanamaker Department Store in New York City, and for three days, relayed news of the disaster and names of survivors to people waiting outside. However, even this version lacks support in contemporary accounts. No newspapers of the time, for example, mention Sarnoff. Given the absence of primary evidence, the story of Sarnoff should be properly regarded as a legend.^{[10][11][12][13][14]}

Despite popular belief, the sinking ofTitanic was not the first time the internationally recognisedMorse code distress signal "SOS" was used. The SOS signal was first proposed at the International Conference on Wireless Communication at Sea in Berlin in 1906. It was ratified by the international community in 1908 and had been in widespread use since then. However, the SOS signal was rarely used by British wireless operators, who preferred the olderCQD code. First Wireless OperatorJack Phillips began transmitting CQD until Second Wireless Operator Harold Bride half jokingly suggested, "Send SOS; it's the new call, and this may be your last chance to send it." Phillips then began to intersperse SOS with the traditional CQD call.^[15]

There are reports that, in 1936, aham radio operator named Gordon Cosgrave claimed to be receivinglong delayed echo SOS messages from theCarpathia andTitanic 24 years after their transmission.^[16][17]

One of the most famous stories regarding theTitanic is that of the ship's band. On 15 April, the eight-member band, led byWallace Hartley, had assembled in the first-class lounge in an effort to keep passengers calm and upbeat. Later they moved on to the forward half of the boat deck. The band continued playing, even when it became apparent the ship was going to sink, and all members perished.^[18]

There has been much speculation about what their last song was.^[19] A first-class Canadian passenger, Vera Dick, and several other passengers, alleged that the final tune played was that of the hymn "Nearer, My God, to Thee".^[20] Hartley reportedly once said to a friend if he were on a sinking ship, "Nearer, My God, to Thee" would be one of the songs he would play.^[21] ButWalter Lord's bookA Night to Remember popularised wireless operatorHarold Bride's 1912 account (TheNew York Times) that he heard the song "Autumn" before the ship sank.^[22] It is considered Bride either meant the hymn tune byFrançois Barthélemon known asAutumn or the tune of the then-popular waltz "Songe d'Automne (Dream of Autumn)" byArchibald Joyce.Autumn was not included in the White Star Line's repertoire book, but "Songe d'Automne" was.^[21][23] Bride is one of only two witnesses who were close enough to the band, as he floated off the deck before the ship went down. Some consider his statement to be reliable. Dick had left by lifeboat an hour and 20 minutes earlier and could not possibly have heard the band's final moments. The notion that the band played "Nearer, My God, to Thee" as aswan song is possibly a myth originating from the wrecking ofSS Valencia, which had received wide press coverage in Canada in 1906 and so may have influenced Dick's recollection.^[2]

There are three very different versions of the hymn using the lyrics of "Nearer, My God, to Thee":Horbury, written in 1861 by the Rev John Dykes was popular in Britain, and another,Bethany, written in 1856 by Dr Lowell Mason was popular in the United States. The third tune associated with the hymn,Propior Deo, was written by Sir Arthur Sullivan and was also popular in Britain.^[24] Additionally, the British melody might sound like the otherhymn ("Autumn").^[21] On 24 May 1912, the seven chief London orchestras performed at a memorial for the musicians who perished, as they playedHorbury, twoTitanic survivors in the audience became emotional and stated that this was the tune they heard while they were in their lifeboat. The filmA Night to Remember (1958) uses the tuneHorbury, while the filmTitanic (1953), with Clifton Webb, uses the tuneBethany, as doesJames Cameron'sTitanic (1997). To further complicate things,Horbury was theAnglican version of the hymn, whilePropior Deo was theMethodist version. TheTitanic's bandmaster, Wallace Hartley was a devout Methodist and son of a Methodist choirmaster leading a band containing several devout Methodists.Propior Deo was not only sung at Hartley's funeral but was also carved into his headstone.^[24] Recently, another possibility has been raised. Among items left behind by Hartley's fiancée, Maria Robinson, was the sheet music of a third tune to the hymn written by Lewis Carey in 1902 and made popular by the Australian contralto Ada Crossley. As Crossley performed in both Britain and America, it is possible that this may have been a tune known to passengers on both sides of the Atlantic.^[25]

ColonelArchibald Gracie IV, an amateur historian who was aboard the ship until the final moments, and was later rescued on a capsized collapsible lifeboat, wrote his account immediately after the sinking but died from his injuries eight months later. According to Gracie, the tunes played by the band were "cheerful" but that he didn't recognise any of them, claiming that if they had played "Nearer, My God, to Thee" as claimed in the newspaper, "I assuredly should have noticed it and regarded it as a tactless warning of immediate death to us all and one likely to create panic."^[26]

Another oft-citedTitanic legend concerns perished first-class passengerWilliam Thomas Stead. According to this folklore, Stead had, throughprecognitiveinsight, foreseen his own death on theTitanic. This is apparently suggested in two fictional sinking stories, which he had penned decades earlier. The first, "How the Mail Steamer Went Down in Mid Atlantic by a Survivor" (1886), tells of a mail steamer's collision with another ship, resulting in high loss of life due to lack of lifeboats.^[27] The second, "From the Old World to the New" (1892) features aWhite Star Line vessel,Majestic, that rescues survivors of another ship that had collided with aniceberg.^[28]

Some believe that there was another ship, the NorwegiansealerSamson, in the vicinity ofTitanic when she sank. Proponents of the theory argue either that theSamson was a third ship in the area the night of the sinking, in addition to theTitanic and theCalifornian, or that theCalifornian was not near at all and it was theSamson whichTitanic passengers spotted in the distance while the ship was sinking. Advocates ofCaptain Lord's innocence have avidly adopted the latter theory, beginning with Leslie Harrison, the general secretary of the Mercantile Marine Association in the 1960s.^[29][30]

The root of this claim comes from the testimony of one of theSamson's officers, Hendrik Bergethon Naess, who told a Norwegian newspaper in 1912 that his ship had been near a large liner with "many lights" shooting rockets into the sky the morning of 15 April.^[30] Because theSamson was seal hunting illegally in territorial waters, the ship's officers decided to move on quickly to avoid detection. This claim seems unlikely, as theTitanic was 504 miles (811 km) off the coast of Newfoundland, well beyond territorial waters in 1912. The ship had no radio, so would not have received any of theTitanic's distress signals. Naess claimed that the crew only became aware of theTitanic's sinking after they arrived inIsafjordur, Iceland, in mid-May. If correct, the coordinates ofSamson place her within ten miles (16 km) ofTitanic's position as the ship was sinking.^[29]

Titanic historians have pointed to numerous inconsistencies in Naess' four published accounts. He cited theSamson as returning from seal-hunting south ofCape Hatteras (North Carolina), which is more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away from the cold waters of theArctic Circle where seals live. TheTitanic historian Leslie Reade obtainedmicrofilmedLloyd's List records reporting that theSamson docked in Isafjordur twice that April: on the 6th and the 20th, then on 15 May. The April dates would not have allowed anywhere near enough time for theSamson to be in the vicinity of theTitanic on 14 April.^[31][32] Furthermore, the idea that the crew of theCalifornian spotted theSamson instead ofTitanic is illogical since their descriptions are of a large steamer, not a smallschooner likeSamson. Lastly, no other crew member from theSamson ever gave testimony supporting Naess' claim.^[30]

Defenders of theSamson theory argue that Naess said Cape Hatteras when he meant they were south ofCape Race, Newfoundland, seal-fishing waters which are physically very close to the site ofTitanic's sinking. They also argue that the Lloyd's Register dates of arrival in April are invalid because they were merely the expected arrival dates of theSamson, which did not actually dock until mid-May. Such theories have been dismissed byTitanic historians, including Leslie Reade,Walter Lord and Edward DeGroot.^[30]

WhenTitanic sank, claims were made that a curse existed on the ship. The press quickly linked "theTitanic curse" with theWhite Star Line practice of notchristening their ships.^[2]

One of the most widely spread legends linked directly into thesectarianism of the city ofBelfast, where the ship was built. It was suggested that the ship was given the number 390904 which, when reflected, resembles the letters "NOPOPE", a sectarian slogan attacking Roman Catholics, used by extreme Protestants inNorthern Ireland, where the ship was built. In the extreme sectarianism of the region at the time, the ship's sinking was alleged to be on account of anti-Catholicism by her manufacturers, the Harland and Wolff company, which had an almost exclusively Protestant workforce and an alleged record of hostility towards Catholics (Harland and Wolff did have a record of hiring few Catholics; whether that was through policy or because the company's shipyard in Belfast's bay was located in almost exclusively Protestant East Belfast—through which few Catholics would travel—or a mixture of both, is a matter of dispute). In fact, RMSOlympic and RMSTitanic were assigned the yard numbers 400 and 401, respectively.^[33][34]

Another myth is that theTitanic was transporting the supposedly cursed "Unlucky Mummy" Egyptian artifact from the British Museum to New York when it sank. However, the artifact in question is still housed in the British Museum today.^[35]

At the time theTitanic sank, the 1 May 1912 issue ofThe Popular Magazine, an Americanpulp magazine, was on the news stands. It contained the short story "The White Ghost of Disaster", which described the collision of an ocean liner with an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean, the sinking of the vessel, and the fate of the passengers. The story, byThornton Jenkins Hains under the pseudonym Mayn Clew Garnett, created a minor sensation.^[36][37]

In 1898, fourteen years before theTitanic disaster,Morgan Robertson wrote a book calledThe Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility. This story features an enormous Britishpassenger liner called theTitan, which, deemed to be unsinkable, carries insufficient lifeboats. On an April voyage, theTitan hits aniceberg and sinks in the North Atlantic with the loss of almost everyone on board.^[38]

In 1912, the GermanBerliner Tageblatt newspaper published a book in serial form that ran from 9 January until 24 April.^[39][40] This work of fiction was written byGerhard Hauptmann, who would receive theNobel Prize in Literature later that year.^[41] One month before the fateful April maiden voyage of the RMSTitanic, the story was published byS. Fischer Verlag as the novelAtlantis.Atlantis is a romantic tale set aboard the fictitious ocean linerRoland, which is coincidentally doomed to a fate similar to that of the RMSTitanic. This perceived anticipation of theTitanic disaster received considerable attention at the time.^[42] ADanish silent film also titledAtlantis was produced byNordisk Film based on the novel. The film was released less than a year after the actual tragic event. The association became evident, and it was banned in Norway, perceived as being in "bad taste".^[43] In the book and in the film, the ship does not collide with an iceberg, but with another ship.

A large blackNewfoundland dog named Rigel purportedly was responsible for saving many survivors according to stories published in at least one contemporary newspaper^[44] and retold many times thereafter,^[45] including in a book of contemporary accounts byLogan Marshall.^[46] Many details differ from known facts, and the stories might be untrue.^[47]

• Titanic conspiracy theories
• Titanic in popular culture
• List of films about theTitanic

• RMS Titanic
• British urban legends
• Curses

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